Professional Documents
Culture Documents
on
“CLOUD COMPUTING”
Submitted for fulfillment of the subject SEMINAR(150705) of 5th Sem for Degree in
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
COMPUTER ENGINEERING
at
BIRLA VISHVAKARMA MAHAVIDYALA
V.V.NAGAR
Submitted By:
Jainik S. Vora(080070107064)
Suhas Sutariya(080070107058)
Instructor:
Mr. Keyur Brahmbhatt
Date: 16/10/2010
Date: 16/10/2010
Cloud computing describes both a platform and a type of application. A cloud computing
platform dynamically provisions, configures, reconfigures, and deprovisions servers as
needed. Cloud applications are applications that are extended to be accessible through the
Internet. These cloud applications use large data centers and powerful servers that host
Web applications and Web services.
Cloud computing infrastructure allows enterprises to achieve more efficient use of their IT
hardware and software investments:
Cloud computing increases profitability by improving resource utilization. Pooling resources
into large clouds drives down costs and increases utilization by delivering resources only for
as long as those resources are needed. Cloud computing allows individuals, teams, and
organizations to streamline procurement processes and eliminate the need to duplicate
certain computer administrative skills related to setup, configuration, and support.
This report introduces the value of implementing cloud computing. The report defines
clouds, explains the business benefits of cloud computing, and outlines cloud architecture
and its major components. And also the issues related to cloud computing are introduced in
this report.
1. Introduction 6
2. Cloud Computing – The Concept 7
2.1 Comparision 8
2.2 Implementation 8
2.3 Characteristics 9
2.4 Economics 9
3. History 10
4. Components 11
4.1 Application 12
4.2 Client 12
4.3 Infrastructure 12
4.4 Platform 13
4.5 Service 13
4.6 Storage 13
5. Architecture 14
6. Key Characteristics 15
7. Types of Clouds 16
7.1 Public Cloud 16
7.2 Private Cloud 16
7.3 Hybrid Cloud 16
8. Possible Deployment Models 17
8.1 Software as a Service(SaaS) 17
8.2 Platform as a Service(PaaS) 17
8.3 Infrastructure as a Service(IaaS) 17
9. Implementation Road-Map 18
10. Challenges 19
10.1 Security a Major Concern 20
11. Case Study 21
11.1 Amazon EC2 21
12. Pros & Cons of Cloud Computing 25
13. Conclusion 26
14. References 27
Imagine yourself in the world where the users of the computer of today’s internet world
don’t have to run, install or store their application or data on their own computers, imagine
the world where every piece of your information or data would reside on the Cloud
(Internet).
As a metaphor for the Internet, "the cloud" is a familiar cliché, but when combined with
"computing", the meaning gets bigger and fuzzier. Some analysts and vendors define cloud
computing narrowly as an updated version of utility computing: basically virtual servers
available over the Internet. Others go very broad, arguing anything you consume outside
the firewall is "in the cloud", including conventional outsourcing.
Cloud computing comes into focus only when you think about what we always need: a way
to increase capacity or add capabilities on the fly without investing in new infrastructure,
training new personnel, or licensing new software. Cloud computing encompasses any
subscription-based or pay-per-use service that, in real time over the Internet, extends ICT's
existing capabilities.
Cloud Computing disrupts the conventional on-premises IT model, where you keep
acquiring servers, PCs and software licenses as your business grows. Running application
services on a cloud platform moves CapEx (capital expense) to OpEx (operational expense) ,
because business can develop, deploy and use more application services as they require
them, without needing huge initial capital investments (and ensuing operational costs) for
dedicated infrastructure that may never be needed.
Cloud Computing is not a technology revolution, but rather a process and business evolution
on how we use those technologies that enables Cloud Computing as it exists today: SaaS,
inexpensive storage, SOA(service-oriented architectures), On Demand Computing, Grid
Computing, Utility Computing, virtualization, etc.
Cloud computing is at an early stage, with a motley crew of providers large and small
delivering a slew of cloud-based services, from full-blown applications to storage services to
spam filtering. Yes, utility-style infrastructure providers are part of the mix, but so are SaaS
(software as a service) providers such as Salesforce.com. Today, for the most part, IT must
plug into cloud-based services individually, but cloud computing aggregators and
integrators are already emerging.
Also, a relatively young company, without a huge IT infrastructure, will tend to move more
quickly to the Cloud, be able to enter and build new "markets" more rapidly, and thus
achieve competitive advantages over more traditional businesses.
It is a style of computing in which dynamically scalable and often virtualized resources are
provided as a service over the Internet. Users need not have knowledge of, expertise in, or
control over the technology infrastructure "in the cloud" that supports them.
