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FEDSM-ICNMM 2010-30907
ABSTRACT NOMENCLATURE
AuP|e,i Diagonal coefficient of the momentum equation at e or i
When using a collocated grid for the discretization of the
unsteady Navier-Stokes equations special care has to be taken without the temporal contribution
e u
AP|e,i Complete diagonal coefficient of the momentum equa-
in the evaluation of the cell face velocity as if it is not properly
calculated the resulting flow field may be dependent on the time tion at e or i
step. This dependency increases as the time step is reduced so u∗ Velocity value at current iteration
this problem can be of paramount importance in rapidly varying ul Velocity value at previous iteration
flows. As an illustration of the problem in a flow of industrial un Velocity value at preceding time step
interest a synthetic jet has been chosen. Although the primary
goal of the paper is not to compare computational and experi-
mental results, the assessment with experimental data will high- INTRODUCTION
light the discrepancies in the computational results with different There is considerable interest in the potential use of syn-
time steps. For comparison purposes a well documented case thetic jets to control the boundary layer separation under adverse
was chosen: the first test case of the synthetic jet workshop or- pressure gradients. This type of flow is intrinsically time de-
ganized by NASA in 2004, but with the new 2006 data. This flow pendent and the interaction with the boundary layer is threedi-
is produced by a moving diaphragm at one of the sides of a cav- mensional in nature. However there are simplified experimental
ity connected to an otherwise stagnant air through a slot. Near situations which possess the same features as the practical appli-
the slot exit the flow is almost bidimensional so in order to re- cations of synthetic jets while providing a very controlled flow
duce computational time it has been modelled in a 2D domain which is basically two dimensional, thus amenable to be numer-
with a transpiration velocity at the bottom boundary of a simpli- ically explored with a reasonable number of turbulence models,
fied cavity. This velocity tries to reproduce the waveform of the grids and schemes without being discouraged by the turnover
measurements at the slot exit with an appropriate combination of time. This relatively simple kind of flow is the one we have cho-
Fourier modes. sen to model. In particular we have studied the case 1 in the
CFDVAL2004 workshop sponsored by NASA and other interna-
tional organizations in 2004. This case refers to an isolated syn-
thetic jet that issues into quiescent air. The flow is produced by a
moving diaphragm driven by a piezolectric material in a cavity.
∗ Address all correspondence to this author. The cavity is connected to open air through a slot with an aspect
1 Copyright ⃝
c 2010 by ASME
ratio large enough to consider the flow to be twodimensional, at ing time step. These expressions are written for a general case
least in a region near the slot exit. The experimental setup and the where a transient calculation (real or pseudo) with a time step ∆t
geometry of the flow are described in a web page of NASA Lan- is performed with underrelaxation (αu ). When the steady state is
gley Research Center as well as rather extensive velocity field reached (if any) only the first line of Eqn. (1) remains. To derive
data. Some time later a more documented (and seemingly more the computable ue expression a term in the fictitious e-equation
precise) set of data were included in the same web page. We have is reformulated as an average of its nodal counterparts. After
employed the latter in this study. dividing Eqn. (1) by AuP|i,e the original Rhie-Chow interpolation
We specifically employed a collocated grid due to its cod- assumes that
ing simplicity. However, the ease of discretizing the equations,
with only one grid for all variables, is at the cost of reducing the ( )e
strength of the pressure velocity coupling. To couple the veloc- ∑ j|e Auj u∗j + Seu ∆Ve ∑ j|i Auj u∗j + Siu ∆Vi e
Heu = = = Hiu (3)
ity and pressure fields in this type of grid a special interpolation AuP|e AuP|i
