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2. What are the secondary constants of a line? Why the line parameters are called
distributed elements?
Since the line constants R, L, C, G are distributed through the entire length of the
line, they are called as distributed elements. They are also called as primary constants.
12. How to avoid the Delay distortion that occurs in the line?
In order to reduce frequency distortion occurring in the line,
a) The phase constant β should be made dependent of frequency.
b) The velocity of propagation is independent of frequency.
c) By using equalizers at the line terminals which minimize the frequency
distortion. Equalizers are networks whose frequency and phase
characteristics are adjusted to be inverse to those of the lines, which
result in a uniform frequency response over the desired frequency
band, and hence the phase is equal for all the frequencies.
13.What is a distortion less line? What is the condition for a distortion less line?
A line, which has neither frequency distortion nor phase distortion is called a
distortion less line. The condition for a distortion less line is RC=LG. Also,
a) The attenuation constant α should be made independent of frequency.
b) The phase constant β should be made dependent of frequency.
d) The velocity of propagation is independent of frequency.
16.What is Loading?
Loading is the process of increasing the inductance value by placing lumped
inductors at specific intervals along the line, which avoids the distortion
17.What are the types of loading?
a) Continuous loading
b) Patch loading
c) Lumped loading
26.What are the conditions for a perfect line? What is a smooth line?
For a perfect line, the resistance and the leakage conductance value were
neglected. The conditions for a perfect line are R=G=0.
A smooth line is one in which the load is terminated by its characteristic
impedance and no reflections occur in such a line. It is also called as flat line.
12 MARKS
1. Obtain the general solution of Transmission line?
2. Explain about waveform distortion and distortion less line condition?
3. Explain about reflection loss?
4. Discuss in details about inductance loading of telephone cables and derive the
attenuation constant (i) and phase constant (ii) and velocity of signal transmission
(v) for the uniformly loaded cable?
5. Derive the equation of attenuation constant and phase constant of TL in terms of R,
L, C, G?
6. Explain in details about the reflection on a line not terminated in its
characteristic impedance (z0)?
7. Explain in following terms
(i) Reflection factor (ii) Reflection loss (iii) Return loss
8. Explain about physical significance of TL?
9. Derive the equation for transfer impedance?
10. Derive the expression for input impedance of lossless line?
11. Explain about telephone cable?
12. Explain about different type of TL?
UNIT II-RADIO FREQUENCY LINE
1. State the assumptions for the analysis of the performance of the radio frequency
line.
1.Due to the skin effect ,the currents are assumed to flow on the surface of the
conductor. The internal inductance is zero.
2.The resistance R increases with f while inductance L increases with f .
Hence L>>R.
3.The leakage conductance G is zero
2.State the expressions for inductance L of a open wire line and coaxial line.
For open wire line ,
-7 -7
L=9.21*10 (/r +4ln d/a)=10 (r+9.21log d/a) H/m
-7
L = 4.60*10 [log b/a]H/m
C=(12.07)/(ln d/a)µµf/m
5.What is the nature and value of Z0 for the dissipation less line?
For the dissipation less line, the Z0 is purley resistive and given by,
Z0=R0 = L/c
9.State the relation between standing wave ratio and reflection coefficient.
Ans: S= 1+K
1-K
S= E max = I max
Emin I min
12.State the relation between standing were ratio S and reflection co-efficient k.
The relation between standing wave ratio S and reflection co-efficient k is,
1+ k
S =
1- k
S-1
Also k =
S+1
13. How will you make standing wave measurements on coaxial lines?
For coaxial lines it is necessary to use a length of line in which a
longitudinal
slot, one half wavelength or more long has been cut. A wire probe is inserted
into the air dielectric of the line as a pickup device, a vacuum tube voltmeter or
other detector being connected between probe and sheath as an indicator. If the
meter provides linear indications, S is readily determined. If the indicator is non
linear, corrections must be applied to the readings obtained.
Z s = Es = R0 1+ k <
-2s
Is 1- k < -2s
15.Give the maximum and minimum input impedance of the dissipationless line.
Maximum input impedance,
R max = R0 1+ k
1- k
=sRo
Minimum input
impedance,
R min = Ro 1+ k
1- k
=
Ro
S
The input impedance of open aned short circuited lines are given by,
2 s
Zsc = jRo tan
17.Why the point of voltage minimum is measured rather than voltage
maximum?
