GERMAN ATV STANDARDS

W A S T E W A T E R - W A S T E

ADVISORY LEAFLET
ATV-M 143 E

Inspection, Repair, Rehabilitation

and Replacement of Sewers and Drains

Part 1: Principles

December 1989
ISBN 3-934984-40-1

Marketing:
Publishing Company of ATV - Wastewater, Waste, and Water Management
Theodor-Heuss-Allee 17
D-53773 Hennef
Postfach 11 65 . D-53758 Hennef
 ATV-A 143-1 E

Contributors
This Leaflet was drawn up by ATV Working Group 1.6.5 "Rehabilittion and Renewal of Sewers and Sewage
Pipelines", comprising the following members:

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Stein, Bochum (Spokesman}

Dipl.-Ing. Adler, Cologne
Dipl.-Ing. Ant, Bonn
Dr.-Ing. Beyert, Aachen
Dipl.-Ing. Blome, Bielefeld
Dipl.-Ing. Bloomfield, Oberhausen
Dipl.-Ing. Buchholtz, Berlin
Dipl.-Ing. Chwastek, Witten
Dipl.-Ing. Hoffmann, Pirmasens
Dipl.-Ing. Holzhausen, Frankfurt
Dipl.-Ing. Hoppe, Hamburg
Dipl.-Ing. Kittel, Munich
Dipl.-Ing. Klass, Hamburg
Dipl.-Ing. Koch, Stuttgart
Dipl.-Ing. Kühl, Harnburg
Dipl.-Ing. Kusche, yreden
Dipl.-Kfm. Müller, Schieder-Schwalenberg
Dipl.-Ing. Müsch, Mainz
Dipl.-Ing. Petry, Heusenstamm
Dipl.-Ing. Rieger, Munich
Dipl.-Ing. Schulte, Düsseldorf
Dipl.-Ing. Siebert, Oststeinbeck 2
Dipl.-Ing. Steffens, Bonn
Stöckl, Stuttgart
Dipl.-Ing. Stiebritz, Mannheim
Dipl.-Ing. Wagner, Berlin
Dr. rer. nat. Wedekind, Leverkusen
Dipl.-Ing. Weinhold, St. Augustin
Dipl.-Ing. Wessling, Kassel

The Leaflet presented here has been prepared within the framework of the ATV committee work, taking into
account the ATV Work Sheet A 400 "Principles for the Preparatlon of Rules and Standards" in the Rules and
Standards Wastewater ! Wastes, in the October 1986 version. With regard to the application of the Rules
and Standards, Para. 1 of Point 5 of A 400 includes the following statement: "The Rules and Standards are
freely available to everyone. An obligation t() apply them can result for reasons of legal regulations, contracts
or other legal grounds. Whosoever applies them is responsible for the correct application in specific cases.
Through the application of the Rules and Standards, no-one avoids responsibility for his own actions.
However, for the user, prima facie evidence shows that he has taken the necessary care.

All Rights, in particular those of translation into other languages, are reserved. No part of this Leaflet may be
reproduced in any formby photocopy, microfilm or any other process or transferred or translated into a
language usables in machines, in particular data processing machines, without the written approval of the
publisher.

© Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Abwassertechnik e.V. (GFA}, St. Augustin 1989

