PHY: 620 RESEARCH TECHNIQUES

ASSINGNMENT: 6
DOS:-22/10/2008
DOS:-17/11/2008

SUBMITTED TO: - SUBMITTED BY:-

Dr.Mukesh Kumar Amanpreet kaur
Roll No: - R702A25
Reg No: - 10800949
M.Phil Physics

Q.1:- What is bar diagram? What does it shows?

Ans :- The bar diagram is one of the most useful, simple and popular technique in
diagrammatic presentation. The simple bar chart, with many variations, is particularly
Appropriate for comparing the magnitude, or size, of co-ordinate items or of parts of a total.
The basis of comparison in the bar chart is linear, or one-dimensional.
 (1) Simple Bar Diagram: - The bar diagram is used to compare two or more co-ordinate items. The
length of the bars is determined by the value or amount of each category. The bars are generally arranged
according to relative magnitude of items.

Years Millon/tones
1980-81 11
1985-86 10.42
1990-91 23.83
1995-96 28.85
2000-01 36.31
2001-02 37.45
2002-03 42.79
2003-04 45.48
2004-05 44.23

Production of wheat in India1980-81 to 2004-05

50
45
40
35
Million tonnes

30
25 Series1
20
15
10
5
0
1980- 1985- 1990- 1995- 2000- 2001- 2002- 2003- 2004-
81 86 91 96 01 02 03 04 05
years

(2)Grouped bar diagram: The grouped bar diagram is also known as multiple bar diagram. It gives
information about more than one phenomenon.
 Year exports imports
1999-
2000 6.418 9.143
2000-01 6.711 12.549
2001-02 7.806 13.608
2002-03 8.803 14.293
2003-04 9.872 15.763
2004-05 11.555 17.092 grouped bar diagram

18

16

14

rupees in 000 crores

12

10 Series1
8 Series2

0
1999- 2000- 2001- 2002- 2003- 2004-
2000 01 02 03 04 05
years

(3) Deviation bar Diagram: - Deviation bar diagram is also known as due-directional bar diagram.

company Profit/loss
A 25
B 22
C 18
D 15
E 10
 F 4
G -6
H -8
I -10
J -13

Daviations bar diagram

J
I

G
companies

F Series2
E Series1

B
A

-20 -10 0 10 20 30
profit/loss

Q.2:- What is the graph? State the advantages of using the graph?
Ans:- Graphic presentation is a functional form of art as much as modern painting or architectural
design. The painter studies his subject to determine what colors and style and design will best express
his ideas. The same kind of imagination is exercised by the graphic analyst.
The graphic analyst should make a thorough study of the characteristics of the
statistical data and the uses for which it is meant before his design his problem. The graphic analyst
should be familiar with the figures and procedures.
A graph is a method of presenting statistical data in the visual form .A graph
is an important technique of detecting mistakes in statistical compilations and reckonings. According to
M.E. Spear,” The eye absorbs written statistics, but only slowly does the brain receive the message hidden
behind the written words and numbers”.
The following are the main advantages of the graph.
1. The use of graph saves time because the essential meanings of large complex data can be visualized at a
glance.
2. Graphs can proide a comprehensive picture of problem.
3. Graphs can bring out hidden facts and relationships.
4. Graphs are more effective in creating interest and in appealing to the attention of the reader.

Q.3:-Write a short note on the” rules for drawing diagrams.”

Ans:- It is a fact that diagrams do not add anything to the meaning of statistics. They are not meant to
connote more than the facts they represent. They prove nothing. Good diagrams or charts require
consideration of the following factors:

1. Size of Diagram: The dimensions of a diagram should be related to (1) ease of construction, (2) ease
of reading, and (3) suitability for presentation. The exact dimensions of the chart must be given whether it
is to be used in a lecture, for an exhibit, or to appear in print. A diagram or chart meant for exhibit or
lecture purpose should be generally larger than the one to be used for reproduction in some publication.
There are no hard and fast rules for determining the size of a diagram. If the diagram is too small, it will be
difficult to do the drawing work.
It is of great significance to consider the proportions of a chart or diagram designed for
reproduction. Thus, the size and proportions of the particular book for which the diagram is constructed
will influence the proportions of the original chart.

2. Proper Scale: The selection of a proper scale is also important. There are no definite rules for the
selection of scale. But the diagram should neither be too small nor too large so that it may look indistinct or
clumsy. The diagram should also suit the size of the paper. The vertical scale should be shown on the left
side and horizontal scale at the bottom of the diagram. In the words of Mary Eleanor Spear, “Scale
selection and shape of grid are most important in chart preparation. As the scale is the controlling factors of
presentation, its choice, whether deliberate or accidental, may present an accurate picture or an extremely
misleading story”.

3. Title: The title should be given on the top in bold letters and should be self-explanatory.

4. Various colors, shades and designs should be used to demarcate different parts of the diagram.

5. The selection of proper diagram is also significant. There are various types of diagrams, each having its
special characteristics.