The point of a voltage minimum is measured rather than a voltage
maximum because it is usually possible to determine the exact point of
minimum voltage with greater accuracy.
Zs =
(ZR+jRo/Ro+jZR)
From the above equation it is seen that
Zs = Ro.
Ro’ = Ra
Ro
26.Give reasons for preferring a short- circuited stub when compared to an open –
circuited stub.
A short circuited stub is preferred to an open circuited stub because of
greater ease in constructions and because of the inability to maintain high enough
insulation resistance at the open –circuit point to ensure that the stub is really open-
circuited .A shorted stub also has a lower loss of energy due to radiation ,since the short –
circuit can be definitely established with a large metal plate ,effectively stopping all field
propagation.
27.What are the two independent measurements that must be made to find the
location and length of the stub.
The standing wave ratio S and the position of a voltage minimum are the
independent measurements that must be made to find the location and length of the stub.
28.Give the formula to calculate the distance of the point from the load at which the
stub is to be connected.
The formula to calculate the distance of the point from the load at which the
stub is to be connected is,
-1
S1 = ( +π-cos |K|)/(2β)
29. Give the formula to calculate the distance d from the voltage minimum to the
point stub be connection.
The formula to calculate the distance d from the voltage minimum to the point of
stub be connection is,
-1
d= cos |K| / (2β)
30. Give the formula to calculate the length of the short circuited stub.
The formula to calculate the length of the short circuited stub is,
-1
L=λ/2Π tan (√s/(s-1))
(Zs/Ro)=(1+|K|(Ф-2βs)/ (1-|K|(Ф-2βs)
2
R=(S -1)/2S and
2
C = (S +1)/2S
Where C is the shift of the center of the circle on the positive Ra axis.
34. How is the circle diagram useful to find the input impendence of short and open
circuited lines?
An open circuited line has s = ,the correspondent circle appearing as the
vertical axis .The input impendence is then pure reactance , with the value for various
electrical
lengths determined by the intersections of the corresponding s circles with the
vertical axis.
A short circuited line may be solved by determining its amittance .The S circle is
again the vertical axis, and susceptance values may be read off at appropriate intersection
of the s circles with the vertical axis.
38. Give reason for an open line not frequently employed for impedance
matching.
An open line is rarely used for impedance matching because of radiation losses
from the open end,and capacitance effects and the difficulty of a smooth adjustment of
length.
Thus the line repeats is terminating impedance .Hence it is operated as one to one
transformer .Its application is to connect load to a source where they can not be made
adjacent.
40. Why Double stub matching is preferred over single stub matching.
Double stub matching is preferred over single stub due to following
disadvantages of single stub.
12 MARKS
1. Explain about half wave transformer?
2. Application of smith chart?
3. Explain about voltage and current waveform of dissipation less line?
4. Derive the expression for the input impedance of the dissipation less line and the
expression for the input impedance of a quarter wave line. Also discuss the application
of quarter wave line?
5. Explain single stub matching on a transmission line and derive the expression and the
length of the stub used for matching on a line?
6. Design a single stub match for a load of 150+j225 ohms for a 75 ohms line at 500MHz
using smith chart?
7. A 30 m long lossless transmission line with characteristic impedance (zo) of 50 ohm is
terminated by a load impedance (ZL) = 60 + j40 ohm. The operating wavelength is
90m. find the input impedance and SWR using smith chart?
8. Explain double stub matching on a transmission line and derive the expression and the
length of the stub used for matching on a line?
9. Explain about / 8 wave transformer?
10. explain about properties of
smith chart?
UNIT III-GUIDED WAVES
9. Write down the expression for cut off frequency when the wave is propagated in
between two parallel plates.
1/2
The cut-off frequency, fc = m/ (2a () )
12. Give the relation between the attenuation factor for TE waves and TM waves
2
TE = TM (fc/f)
12 MARKS
1. Discuss the characteristics of TE and TM waves and also derive the cut off
frequency and phase velocity from the propagation constant?
2. Derive the expression for the field strength for TE waves between parallel plates
propagating in Z direction?