December 1989 2
 ATV-A 143-1 E

Contents

Contributors .................................................................................................................................... 2
1 Preamble ............................................................................................................................... 4
2 Area of application............................................................................................................... 4
3 General .................................................................................................................................. 4
4 Terms .................................................................................................................................... 5
5 Darnage causes of darnage results of darnage ................................................................ 6
6 Inspection ........................................................................................................................... 10
7 Criteria for darnage assessment and maintenance strategies ...................................... 10
8 Planning of maintenance, rehabilitation and renewal .................................................... 12
8.1 Selection criteria ............................................................................................................... 12
8.2 Planning and work preparation ......................................................................................... 13
9 Notes for the description of procedures for damage repair .......................................... 14
9.1 Brief description ................................................................................................................ 14
9.2 Description of the short and long-term behaviour of the materials used........................... 14
9.3 Application areas .............................................................................................................. 14
9.3.1 Darnage patterns............................................................................................................. 14
9.3.2 Object of darnage repair.................................................................................................. 15
9.3.3 Operating conditions ....................................................................................................... 15
9.4 Execution ............................................................................................................................... 15
9.4.1 Preliminary work .............................................................................................................. 15
9.4.2 Work sequence ............................................................................................................... 15
9.4.3 Concluding work .............................................................................................................. 15
9.5 Official acceptance and guarantee ........................................................................................ 16
9.6 Experience, references.......................................................................................................... 16
10 Quoted standards, ATV and DVGW Work Sheets............................................................ 16

December 1989 3
 ATV-A 143-1 E

1 Preamble
In view of the potential threat for the environment, particularly for the groundwater and the soil, which can
emanate from existing pulic and non-public drainage sewers and pipelines, the ATV set up Working Group
1.6.5 in August 1984 and commissioned it to investigate fundamental questions relating to the maintenance
and repair of sewerage systems.

It was found that there are currently several problems which urgently need to be examined within the
framework of research work, so as to avoid unfortunate developments, create the necessary scientifically-
founded basis forthe work of WG 1.6.5 and objectify the currentdiscussion on the threat wich leaky sewers
represent for soil and groundwater.

Attention focuses on the following problem areas:

a) Investigation of the actual threat to groundwater and soil by leaky sewers.

b) Definition of criteria for the standard description and objective assessment of the condition and possible
hazard potential of damaged sewers in order to develop maintenance and repair strategies.
c) Definition of criteria for specifying inspection intervals.
d) Assessment and development of procedures for repairing damage to sewers.

2 Area of application
This Leaflet applies to public and non-public drainage sewers, connecting sewers and ground pipelines,
including the associated structures*.

3 General
Sewers have been planned and constructed systematically in Germany since 1842. A wide variety of
materials was used for this purpose and installed in a host of different cross-sectional shapes and
dimensions.

In 1983, the total length of public sewers in the Federal Republic of Germany amounted to some 285,800
km, including approx. 51,600 km stormwater sewers. On top of this came roughly 600,000 km ground
pipelines on the connected premises. It can be assurned th~t the functional capacity of a substantial
proportion of these sewers is irnpaired, i.e. that they are incapable of draining the wastewater safely (Art. 1a
[2] Gerrnan Water Resources Management Act -WHG).

Sewers are constantly or ternporarily subjected to differing physical, chemical, biochemical and biological
stresses which can lead to darnage. The fac.tors determining the nature, extent and time of occurrence of
darnage include the following:

- Planning
- Materials
- Workmanship
- Servicirig
- Nature and duration of usage
- External influences, such as subsoil, traffic loads etc.

* For the terms "connecting sewer" and "ground pipeline", see DIN 1986, Part 1. They are jointly terrned
"sewers" in this Leaflet.

December 1989 4
 ATV-A 143-1 E

Darnage to sewers arises not only as a result of a long period of service for the intended use. On the
tontrary, it is caused by various factors, sorne of which can also be found in relatively new sewers.

Damaged sewers represent a threat to the environment since they make it possible for pollutants to
penetrate groundwater and soil. Leaks can result in an increase in the proportion of the annual discharged
quantity accounted for by infiltration water. This not only leads to higher costs, but also to an additional,
avoidable burden on the environment.

The stresses to which the sewers are exposed necessitate regular inspection to allow timely detection of
damage and thus minimise the amount of maintenance, repair, rehabilitation and, possibly, renewal work.

The aim of this Leaflet is to provide assistance

- in identifying and
- systematically describing damage, as well QS
- selecting suitable procedures for repairing damage.