The concept incorporates Infrastructure as a service (IaaS), Platform as a service (PaaS) and
Software as a service (SaaS) as well as Web 2.0 and other recent technology trends which
have the common theme of reliance on the Internet for satisfying the computing needs of
the users. Examples of SaaS vendors include Salesforce.com and Google Apps which provide
common business applications online that are accessed from a web browser, while the
software and data are stored on the servers.
The term cloud is used as a metaphor for the Internet, based on how the Internet is
depicted in computer network diagrams, and is an abstraction for the complex
infrastructure it conceals.
Indeed many cloud computing deployments as of 2009 depend on grids, have autonomic
characteristics and bill like utilities — but cloud computing can be seen as a natural next
step from the grid-utility model.
2.2 Implementation:
The majority of cloud computing infrastructure as of 2009 consists of reliable services
delivered through data centers and built on servers with different levels of virtualization
technologies. The services are accessible anywhere that has access to networking
infrastructure. The Cloud appears as a single point of access for all the computing needs of
consumers. Commercial offerings need to meet the quality of service requirements of
customers and typically offer service level agreements. Open standards are critical to the
growth of cloud computing and open source software has provided the foundation for
many cloud computing implementations.
2.3 Characteristics:
Although companies might be able to save on upfront capital expenditures, they might not
save much and might actually pay more for operating expenses. In situations where the
capital expense would be relatively small, or where the organization has more flexibility in
their capital budget than their operating budget, the cloud model might not make great
fiscal sense. Other factors impacting the scale of any potential cost savings include the
efficiency of a company's data center as compared to the cloud vendor's, the company's
existing operating costs, the level of adoption of cloud computing, and the type of
functionality being hosted in the cloud.
Among the items that some cloud hosts charge for are instances (often with extra charges
for high-memory or high-CPU instances); data transfer in and out; storage (measured by GB-
month); I/O requests; PUT requests and GET requests; IP addresses; and load balancing. In
some cases, users can bid on instances, with pricing dependent on demand for available
instances.
The underlying concept dates back to 1960 when John McCarthy opined that "computation
may someday be organized as a public utility"; indeed it shares characteristics with service
bureaus which date back to the 1960s. The term cloud had already come into commercial
use in the early 1990s to refer to large ATM networks. By the turn of the 21st century, the
term "cloud computing" had started to appear, although most of the focus at this time was
on Software as a service (SaaS).
In 1999, Salesforce.com was established by Marc Benioff, Parker Harris, and his fellows.
They applied many technologies of consumer web sites like Google and Yahoo! to business
applications. They also provided the concept of "On demand" and "SaaS" with their real
business and successful customers. The key for SaaS is being customizable by customer
alone or with a small amount of help. Flexibility and speed for application development
have been drastically welcomed and accepted by business users.
IBM extended these concepts in 2001, as detailed in the Autonomic Computing Manifesto --
which described advanced automation techniques such as self-monitoring, self-healing, self-
configuring, and self-optimizing in the management of complex IT systems with
heterogeneous storage, servers, applications, networks, security mechanisms, and other
system elements that can be virtualized across an enterprise.
Amazon.com played a key role in the development of cloud computing by modernizing their
data centers after the dot-com bubble and, having found that the new cloud architecture
resulted in significant internal efficiency improvements, providing access to their systems by
way of Amazon Web Services in 2005 on a utility computing basis.
2007 saw increased activity, with Google, IBM, and a number of universities embarking on a
large scale cloud computing research project, around the time the term started gaining
popularity in the mainstream press. It was a hot topic by mid-2008 and numerous cloud
computing events had been scheduled.
In August 2008, Gartner Research observed that "organizations are switching from
company-owned hardware and software assets to per-use service-based models" and that
the "projected shift to cloud computing will result in dramatic growth in IT products in some
areas and in significant reductions in other areas."
Infrastructure
BitTorrent · EC2 · GoGrid · Sun Grid
:
4.2 Client
A cloud client consists of computer hardware and/or computer software which relies on
cloud computing for application delivery, or which is specifically designed for delivery of
cloud services and which, in either case, is essentially useless without it. For example:
4.3 Infrastructure
Cloud infrastructure, such as Infrastructure as a service, is the delivery of computer
infrastructure, typically a platform virtualization environment, as a service. For example:
4.5 Service
A cloud service includes "products, services and solutions that are delivered and consumed
in real-time over the Internet". For example, Web Services ("software system[s] designed to
support interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over a network") which may be
accessed by other cloud computing components, software, e.g., Software plus service, or
end users directly. Specific examples include:
4.6 Storage
Cloud storage involves the delivery of data storage as a service, including database-like
services, often billed on a utility computing basis, e.g., per gigabyte per month. For
example:
5. ARCHITECTURE
The cloud computing architecture consists of two sections: The front end and the back end.