3. Derive the expression for attenuation of TM waves in between parallel plates?
4. Derive the expression for attenuation of TE waves in between parallel
Plates?
5. Derive the expression for the field strength for TM waves between
Parallel plates propagating in Z direction?
6. Obtain the expression for the field components of an electromagnetic wave
propagating between a pair of perfectly conducting planes?
7. Derive the expression for wave impedance of TE, TM and TEM wave between a
pair of perfectly conducting planes?
3.What is the dominant mode for the TE waves in the rectangular waveguide?
The lowest mode for TE wave is TE10 (m=1 , n=0)
4. What is the dominant mode for the TM waves in the rectangular waveguide?
The lowest mode for TM wave is TM11(m=1 , n=1)
6.Which are the non-zero field components for the for the TE10 mode in a
rectangular waveguide?
Hx, Hz and Ey.
7. Which are the non-zero field components for the for the TM11 mode in a
rectangular waveguide?
Hx, Hy ,Ey. and Ez.
10.Explain why TM01 and TM10 modes in a rectangular waveguide do not exist.
For TM modes in rectangular waveguides, neither m or n can be zero because
all the field equations vanish ( i.e., Hx, Hy ,Ey. and Ez.=0). If m=0,n=1 or m=1,n=0 no
fields are present. Hence TM01 and TM10 modes in a rectangular waveguide do not exist.
12 MARKS
1. Derive the field configuration, cut off frequency and velocity of propagation for TM
waves in rectangular wave – guides?
2. Determine the solution of electric and magnetic fields of TE waves guided along
rectangular wave – guides? `
3. Explain the wave impedance of a rectangular wave – guide and derive the
expression for the wave impedance of TE,TM, and TEM mode?
4. Discuss the characteristics of TE and TM waves and also derive the cut off
frequency and phase velocity from the propagation constant?
5. Derive the expression for attenuation of TE10 waves in rectangular wave guide?
6. Derive the expression for attenuation of TM 11 waves in rectangular waveguide?
7. Explain about excitation modes in rectangular wave guide?
8. Explain about dominant mode in rectangular wave guide? `
9. Determine the solution of electric and magnetic fields of TM waves guided along
rectangular wave – guides?
10. Explain about characteristic impedance in rectangular wave guide?
11. Explain about degenerate mode in rectangular wave guide?
UNIT V-CIRCULAR WAVEGUIDES AND CAVITY RESONATORS
20.What are the disadvantages if the resonator is made using lumped elements at
high frequencies?
1) The inductance and the capacitance values are too small as the frequency
is increased beyond the VHF range and hence difficult to realize .
• Quote
Fifth Semester
(Regulation 2004)
PART B — (5 x 16 = 80 marks)
11. (a) (i) Derive the expressions for the input impedance of a transmission line. (10)
(ii) A cable has the following parameters:
R: 48.75 ohm/km, L: 1.09 mH/km, G: 38.75 MU/km and C: 0.059 uf/km.
Determine the characteristic impedance, propagation constant and wavelength for a source of f:
1600 Hz and Es: 1.0 volts. (6)
Or
(b) (i) A cable has been uniformly loaded by an inductance such that wl >> R . Assuming leakage
conductance to be nil, deduce an expression for attenuation and phase constant without neglecting
R.
(ii) A transmission line has the following parameters per km R: 15 ohm, C: 15 uf, L: 1 mH and G: 1 uU.
Find the additional inductance to give distortion-less transmission. Calculate attenuation and phase
constant for the loaded line. ( 8 )
12. (a) (i) Deduce the expression for constant — S circle for the dissipation-less line and explain. ( 8 )
(ii) A transmission line is terminated in ZL. Measurements indicate that the standing wave minima are
102 cm apart and that the last minimum is 35 cm from the load end of the line. The value of
standing wave ratio is 2.4 and R0 :250 ohm. Determine wave length and load impedance. ( 8 )
Or
(b) (i) Explain the procedure of double stub matching on a transmission line with an example. ( 8 )
(ii) Determine the length and location of a single short circuited stub to produce an impedance match
on a transmission line with R0 of 600 Q and terminated in 1800 Q. ( 8 )
13. (a) (i) Derive the expressions for the field components of TM waves between parallel plates,
propagating in Z direction. (10)
(ii) For a frequency of 6 GHz and plane separation = 7 cm. Find the following for the TE1o made z
(1) Cutoff frequency
(2) Phase and group velocity. (6)
Or
(b) (i) Explain wave impedance and obtain the expressions of wave impedance for TE and TM waves
guided along parallel planes, Also sketch the variation of wave impedance with frequency. (10)
(ii) For a frequency of 5 GHz and plane separation of 8 cm in air, find the following for TM mode (6)
(1) Cut-off wave length
(2) Characteristic impedance and
(3) Phase constant.