Q.4:- What does coding of data means?

Ans: - After editing of the collected data, the next step in preparing the data for analysis is coding – a
process that involves the identifying and each response on a data collection instrument with a designated
symbol (either, letter or numbers).The assignment of designated symbols permits the transferring of data
collection instrument into a computer readable form, which can then be processed by the computer. Manual
data processing does not require such compact codes but such codes reduce writing when indicating on
questionnaires the categories into which the particular responses are to be placed.
Goode & Hatt, “An operation by which data are organized into classes and
number of symbols is given in each item according to the class in which it falls”.
M. Parton, “Coding consist in arranging a number of symbol to each answer
which falls in the predetermined class”.
 The need of coding arises more in the case of quantitative data which is a pre-
requisite for any meaningful interpretation of social data. Coding in the modern age of computers is done
after translating the information collected in the usual manner into language of machine.
Coding can be done either at the time of preparing the questionnaire or after
editing the raw data. The code frame is used by the coder for comparing the actual answers on each
questionnaire with the categories given in the code frame and then assigns appropriate code or codes. The
assigned codes are marked on the questionnaires in distinct color.
Coding operation requires a lot of skill and careful attention on the part of the
investigator. The coder should keep proper control over the code sheets so that if additional codes are
introduced during the process of coding, then the same should be transcribed on all the code sheets:
consistency in coding should also be ensured.

Q.5: Describe the importance of classification and tabulation in research.

Ans: Classification is a technique for breaking a category in a set of parts called classes according to some
precisely defined differing characteristics possessed by all the elements of the category.

“Classification is a process of arranging data into sequences and groups according to

their common characteristics, of separating them into different but related parts”. In other words,
“Classification is a process of arranging data into homogeneous classes of groups so as to exhibit their
common characteristics”.

“Classification is a process of arranging data according to their resemblance and affinities and
give expression to unity of attributes that may subscript amongst the diversity of individual data”.

“Tabulation is a systematic arrangement of data in rows and columns”. When collected data are classified,
it becomes essential to present them in a brief and logical sequence. This process is called Tabulation.

IMPORTANCE:

1. To facilitate the comparison.

2. To depict trends and tendencies of the problem under consideration.
3. Tabulation can be done according to the objectives of the problem.
4. To classifies the characteristics of the data.
5. To classifies the object of the research.
6. To detect errors and omissions in the data to facilitate statistical processing.
7. To simplify the complex data.

Q.6: Explain the various parts of an ideal table?

Ans: The various parts of a table are:

Stubs and Captions: Each row heading is called stub and column heading is called caption. There can be
sub-headings of each row and column
.
Foot note: A foot note is written below the table and it provides information about individual rows and
columns.

Total: Totals should be shown at the bottom row or at the extreme right hand column. Important totals may
be placed at the top of corresponding column.
Title: Every table must have a brief and clear title. The title should be self explanatory, clearly stating the
nature and period of the information.

Head note: It is generally written below the title of the table indicating the unit in which the data is
presented.

Table number: A table should always be numbered for quick identification and reference.

Source note: The source note can be placed either below the title or below the foot note.

Q.7: Explain editing and describe its procedure?

Ans: Once the data collection instrument have been validated, the next phase
Of data preparing involves editing the data. Researcher edits and omits the data and wherever possible
correct them. A rough editing might be done in the field. When the return arrives at the office, the
researcher can make more accurate and correct editing. The work calls for a keen interest, through
knowledge of field and speed with accurate observation. The best procedure is to have a single person
specialized in all fields but if more than one person is needed, he must work through whole questionnaire.

Procedure:
1. The information through interviews should be edited properly.
2. If some observation is missing, the observer can enter estimated data
Or the respondent can be contacted on telephone or the investigator can be requested to collect the
necessary data.
3. The editor should have interview with each interviewer to ascertain his recording style,
handwriting etc.
4. In case of ambiguous, confusing and illegible information, the editor can check them himself
directly or refer back to the interviewer for clarification.
5. There should be written editing instructions explaining how each Question of the questionnaire
should be handled. Corrections should be made in different colors to distinguish the original and
edited data.
6. The editor should make the corrections in the original data either by Crossing it or by transferring
it instead of erasing it.

Q.8: What do you understand by interpretation of data? Discuss its importance and
significance in research?

Ans: Once the data has been collected and subsequently tabulated, research now faces the task of
analyzing the data. The data collected is then processed in order to summarize the results. Whether
may be statements with references to single characteristics and relationship among characteristics?
Such analysis and interpretations leads to important decisions. Analysis of data is done based on
percentage, coefficients etc. by applying some statistical formulae.

IMPORTANCE AND SIGNIFICANCE:

1. Researcher can better appreciated through interpretation why his findings are, what they are and can
make others to understand the real significance of his findings.
2. It is through interpretation that the researcher can understand the abstract principle that work
beneath his findings.
3. The interpretation of findings of exploratory research results into hypothesis for experimental research.