procedure put forward by Rhie and Chow [1] is required. Our
intention is to show that some adopted implementations of the
Rhie-Chow procedure in transient flows can give rise to solu- This average term can be rewritten in terms of the average of the
tions dependent on the time step. This dependence has nothing rest of the terms in the nodal equations. By doing so we end
to do with the discretization errors in the temporal term, in fact it up with an expression for the face velocity that depends on the
is more pronounced when the time step is very small in relative velocity field in the neighbourhood of e (at this iteration, at the
terms, something that will be explained later. The inconsistency previous one and at the preceding time step) and on the pressure
is due to the face velocity expression where some factors that field. The expression, named elsewhere as PICTURE [2], reads
contain the time step appear in the wrong places. To explain
the link with the Rhie-Chow procedure that was originally put [ e ]
forward for steady calculations, a derivation of the face veloc- e δi ∂ p l δe ∂ p l
(1 + δe )u∗e = (1 + δi )u∗i + αu ∆t − +
ity expression in a transient case will be briefly explained. More ρi ∂ x i ρe ∂ x e
details can be found in [2]. [ e]
+ (1 − αu ) (1 + δe )ule − (1 + δi )uli +
[ e
]
NUMERICAL BACKGROUND + αu δe une − δi uni (4)
In a collocated grid the face velocity does not satisfy a mo-
mentum equation, its field values are obtained with an appro-
with
priate average of some terms in the momentum equations at the
nodes. For illustration purposes let us consider a generic inter-
face e with two adjacent nodes E and P, all three along the x ρe,i ∆Ve,i
δe,i = (5)
coordinate. The way to obtain the face expression is to write a ∆tAuP|e,i
fictitious discretized momentum equation at interface e formally
identical to that at the nodes. Following the usual notation the
equation both at nodes, i = E, P, and at face e is for a variable This expression is employed to estimate the new convecting ve-
density case locities at the faces right after solving the momentum equation
for the convected velocity. To obtain a field that satisfies conti-
nuity in each control volume a correction is derived following a
∂ p l
AuP|i,e u∗i,e = ∑ Auj u∗j + Si,e
u
∆Vi,e − ∆Vi,e
∂ x i,e
+ SIMPLEC approach [3]. The velocity correction at the nodes is
j|i,e obtained as
1 − αu eu ρi,e ∆Vi,e n
+ AP|i,e (uli,e − u∗i,e ) + (ui,e − u∗i,e ) (1)
αu ∆t δi ∂ p ′
(1 + δi )u′i e
= −αu ∆t (1 + ki ) (6)
with ρi ∂ x i
eu = Au + ρi,e ∆Vi,e
A AuP|i,e = ∑ Auj (2) where e
ki is defined as
P|i,e P|i,e
∆t j|i,e
2 Copyright ⃝
c 2010 by ASME
ri is equal to one over most part of the domain except at the and if there is any steady state the final expression is
boundaries due to Dirichlet boundary conditions. The corre-
sponding expression at the face e is e
∆Vi ∂ p l ∆Ve ∂ p l
u∗e
e
= u∗i + −
AuP|i ∂ x i AuP|e ∂ x e
[ e ]
′ δi e ∂ p ′ δe ∂ p ′
(1 + δe )ue = −αu ∆t ki + (7)
ρi ∂ x i ρe ∂ x e Contrary to PICTURE, Choi suggestion produces
e
e ∆Vi ∂ p l ∆Ve ∂ p l
Contrary to some previously employed SIMPLEC implementa- (1 + δe )u∗e = Λi (1 + δi )u∗i + Λi − u +
tions this SIMPLEC procedure is consistent, that is, the correct- AuP|i ∂ x i AP|e ∂ x e
[ e
]
ing expression at the faces is the same whatever path is taken to + δe une − Λi δi uni (11)
calculate it, whether with the correction velocities at the nodes
or with the correcting pressure field. The interested reader is
referred to [3]. The SIMPLEC scheme applied to the pressure and
velocity coupling produces a pentadiagonal matrix in each coor- e
dinate that can be solved with a pentadiagonal matrix algorithm ∆Vi ∂ p l ∆Ve ∂ p l
u∗e
e
= Λi u∗i + Λi −
(PDMA). AuP|i ∂ x i AuP|e ∂ x e
Choi’s suggestion on how to calculate the face velocity in a
collocated grid for a general transient flow is [4] where
[ l e l ] 1 + δe
δ ∂ p δ ∂ p Λi = (12)
u∗e =
e
u∗i + αu ∆t
i − e + 1 + δi
ρi (1 + δi ) ∂ x i ρe (1 + δe ) ∂ x e
[ ] Note that Λi contains a delta time factor and so makes both the
[ e] δe n δi n
e
+ (1 − αu ) ue − ui + αu
l l u − u (8) transient and/or the steady solution dependent on the time step.