14. (a) (i) Obtain the solution of Electric and Magnetic fields of TM waves guided along rectangular
wave guide. (10)
(ii) A rectangular waveguide measures 3 >< 4.5 cm internally and has a 10 GHz signal propagated in
it. Calculate the cut-off wavelength, the guide wavelength and the characteristic wave impedance for
the TE mode. (6)
Or
(b) (i) Discuss the attenuation of electromagnetic wave s guided along rectangular waveguide. ( 8 )
(ii) What are the dimensions of a waveguide with the following specifications?
(1) At a frequency of 9959.5 MHz, the guide wavelength for TE mode is 87.57% of the cut-off
wavelength
(2) TEao and TEiz mode have the same cut-off frequency. ( 8 )
15. (a) (i) Determine the solution of electric and magnetic fields of TM waves guided along circular
waveguide. (10)
(ii) A circular waveguide has an internal diameter of 4 cm. For a 10 GHZ signal propagated in it in the
TEn mode, calculate cut—off wavelength, guide wavelength and characteristic impedance. Uhm:
1.84 (6)
Or
(b) (i) Obtain the expression for resonant frequency of circular cavity resonator. ( 8 )
(ii) Calculate the resonant frequency of a rectangular resonator of dimensions a: 3 cm, b: 2 cm and d
= 4 cm if the operating mode is TEioi. Assume free space within the cavity. (8 )
Re: EC 1305 — TRANSMISSION LINES AND WAVEGUIDES - Anna University Question Papers
« Reply #1 on: August 25, 2008, 08:12:12 PM »
• Quote
Total Marks:100
Maximum Hours:3 Hrs
Answer all
PART - B (5 x 16 = 80 Marks)
11.a) Derive the expressions for the voltage and current at any point on the transmission line in
terms of propagation constant, length and characteristic impedance of the line. (or)
11.b)deduce an expression for input impedance in terms of reflection coefficient.
12.a) What are the special considerations of radio frequency lines? A radio frequency line with Z0 =
70 ohm is terminated by ZL = 115 - j80ohm at attentuation constant = 2.5m. Find the VSWR & the
maximum and minimum line impedances. Derive the formula used.(or)
12.b) A loss less line has a standing -wave ratio of 4. The Ro is 150 ohm and the maximum voltage
measured on the line is 135 V. Find the power being delivered to the load. Derive the equation us
13.a) A loss less line with Z0 = 300 ohm in operated at 200 MHz. The line is terminated with a load ZL
to produce VSWR = 4.48, the first voltage minimum occurs at 6cm from the load end. Determine two
stubbing positions nearest to the load and the corresponding lengths of short-circuited stubs having a
characteristic impedance of 300 ohm for matching.(or)
13.b) A 50 ohm line feeds an inductive load Z = 35+j35 ohm. Design a double stub tuner to match
this load to the line (make use of a Smith's chart).
14.a) Design a composite low-pass filter with a cutoff frequency of 10KHz for a load resistance of 500
ohm. It should have high attenuation at 10.65 KHz.(or)
14.b) Design a composite high-pass filter with a cutoff frequency of 10KHz for a load resistance of
500 ohm with high attenuation at 9.39 KHz.
15.a) Design a symmetrical 600ohm bridged - T resistance attenuator to have an attenuation of
20dB.(or)
15.b) A length of telephone cable is driven from a 600 ohm resistance. The measured insertion loss in
dB is tabulated:
f(Hz) --> 30 100 500 1000 2000 4000 6000 loss(dB) --> 3.8 3.8 4.6 6.6 10.5 16.4 20.7 Design a
lattice network to equalize the cable within 2dB from 30 to 4000 Hz. The overall insertion loss of the
cable and equalizer must not exceed 20dB.