4 Terms
The definitions of the following terms are based on DIN 31051.

Maintenance
Measures for maintaining and restoring the required condition of sewers, as well as for establishing and
assessing their actual condition. These measures include the following activities:

- Servicing
- Inspection
- Damage elimination by
• Repair,
• Rehabilitation or
• Renewal.

Servicing
Measures designed to preserve the required condition.

Inspection
Measures for establishing.and assessi,ng the actual condition.

Damage
For the purposes of maintenance, damage is the condition which causes or gives reason to expect an
impairment of functional capacity which is unacceptable in relation to use.

Repair
Measures designed to restore the required condition in the case of localised damage.

Rehabiltation
Measures to restore the requ;red cond;tion of damaged sewers by changing them technically without altering
their substance.

Renewal
Measures to construct new sewers to assurne the function of the old, disused ones. Th.is replacement can
take place on the same site (destruction of the old substance) or elsewhere (abandonment of the old
substance).

December 1989 5
 ATV-A 143-1 E

5 Darnage causes of darnage results of darnage

December 1989 6
 ATV-A 143-1 E

December 1989 7
 ATV-A 143-1 E

December 1989 8
 ATV-A 143-1 E

December 1989 9
 ATV-A 143-1 E

6 Inspection
Inspection generally presupposes thorough cleaning of the sewers. The time of cleaning should be shortly
before the inspection date. Further information can be found in ATV Work Sheet A 140 "Regeln für den
Kanalbetrieb" (Rules for Sewer Operation) and ATV Leaflet M 143, Part 2.

Inspection must be carried out on the basis of an inspection plan and with due consideration for operational
requirements and the structural condition. The area to be inspected should be free from wastewater. The
results must be documented in such a way that they can be used in classifying the darnage. Working on this
basis, it must be decided whether the maintenance and inspection plans need to be altered or whether steps
must be taken to repair the darnage.

Visual inspection of the condition constitutes the rules of the art. In accessible sewers, this is generally done
by means of direct inspection, as opposed to the use of sewer television in the case of inaccessible sewers.
This method allows a major part of the darnage to be detected. However, it can only be assessed
qualitatively. If the inspection results obtained in this way are insufficient as a basis for deciding on measures
aimed at repairing the dam.age, further investigations must be carried out in order to determine the darnage
in quantitative terms, e.g. leak tests, pipe material investigations, profile and position measurements.

Leak testing is particularly important for sewers in water protection zones, for example, and for sewers in
which hazardous substances are transported.

7 Criteria for darnage assessment and maintenance strategies

Assessment of the actual condition and estimation of the hazard potential of damaged sewers, as well as the
development of maintenance strategies (specification of priorities for plann;ng and implement;ng
maintenance. Inspection and darnage repair work), demand not only the rating of the

- type of darnage,
- point of darnage,
- extent of darnage,
- number of cases of darnage per reach,

but also an assessment of the

- cause of the darnage.
- results of the damage.

December 1989 10
 ATV-A 143-1 E

December 1989 11
 ATV-A 143-1 E

In addition, further criteria may be of importance, such as:

- importance of the sewers, e.g. in terms of their dimensions and mode of operation, ,
- location of the sewers (e.g. on open ground, under roads, buildings, railway lines, in water protection
zones, industrial estates, in the vicinity of other lines,
- depth,
- soil and groundwater conditions,
- age,
- design and material,
- previous damage and its repair,
- degree of hydraulic capacity utilisation.

Assessment of the damage, giving consideration to these aspects, allows the defective sewers to be
allocated to damage repair programmes in accordance with their priority. In practice, it will also be necessary
to adapt these allocations to other secondary conditions, such as road or pipeline construction work.
Depending on the size of the sewer network and on the nature and extent of the damage, a programme of
this kind may take a considerable length of time for technical and financialreasons. Ifnecessary, th;s must be
discussed with the competent water authority. In large sewer networks, damage repair is a permanent task.

