c


 





 
NurFarhanahbtWakiman
HE100023
nfarhanah_wakiman@yahoo.com


 concern for utility, facility and consulting engineers

in recent years. The risen in using high-technologies
c
 
    

     but sensitive equipment has led to a considerable in
   


 
 
   
  power quality. Furthermore, in modern power
   
  
 
  engineering trend have been extract the most from


 

  
 

 
 Today more than ever, the world depends upon

   

 

 microcontroller ± controlled equipment which also a
 






 
  sensitive equipment that required a considerable of
  

 
 


  

 power quality. the existing installed system, and this
 



  
 
 too has to be placed stress on issues of sinusoidal
waveform fidelity, absence of high and low
        
  
 
conditions and other ac waveform distortion. Even

 c !  

 " 
    

though it is the supply utilities responsible to


 
 
 !
 
 
maintain a good quality supply system, but the good
 
   
 #
 $%  

 and poor power quality also depends on an even
 

  &
 '
 

 
 large degree on the end user. The symptoms of





 

  power quality are transients, sags, swells, outages,
noises, harmonics, surges, and flickers.
|  




n electrical power system is expected to deliver
undistorted sinusoidal rated voltage and current
continuously at rated frequency to the end user. 
large penetration of power electronics based
controllers and devices along with restructuring of
the electric power industry and small-scale
distributed generation have put more stringent
demand on the quality of electric power supplied to
the customers. What is the meaning of power
quality? This question with no fully accepted
answer, but the response surely will involves the
waveforms of current and voltage in an ac systems,
the presence of spikes and momentary low voltages
and other distortion issues. Perhaps the suitable
meaning of power quality can be defined from two
different perspectives, depending on whether it is
from supplier or electricity consumer. Whether at
generator side which is usually refer to generator¶s
ability to generate power at 50Hz with little variation
or at the transmission and distribution level which is
refer to the voltage staying within plus or minus 5
percent [9].Power quality has become an important



 
| Œ
Œoltage sag normally occurs in modern power
system.Œoltage sag are the most frequent cause of
disrupted operations for many industrial processes,
especially to thoseusing modern electronic equipment
which are very sensitive to short duration supply
voltage variation. Sag arecharacterized by a duration
and depth parameter and are usually represented in a
two dimensional rms voltage magnitude versus
duration plot. Many sag are caused by a single-line-
to- ground fault (SLGF). Double and three-phase
symmetrical fault occur relatively infrequently in
many system. Œoltage magnitude and phase shift
from the nominal and among phase are cause by
asymmetrical faults. Large motor starting is also one
of the reasons of sag occurrence. These motor
starting tend to have a balance effect on all three-
phase.Œoltage sag may lead to malfunction, tripping
or permanent damage to the load depending on the
type of equipment and associated control circuit.
èèè | 
s we know, once a supply is connected to a
three phase induction motor a rotating
magneticfield will be set up in the stator, this
will link and cut the rotor bars which in turn will
induce rotorcurrents and create a rotor field
which will interact with the stator field and
produce rotation. Ofcourse this means that the
three phase induction motor is entirely capable
of self-starting.The need for a starter therefore is
not, conversely enough, to provide starting but
to reduceheavy starting currents and provide


overload and no-voltage protection.There are a
number of different types of starter including
µThe Direct On-line Starter¶, µThe Star- Delta
Starter¶,¶ uto-Transformer¶ and µRotor
resistance¶.
è
|  
   the motor windings are configured in a star formation
Direct-on-line (DOL) is the simplest form motor
starting method had being used. It is a traditionally
started and stopped by applying and removing the
supply from the circuit. During starting, the full
voltage are acceptable to used, but to avoid large
starting current from occur, the voltage starter need to
be reduced. The DOL starter comprises a switch and
an overload protection relay as shown in figure1.
Figure 1.Direct-On-Line motor starter.
The switch may be manual or automatically depends
on the user. In previous, manually operated load
break switch are used, but more commonly an
electromagnetic contactor are used which can be
opened by thermal overload relay. Contactors
arecontrol by separated star and stop button and
auxiliary contact used to hold the supply when the
start button is release. By applying full line voltage to
the motor winding during motor starting, it will draw
a very high inrush current up to 6 to 7 times rated
motor current and sometimes it may increase up to 9
to 10 times the rated current exist. Using this starting
method, will produce a very high starting torque and
usually higher than required for most application.For
a very short time, to establish the magnetic field in
the iron. This inrush current are valued in between