1 + δe e 1 + δi i
TURBULENCE MODELS
The distinction with respect to PICTURE is that Choi considers The k-ε model with Durbin’s correction [5] to circumvent
another term in the original momentum equation at e as that to the problem of large kinetic energy values in regions of stag-
be computed with an average of its nodal counterparts. This dif- nating flow has ben used as the standard model in all computa-
ferent starting point leads naturally to Eqn. (8). Choi defined Heu tions. We also wanted to check the behavior of the Scale Adap-
as tive Simulation (SAS) [6] but under the framework of the k-ε
model, that is, we tried to verify if the SAS source term as pro-
( )e posed by Menter had the same scale adaptivity behavior in the
∑ j|e Auj u∗j + Seu ∆Ve ∑ j|i Auj u∗j + Siu ∆Vi
Heu = = = Hiu
e
(9) k-ε model that in the Shear Stress Transport (SST) model. We
eu
A eu
A used Menter’s idea by setting up a model named k-ε -SAS in un-
P|e P|i
steady mode which includes in the ε equation a new term similar
to that proposed by Menter for the SST-SAS model. This term
Note that the denominator of this expression is different from contains the ratio between the turbulent length scale and the von
that of PICTURE. Here it is the complete diagonal term, A eu ,
P|e Karman lenght scale. Especifically, this is
whereas in the case of PICTURE it was the term without the time
factor, AuP|e . At the end of the iterative process within a time step ε L
PICTURE face velocity satisfies the transient discretized equa- PSAS = ξ Pk (13)
k Lν k
tion
ξ is a model constant and Pk is the production term of kinetic
e energy. The lenghts involved are
∗ ∗ e ∆Vi ∂ p l ∆Ve ∂ p l
(1 + δe )ue = (1 + δi )ui + u − u +
AP|i ∂ x i AP|e ∂ x e √
[ ] k3/2 S ∂ 2 ui ∂ 2 ui
e L= ; Lν k = ′′ ; U ′′ = (14)
+ δe une − δi uni (10) ε U ∂ x j ∂ x j ∂ xk ∂ xk
3 Copyright ⃝
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S being the second invariant of the mean rate-of-strain tensor.
The effect of this term is to increase the levels of the dissipation
rate of kinetic energy and hence to reduce the turbulent viscos-
ity. By doing so when the equations are run in unsteady mode
flow structures of smaller size can be observed as the turbulent
Reynolds number is also reduced. When including SAS new
term the time step acts as a kind of average factor in such a way
that when moving to large time steps k-epsilon standard results
are recovered. The results obtained with this model were indis-
tinguishable from those of Durbin’s k-ε for all cases tested. We
must note that no perturbation of the transpiration velocity was
introduced because we deemed that the shear layer at the slot exit
would act as the trigger mechanism to develop the SAS-related
turbulent structures [7]. As the flow strongly contracts at the slot
and the particular turbulent details of the flow inside the cavity
seem to be of minor importance there is no point in perturbing
the boundary condition wave.
4 Copyright ⃝
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v, m/s
40
38
36
34
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
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12
10
8
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
FIGURE 2. Comparison of measured and computed υ velocity at 90o FIGURE 5. Comparison of computed υ velocities at 270o phase angle
phase angle. with two different time steps.
CONCLUSIONS
v, m/s
3
2
In this paper a comparison of the results obtained in a tran-
1
0
-1
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sient flow with inconsistent treatment of the face velocity has
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been presented. The approach proposed by Choi, that has been
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profusely utilized in the literature, can produce substantial differ-
-11
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-14
ences in the flow pattern depending on the adopted time step. If
a consistent approximation is employed all results are the same,
irrespective of the time step.
5 Copyright ⃝
c 2010 by ASME
[7] Davidson, L., 2006. “Evaluation of the SST-SAS Model:
Channel Flow, Axymmetric Diffuser and Axi-Symmetric
Hill”. In European Conference on Computational Fluid Dy-
namics, Delft, The Netherlands, ECCOMAS.
[8] Vatsa, V. N., and Turkel, E., 2006. “Simulation of
Synthetic Jets Using Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-
Stokes Equations”. AIAA Journal, 44(2), pp. 217–224.
6 Copyright ⃝
c 2010 by ASME