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CALCULUS BC FORMULA BOOKLET
GRAPHING CALCULATORS
Each student will be expected to bring to the examination a graphing calculator on which the student
can:
1. produce the graph of a function within an arbitrary viewing window;
2. find the zeros of a function;
3. compute the derivative of a function numerically, and
4. compute definite integrals numerically.
Pay special attention to calculator syntax; i.e., placement of parentheses, commas, variables, and order of
operations. Important functions include graph, root, solve, nDeriv, and fnInt.
CALCULATORS should be in RADIAN MODE.
CONTINUITY: The function is said to be continuous at if
1) is a finite number;
2) exists;
3) .
DIFFERENTIABILITY: The function is continuous at .
DIFFERENTIABILITY IMPLIES CONTINUITY,
BUT CONTINUITY DOES NOT IMPLY DIFFERENTIABILITY.
LIMITS: ZEROS IN NUMERATOR/DENOMINATOR OF A FRACTION
("c" is a constant.)
Zero (Root)
Vertical Asymptote
Point of Exclusion (Removable Discontiuity)
1
DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION: or
DIFFERENTIATION RULES:
(Where "u" and "v" are differentiable functions of x, and "a" is a constant.)
CHAIN RULE:
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RELATIVE EXTREMA:
Critical Value (xcoordinate of an Extreme)
a is a critical value of f(x) iff f(a) is in the domain and
i) f'(a)=0
ii) f'(a)=does not exist
or iii) a is an endpoint of the domain of f(x)
1st Derivative Test
f'(a) = 0 and sign pattern switches to + f(a) is a relative minimum .
f'(a) = 0 and sign pattern switches + to f(a) is a relative maximum.
f'(a) = 0 and sign pattern does not switch f(a) is not an extreme.
2nd Derivative Test
f'(a) = 0 and f ''(a) > 0 f has a relative minimum at x = a.
f'(a) = 0 and f ''(a) < 0 f has a relative maximum at x = a.
Conclusion Chart
Concave Up Concave Down
Increasing
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Decreasing
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VELOCITY: ACCELERATION:
i) If v > 0 and a > 0, the speed is increasing.
ii) If v > 0 and a < 0, the speed is decreasing.
iii) If v < 0 and a > 0, the speed is decreasing. ( Note: speed = )
iv) If v < 0 and a < 0, the speed is increasing.
DISTANCE: If , the distance traveled by a body between and is given by
(Be careful. Does the object change directions between a and b?)
EQUATION OF A TANGENT LINE:
EQUATION OF A NORMAL LINE:
TANGENTS (function must exist at )
Vertical tangents: does not exist
Horizontal tangents:
EULER'S METHOD ("Numerical Solutions to a Differential Equation")
Iterative use of the Linear Approximation with a given step value.
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INVERSES: To find the inverse of y = f(x), solve for x in terms of y, then interchange x and y.
and
MEANVALUE THEOREM (SPECIAL CASE ROLLE'S THEOREM): If the function f(x) is
continuous at each point on the closed interval a < x < b and has a derivative at each point on the open
interval a < x < b, then there is at least one number c, a < c < b, such that
ABSOLUTEVALUE THEOREM:
GREATESTINTEGER THEOREM:
g(x) = [x] is the greatest integer not greater than x.
e.g. g(5.2) = 5, g(1.5) = 2, g(1) = 1
REFLECTIONS:
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The graph of is the reflection of in the xaxis;
eg. ;
ODD/EVEN FUNCTIONS:
EVEN:
ODD:
e. g. Even function:
Odd function:
SYMMETRY:
w.r.t. xaxis .... equivalent equations when y replaced by y
w.r.t. yaxis .... equivalent equations when x replaced by x
w.r.t. origin .... equivalent equations when x replaced by x
and y replaced by y
RELATIONSHIPS between the graphs of and the graphs of and the graphs of .
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS:
PROPERTIES:
NATURAL LOGARITHM:
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EQUATIONS FOR EXPONENTIAL GROWTH AND DECAY: Equations of the form are solved as.
LAWS OF LOGISTIC GROWTH : Equations of the form .
NB. A=the Maximum Capacity and the POI is the moment of maximum growth.
SLOPE FIELDS
Tips associating the slope field to a particular Differential Equation:
1)
2)
3)
4) All Dashes in any column // to each other has no y
5) All Dashes in any row // to each other has no x
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INTEGRATION FORMULAS:
[First Fundamental Theorem]
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Remember the Chain Rule!!!:
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d
11
d
[Second Fundamental Theorem]
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13
14
15
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Integration by Parts:
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Integral Boundary Rules
AVERAGE (MEAN) VALUE: If the function is continuous on the interval a < x < b, then the average or
mean value of with respect to x over the interval [a,b] is
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AREA APPROXIMATIONS
RIEMANN SUMS
TRAPEZOIDAL RULE:
AREA FORMULAS
Function:
Polar:
Parametric: Eliminate the parameter:
i) isolate the parameter in one equation, and
ii) substitute into the other equation
and then use the Function formula
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VOLUME
SOLIDS WITH KNOWN CROSS SECTIONS (SLICING)
CIRCULAR DISK METHOD (rectangles perpendicular and attached)
CIRCULAR RING/WASHER METHOD (rectangles perpendicular and not attached)
CYLINDRICAL SHELL METHOD (rectangles parallel)
where r(x) or r(y) is the distance from the curve to the axis around which it is rotating
VOLUME REFERENCE:
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ARC LENGTH:
Function:
Polar:
Parametric:
PARAMETRIC, POLAR AND VECTOR FORMS
Parametric: and
Vertical Tangent:
Horizontal Tangent:
Area: Eliminate the parameter and use the Function formula
Arc length:
Polar: Area:
Arc Length:
Parametric Polar:
Vector: Velocity
Speed=
HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES (Maximum Capacity) and LIMITS AT INFINITY