| 
Star-delta motor starting method are also known as
³soft starting´ method. Star-delta starting is when the
motor in connected in STR connection during
starting sequence. The motor then connected to
DELT when it accelerated to close to the normal
running speed. In order to allow the motor to start,
to the supply voltage. The voltage is supply to the
individual motor windings therefore it reduced by a
factor ofâ
  this connection amounts to
approximately 30% of the delta values. By using this,
it reduced to one third of the direct starting current
(DOL). Due to the reduction of starting torque, the
star-delta connection is suitable for drives with high
inertia mass but a resistance torque which is low or
only increased speed. fter motor run-up, in most
cases an automatic timing relay controls the switch-
over from star to delta. The run-up using star
connection should last until the motor reach the
operational value. During the switching from star to
delta, the will be an occurrence of high current as
seen with direct-on-line starting. During delta
connection, the full mains voltage is applied to the
motor windings. To enable a switch-over from star to
delta, the six ends of the motor winding are
connected onto terminals. Figure 2 shows the star-
delta motor starting wiring.
 Figure 2: Star-delta motor starting wiring

This method can only be used if when the starting

works is light loaded. If the motor start in heavily
loaded there will not be enough torque to accelerate
the motor up to speed required. |
Figure 3. utotransformer motor starting wiring

è | 

 
èè | 
  

n autotransformer starter uses an auto transformer
to reduce the voltage applied to a motor during start. In this paper the power quality event that occur in
By having a number of output taps such as 50%, 65% the system due to the different motor starting are
and 80% to be set-up to provide a single stage starter review by using the PSCD (Power System CD)
or a multistage starter enable the motor to be started software.There are three type of motor starting are
at one or more of these settings. There are two ways being consider in this paper which is Direct-On-
of connecting an autotransformer starter, first, by Line(DOL), Star-Delta and utotransformer.
applying full voltage to the transformer via a
contactor and connect the motor to the tap by means During DOL motor starting, the motor are connected
of the contactor. The tap contactors will opens or direct to the load and having a breaker function as a
disconnecting the motor from the transformer and switch and a transformer used to isolate the motor
another contactor closes connecting the motor to the circuit from the power supply as shown in figure 4
supply when the motor has accelerated to full speed below. The motor torque are fixed to 5NM and speed
or has run out of acceleration torque. This is known of motor van be varied from 0 to 10 rad/s. 
as an open transition starter and it is less than ideal
due to the fact that the motor is disconnect for a short
period of time during the start period. While the
motor is connected and accelerating, it also acts as a
generator until the rotor field decays. The voltage
generated by the motor is not synchronized to the
supply, and so on reconnection to the supply, the
voltage across the contactor at closure can be as
much as twice the supply voltage resulting in a very
high current and torque transient. The transition
switching or known as auto-reclose effect as it yields
|

|

 
|
|


|
 

|
similar characteristic to opening and closing a |
breaker on a supply to the motor. By using From figure 4, loads are connected in parallel to the
autotransformer motor starting method, it can reduce motor.  volt meter and ammeter are connected to
the torque as the square of the applied voltage. Figure the load and when motor starting it results voltage
3 shows the autotransformer motor starting wiring. sag to the loads. During motor starting, the inrush
current occurs in the induction motor starting and it
causes the voltage and current terminal to drop in
magnitude. Graph 1 and 2 shows the voltage and
current output at load.

|
Graph1. Œoltage Sag occur in DOL motor starting

Graph 3.Œoltage sag occur in star-delta motor starting

Graph2. Current Sag occur in DOL motor starting

In star-delta motor starting connection, the same load,

motor and transformer are used from DOL motor
starting connection as shown in figure 5. The
difference is that, these circuits are using two breaker
functions as switch to change connection from star
supply for motor starting and to delta supply when
the motor reach the operation speed.