8 Planning of maintenance, rehabilitation and renewal

8.1 Selection criteria
On the basis of the programme for repairing damage to sewers, a decision must be taken as to the
procedure to be adopted. The course of the decision-making process for selection of the appropriate
procedure is shown in Fig. 1 in simplified form. The sets of procedures associated with maintenance,
rehabilitation and renewal are presented in Fig. 2.

For reasons of economy, localised darnage is eliminated by maintenance.

Recurrent darnage at the same location and extens;ve damage where maintenance is no longer poss;ble
can be eliminated be either rehabilitation or renewal. If hydraulic overload;ng or a reduction in cross-section
as a result of a rehabilitation measures unacceptable, renewal is the only possibility.

If, when compar;ng the building costs with those of renewal by the open construct;on method still by far the
most common method used rehabilitation at first appears to be uneconom;cal, other criter;a may swing the
balance in favour of rehabilitation. These criteria may include the following:

- only a small construction pit, if any,

- shorter construction time,
- reduced impairment of traffic,
- crossing or parallel supply and disposal lines,
- vegetation or surfacing worthy of preservation,
- avoidance of lowering the groundwater.

December 1989 12
 ATV-A 143-1 E

Fig. 1: Course of the decision-making Fig. 2: Damage elimination procedures

8.2 Planning and work preparation

Particular attention should be paid to the following points during the planning, work preparation and
implementation of a damage elimination measure:

- The causes of the damage must be analysed in order to rule out similar causes of damage in future
when planning the elimination of the damage.

- The location and elevation of the sewers and structures must be determined along with the number and
location of connections, cross-sectional shapes, dimensions and materials of the sewer. The inventory
plan must be modified and supplemented in accordance with the results of this survey.

- The subsoil and the groundwater conditions must be examined.

- Special importance must be attached to planning the construction sequence and the construction period,
since the construction work is in most cases carried out in built-up areas with complete infrastructure.

- In addition to the pertinent German accident prevention regulations (UVV), the UVV "Ortsentwässerung"
(Town Drainage) must be observed, in particular (also see ATV Work Sheet A 140 "Regeln für den
Kanalbetrieb" (Rules for Sewer Operation)).

December 1989 13
 ATV-A 143-1 E

- Regardless of whether damage is eliminat.ed by maintenancet rehabilitation or renewal, the wastewater

reach demands -particular attention during the construction period, since it is of decisive importance from
both a technical and economic point of view. Consequently, the question must be carefully examined as
to what demands are placed on the wastewater reach by the procedures open to consideration, and/or
how the receiving water can be maintained, e.g. bya limited backlog in the sewer or separate drainage

- of individual premises. The effects of heavy rain on the construction site must also be included in the
considerations.

- The local residents must be informed in good time, since the work may involve such nuisances as noise,
traffic restrictions, disruptions of wastewater drainage, etc.

- The guarantee and the subsequent check of the workmanship are of particular importance.

9 Notes for the description of procedures for damage repair

When applying procedures for damage repair, there is the danger of giving inadequate consideration to the
special conditions involved in wastewater drainage and misjudging the capabilities of the individual
procedures. Therefore, the procedures should be described on the basis of the following system. This makes
it possible to compare different procedures and assess their serviceability.

System for the description of procedures for damage repair:

9.1 Brief description

9.2 Description of the short and long-term behaviour of the materials used
Information on the following, for example:
- Mechanical properties
- Water-tightness
- Load-bearing capacity
- Resistance to chemical, chemical-biological and biological attack
- Temperature resistance
- Fire behaviour
- Environmental compatibility
- Processing and laying conditions
- Standards, guidelines, construction and testing principles, quality inspection, test certificates

9.3 Application areas

9.3.1 Darnage patterns
Information on serviceability in the following instances, for example:
- Leaks with or without groundwater infiltration, e.g. on pipe connections, joints in components or
structures, walls, connection and transition areas
- Cavities in the pipeline zone
- Shifts in position,. e.g. bending, offset
- Mechanical wear, e.g. abrasion
- Corrosion (internal andjor external)
- Deformation
- Cracking, e.g. longitudinal or transverse cracks, cracks ernanating frorn a point
- Fragmentation
- Pipe fracture (absence of parts of.the pipe wall)
- Collapse