They connect to each other through a network, usually the Internet.
The front end: The front end includes the client's computer (or computer network) and the
application required to access the cloud computing system e.g. Internet Explorer or Firefox
The back end: On the back end of the system are the various computers, servers and data
storage systems that create the "cloud" of computing services. The facilities that house
cloud storage systems are called data centers. Creating an effective data center requires
careful planning. The three big concerns every data center must be able to address are
security, electric power and cooling.
A single data server's power requirements aren't very taxing. But when a data center has
hundreds of servers, it's crucial that the center's electric wiring can support the
workload. Like all computers, data servers generate heat. Too much heat can impair or
damage servers, so the data center needs an effective cooling system to prevent such
problems.
Usually, each application will have its own dedicated server. A central server administers
the system, monitoring traffic and client demands to ensure everything runs smoothly. It
follows a set of rules called protocols and uses a special kind of software called
middleware. Middleware allows networked computers to communicate with each other.
If a cloud computing company has a lot of clients, there's likely to be a high demand for a lot
of storage space. Some companies require hundreds of digital storage devices. Cloud
computing systems need at least twice the number of storage devices it requires to keep all
its clients' information stored. The redundant copies of all these information is also needed
to ensure that the information will be available even after any breakdown in the system.
7. TYPES OF CLOUDS
7.1 Public cloud
Public cloud or external cloud describes cloud computing in the traditional mainstream
sense, whereby resources are dynamically provisioned on a fine-grained, self-service basis
over the Internet, via web applications/web services, from an off-site third-party provider
who shares resources and bills on a fine-grained utility computing basis.
While an analyst predicted in 2008 that private cloud networks would be the future of
corporate IT, there is some uncertainty whether they are a reality even within the same
firm. Analysts also claim that within five years a "huge percentage" of small and medium
enterprises will get most of their computing resources from external cloud computing
providers as they "will not have economies of scale to make it worth staying in the IT
business" or be able to afford private clouds.
The term has also been used in the logical rather than physical sense, for example in
reference to platform as service offerings, though such offerings including Microsoft's Azure
Services Platform are not available for on-premises deployment.
• Customers can utilize greater computing power while saving on the following
Cost
Space
Power Consumption
Facility
• PaaS offerings facilitate deployment of applications without the cost and complexity
of buying and managing the underlying hardware and software and provisioning
hosting capabilities, providing all of the facilities required to support the complete
life cycle of building and delivering web applications and services entirely available
from the Internet.
• PaaS offerings may include facilities for application design, application development,
testing, deployment and hosting as well as application services such as team
collaboration, web service integration and marshalling, database integration,
Jainik & Suhas | Cloud Computing 17
security, scalability, storage, persistence, state management, application versioning,
application instrumentation and developer community facilitation. These services
may be provisioned as an integrated solution over the web.
• Infrastructure providers can transparently alter the platforms for their customers’
unique needs
• Where is my data?
• How does my data securely enter and exit the cloud?
• How is my data protected in transit?
• Who has access to my data?
• Who is accountable if something goes wrong?
• What’s the disaster recovery plan, including response to a pandemic?
• How to comply with Export and Privacy laws?
• Will my data disappear when my online storage site shuts down?
• What happens if my cloud provider disappears?
Security concerns arising because both customer data and program are residing in Provider
Premises.
Security is always a major concern in Open System Architectures
Encryption Scheme
• Is it possible for all of my data to be fully encrypted?
• What algorithms are used?
• Who holds, maintains and issues the keys?
Problem:
• Encryption accidents can make data totally unusable.
• Encryption can complicate availability
Solution:
• The cloud provider should provide evidence that encryption schemes were designed
and tested by experienced specialists.
History
Amazon announced a limited public beta of EC2 on August 25, 2006. Access to EC2 was
granted on a first come first served basis. EC2 became generally available on October 23,
2008 along with support for Microsoft Windows Server.
Instance Types
Standard Instances
• Small Instance (Default) 1.7 GB of memory, 1 EC2 Compute Unit (1 virtual core with 1
EC2 Compute Unit), 160 GB of local instance storage, 32-bit platform
• Large Instance 7.5 GB of memory, 4 EC2 Compute Units (2 virtual cores with 2 EC2
Compute Units each), 850 GB of local instance storage, 64-bit platform
• Extra Large Instance 15 GB of memory, 8 EC2 Compute Units (4 virtual cores with 2
EC2 Compute Units each), 1690 GB of local instance storage, 64-bit platform
Instances of this family provide a small amount of consistent CPU resources and allow you
to burst CPU capacity when additional cycles are available. They are well suited for lower
throughput applications and web sites that consume significant compute cycles periodically.