Graph 4. Current sag occur in star-delta motor starting

Same as star-delta starting connection, this circuit

still using same motor, transformer, breaker and load.
But this time, three autotransformer are added to the
circuit function as a supply to the motor as shown in
Figure 5.Star-Delta motor starting circuit
6.
Once again a volt meter and ammeter are connected
| |
to the load connection to measure the voltage and
current flow through load. s shown in graph 3 and
4, the voltage and current sag are still occur but this
time it less than the DOL voltage and current sag.
Graph 3 and 4 also shows that waveform drop for a
moment and then back to the normal when the motor
already reach the operational speed.

|
Figure 6.utotransformer motor starting circuit
s shown in graph 5 and 6, the voltage and current
sag still occur at the load but this time drop value are
less compare with the other two starting method.
Graph 5. Œoltage sag occur in autotransformer motor starting
|

Graph 5.Current sag occur in autotransformer motor starting

èèè | u  
Electrical power quality which is one of the topics for
several power utilities all over the world, and it¶s
becoming an important and challenging issue for the
power engineers. There is no unique model can be
used to assess the power quality problem and to
identify and classify them properly.
By using PSCD software to create power quality
event (voltage sag) due to different motor starting
method, shows that out of three methods, the star-
delta method are the one that only method that
produce small amount of voltage and current sags
and at the same time it repair back the signal compare
with the other two method.
In order to repair or solve back this problem, a few
solutions have being suggested due to problem
occurred. By installing an Uninterruptable Power
Supply (UPS) will help the system to maintain the
supply when there is any disturbances occur in the
system. There is several types of UPS are available
depending on the problem such as Standby UPS,
Online UPS, and Hybrid UPS. Each UPS has its own
advantage and disadvantage but Standby UPS are
commonly used out of the other two types of UPS.
| |
 * *
 |
|
| 
| | | 
| 
| 

| c
 (
 )


  

* !
  
 
 + ,
,




- 
  )


  
 
 
 
" $. /$%0%012033

| 

| 
| 
| 


   4
* ,

 


c
(
c
)


- 
! $%%0
 | !| "
| 

 | 

| #
| 
| 
| | |
$
%
|.
c
(
 

)  
 


,

  ! 

 3  ,






 )
 
c
(

5
 6

7
300
$%%8
| &| &
| | 
| | 
| !
  
  c
 (



)



'| 

(||)
|)*| |) +

|,






!
  c
(
9

|
,| )
*%+*| )
  c
 (
*  

9

$%%:,))),







)
 
5

 

 ;


 
 c
 
  
<;c$%%:=! $%%:>
+
|
-| 
)


| c ! )

 
 * ?




   7  4
 @
 A



 
;  $402$%%8|
.| | | | )| &
/
| | 01| c
 (

c    !  7   c 
  


 
 cc $%%0$%%0 ,))) c 
 c
 



 0% B0/ 
c 
c 
|
2| "!|3| !|c
(
c 9?
> $%%%
4>   





     " 
9

)C "
 
 -   
 , 


  
 
9    )
  )    
 -     

!  , 


 )
    )  0%@$%%8
| * */| 


 7    
 
* 9




 "!|; 
 

DE))!!.,
 !) !;); !cc, !,.?5,))Fc!.!,. !.
!,!. ) 4; !ccE,.?, !) 4 !;); ,.
;!,,.!;)5 )"!?)!cc, !,.
  |$ %)
 c
(
, 



    c
  !
 c
 4 
3  ,
 

  )
  c
 (
   5
 

7 300
$%%8
|