December 1989 14
 ATV-A 143-1 E

9.3.2 Object of darnage repair

Information on serviceability, e.g. as regards the following:
- Material
- Nature of pipe wall
- Cross-sectional shape
- Minimum and maximum dimensions
- Bends and angles
- Reach lengths
- Structures
- Lateral inlets
- Type of soil and groundwater level
- Bedding conditions
- Gravity or pressure pipeline

9.3.3 Operating conditions

Information on the following, for example:
- Wastewater type
- Wastewater composition
- Wastewater discharge
- Wastewater ternperature
- Sewer atmosphere

9.4 Execution
9.4.1 Preliminary work
Information on the following, for example:
- Construction site equipment
- Receiving water, including lateral inlets
- Extraction or lowering of groundwater
- Inspection and cleaning
- Removal of obstacles

9.4.2 Work sequence

Oetailed description of the work sequence with, information on the following, for example:
- Services rendered by the customer
- Manpower deployment
- Oeployment of machinery and equipment
- Emissions/immissions
- Work progress
- Restriction of sewer operation
- Incorporation of lateral inf1ows
- Connections to buildings
- Transitions to existing sewers
- Reduction of the existing cross-section
- Disposal of waste caused by the procedure
- Intermediate checks and testing

9.4.3 Concluding work

Information on the following, for example:
- Post-treatment
- Cleaning

December 1989 15
 ATV-A 143-1 E

- Checks
- Restoration of the receiving water
- Services performed by the customer

9.5 Official acceptance and guarantee

9.6 Experience, references

10 Quoted standards, ATV and DVGW Work Sheets

DIN 1986, Part 1
Entwässerungsanlagen für Gebäude und Grundstücke; technische Bestimmungen für den Bau
(Drainage and Sewerage Systems for Buildings and Plots of Land; Technical Specifications for Construction)

DIN 1986, Part 3

Entwässerungsanlagen für Gebäude und Grundstücke; technische Regeln für Betrieb und Wartung
(Sewage Systems on Private Ground; Specifications for Service and Maintenance)

DIN 4030
Beurteilung betonangreifender Wässer, Böden und Gase
(Evaluation of Liquids, Soils and Gases Aggressive to Concrete)

DIN 4033
Entwässerungskanäle und -leitungen; Richtlinien für die AusfÜhrung
(Sewers and Sewage Pipelines; Code of Practice for Construction)

DIN 19550
Allgemeine Anforderungen an Rohre und Formstücke für erdverlegte Abwasserkanäle und -leitungen
(General Requirements for Pipes and Fittings for Buried Sewers)

DIN 31051
Instandhaltung; Begriffe und Massnahmen
(Physical Assets Maintenance; Definitions)

ATV A 115
Hinweise für das Einleiten von Abwasser in eine öffentliche Abwasseranlage (January 1983 Edition)
(Notes on Discharging Wastewater into a Public Wastewater System)

ATV A 127
Richtlinie für die statische Berechnung von Entwässerungskanälen und -leitungen (December 1988 Edition)
(Guideline for the Static Calculation of Sewers and Sewage Pipelines)

ATV A 139
Richtlinien für die Herstellung von Entwässerungskanälen und -leitungen (October 1988 Edition}
(Guidelines for the Construction of Sewers and Sewage Pipelines)

ATV A 140
Regeln für den Kanalbetrieb (November 1987, draft)
(Rules for Sewer Operation)

DVGW GW 9
Merkblatt für die Beurteilung der Korrosionsgefährdung von Eisen und Stahl im Erdboden
(Leaflet on the Assessment of the Corrosion Threat to Iron and Steel in the Ground)

December 1989 16