• Micro Instance 613 MB of memory, up to 2 ECUs (for short periodic bursts), EBS
storage only, 32-bit or 64-bit platform
High-Memory Instances
Instances of this family offer large memory sizes for high throughput applications, including
database and memory caching applications.
• High-Memory Extra Large Instance 17.1 GB memory, 6.5 ECU (2 virtual cores with
3.25 EC2 Compute Units each), 420 GB of local instance storage, 64-bit platform
• High-Memory Double Extra Large Instance 34.2 GB of memory, 13 EC2 Compute
Units (4 virtual cores with 3.25 EC2 Compute Units each), 850 GB of local instance
storage, 64-bit platform
• High-Memory Quadruple Extra Large Instance 68.4 GB of memory, 26 EC2 Compute
Units (8 virtual cores with 3.25 EC2 Compute Units each), 1690 GB of local instance
storage, 64-bit platform
High-CPU Instances
Instances of this family have proportionally more CPU resources than memory (RAM) and
are well suited for compute-intensive applications.
• High-CPU Medium Instance 1.7 GB of memory, 5 EC2 Compute Units (2 virtual cores
with 2.5 EC2 Compute Units each), 350 GB of local instance storage, 32-bit platform
• High-CPU Extra Large Instance 7 GB of memory, 20 EC2 Compute Units (8 virtual
cores with 2.5 EC2 Compute Units each), 1690 GB of local instance storage, 64-bit
platform
Instances of this family provide proportionally high CPU with increased network
performance and are well suited for High Performance Compute (HPC) applications and
other demanding network-bound applications. Learn more about use of this instance type
for HPC applications.
• Cluster Compute Quadruple Extra Large 23 GB memory, 33.5 EC2 Compute Units,
1690 GB of local instance storage, 64-bit platform, 10 Gigabit Ethernet.
Pricing
Amazon charges customers in following way:
The hourly virtual machine rate is fixed, based on the capacity and features of the virtual
machine. Amazon advertising describes the pricing scheme as "you pay for resources you
consume," but defines resources such that an idle virtual machine is consuming resources,
as opposed to other pricing schemes where one would pay for basic resources such as CPU
time.
Customers can easily start and stop virtual machines to control charges, with Amazon
measuring with one hour granularity. Some are thus able to keep each virtual machine
running near capacity and effectively pay only for CPU time actually used.
Currently available operating systems on Amazon EC2 are: Red Hat Enterprise Linux,
OpenSolaris, Fedora, Windows Server 2003/2008, Amazon Linux AMI, Gentoo Linux, SUSE
Linux Enterprise, Debian.
Persistent Storage
Amazon.com provides persistent storage in the form of Elastic Block Storage (EBS). Users
can set up and manage volumes of sizes from 1GB to 1TB. The servers can attach these
instances of EBS to one server at a time in order to maintain data storage by the servers
The figure shows how Amazon EC2 keeps Customer’s resources secure and isolated in the
cloud.
• Improved Performance
• Accessibility
• Better Collaboration
• Flexible
• Increased storage
• Highly automated
• More mobility
• Internet connection
• Location of Servers
• Speed
13. CONCLUSION
Cloud Computing is a vast topic and the above report does not give a high level introduction
to it. It is certainly not possible in the limited space of a report to do justice to these
technologies. What is in store for this technology in the near future? Well, Cloud Computing
is leading the industry’s endeavor to bank on this revolutionary technology.
Simplifies IT management
Today, with such cloud-based interconnection seldom in evidence, cloud computing might
be more accurately described as "sky computing," with many isolated clouds of services
which IT customers must plug into individually. On the other hand, as virtualization and SOA
permeate the enterprise, the idea of loosely coupled services running on an agile, scalable
infrastructure should eventually make every enterprise a node in the cloud. It's a long-
running trend with a far-out horizon. But among big metatrends, cloud computing is the
hardest one to argue with in the long term.
Cloud Computing is a technology which took the software and business world by storm. The
much deserved hype over it will continue for years to come.
14. REFERENCES
1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing
2) http://aws.amazon.com/ec2/
3) http://www.mariaspinola.com/CloudComputing.php
4) http://salesforce.com
5) http://www.microsoft.com/windowsazure
6) http://2009.cloudviews.org/site/
7) http://searchcloudcomputing.techtarget.com/