Φορ ψ ∋= κψ (Α − ψ),
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IMPROPER INTEGRALS
1. Boundary at infinity:
2. Boundary is a Veritical Asymptote:
3. Region includes a Vertical Asymptote at x=c:
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TAYLOR POLYNOMIALS
where for some
McLauren series=Taylor Series where a=0
SERIES OF KNOWN FUNCTIONS
=
** =
=
=
** =
** =
** =
** =
**These can be derived from the unmarked series.
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CONVERGENCE/DIVERGENCE
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If IS an Alternating Series:
Alternating Series Definition: or
Liebnitz Alternating Series Test: converges if
1. all are positive,
2. ,
and 3.
Absolute Convergence vs Conditional Convergence (only applies to Alternating Series)
is absolutely convergent if converges.
is conditionally convergent if converges but diverges.
RADIUS OF CONVERGENCE
R is the radius of convergence when leads to
INTERVAL OF CONVERGENCE
Solve (from the Radius of Convergence) and test convergence at the endpoints
SPECIAL LIMITS (for comparison)
KNOWN SERIES (for comparison)
Harmonic Series: Diverges
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Alternating Harmonic Series: Converges conditionally
Telescoping Series: Any series that can be simplified by Partial Fractions such that consecutive
terms add to 0, leaving only the first and last terms
It will generally converge, by the integral Test and partial fractions.
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absolute convergence convergent sequence
absolute minimum convergent series
absolute maximum coordinate axes
acceleration cosecant function
acceleration vector cosine function
algebraic function cotangent function
alternating series critical point
amplitude critical value
antiderivative crosssectional area
antidifferentiation decay model
arc length decreasing function
arccosine decreasing on an interval
arcsine definite integral
arctangent degree
asymptote delta notation
average rate of change derivative
axis of rotation difference quotient
axis of symmetry differentiability
base (exponential and log) differential
bounded above differential equation
bounded below differentiation
bounded discontinuity
cartioid disk method
Cartesian Coordinate System distance (from velocity)
Chain Rule distance formula
circle divergent improper integral
circular functions divergent sequence
closed interval [a,b] divergent series
coefficient domain
Comparison Test dummy variable of integration
complex number dy/dx (leitniz notation)
components of a vector e
composition f ° g ellipse
concave down end behavior
concave up endpoint extrema
conditional convergence essential discontinuity
conic section Euler's Method
constant function even function
constant of integration exponential function
continuity at a point exponential growth and decay
continuity on an interval exponential laws
continuous function extremum
convergent improper integral factorial
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First Derivative Test L'Hopital's Rule
Frequency of a periodic function limit
function limt at infinity
Fundemental Theorem of Calculus limit of integration
geometric sequence linear approximation
geometric series linear function
graph local extrema
growth models local linearity
growth rate local linearization
halflife logarithmic function
harmonic series logarithmic laws
hyperbola logistic equation
imaginary number logistic growth
implicit differentiation lower bound
improper integral Maclaurin series
increasing function maximum
increasing on an interval mean value
increment Mean Value Theorem
indefinite integral midpopint formula
indterminate form minimum
infinite limit monotonic
inflection point motion
initial condition natural log
initial value problem Newton, Isaac
inscribed rectangle nonremovable discontinuity
instantaneous rate of change normal line
instantaneous velocity numerical derivative
integer numerical integration
integrable function odd function
integrand onetoone function
integration by partial fractions open interval (a,b)
integration by parts optimization
integration by substitution order of a derivative
Intermediate Value Theorem origin
interval parabola
interval of convergence parallel curves
inverse function parameter
irrational number parametric curve
Lagrange Error Bound partial fractions
Law of Cosines partial sum of a series
Law of Sines partition of an interval
lefthand limit percentage error
lefthand sum period
Leibniz, Gottfried periodic function
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perpendicular curves sine function
piecewise defined functions slope
polar coordinates slope field
polynomial solid (in 3space)
position function solid of revolution
position vector speed
power series sphere
prime notation f'(x) subset
Product Rule symmetry
proportionality tangent function
pseries tangent line
quadrant tangent vector
quadratic formula Taylor polynomial
Quotient Rule Taylor series
radian term of a sequence or series
radius of a circle transcendental function
radius of convergence Trapezoidal Rule
range truncation error for power series
rate of change trigonometric functions
rational function unit circle
Ratio Test unit vector
real number upper bound
rectangular coordinates usubstitution
region (in a plane) vector
related rates vertex
relative error viewing window
relative maximum volume by slicing
relative minimum xaxis
removable discontinuity xintercept
Rhiemann sum yaxis
righthand limit yintercept
righthand sum zero of a function
root of an equation
roundoff error
scalar
secant function
secant line
second derivative
Second Derivative Test
separable differential equation
sequence
series
set
sigma notation
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