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Anthem: L'Abidjanaise
Yamoussoukro
Capital
6°51′N 5°18′W / 6.85°N 5.3°W / 6.85; -5.3
Demonym Ivorian/Ivoirian
Area
63.9/km2 (139th)
- Density
165.6/sq mi
a
Estimates for this country take into account the effects of excess mortality due to
AIDS; this can result in lower population than would otherwise be expected.
The Republic of Côte d'Ivoire (English pronunciation: /ˌkoʊt dɪˈvwɑr/; French: [kot di
ˈvwaʁ]), commonly known in English as Ivory Coast,[5] is a country in West Africa. It has
an area of 322,462 km2, and borders the countries of Liberia, Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso and
Ghana; its southern boundary is along the Gulf of Guinea. The country's population which
was 15,366,672 in 1998,[6] was estimated to be 20,617,068 in 2009.[2]
Prior to its occupation by Europeans, Côte d'Ivoire was home to several important states,
including Gyaaman, the Kong Empire, and Baoulé. There were also two Anyi kingdoms,
Indénié and Sanwi, which attempted to retain their separate identity through the French
colonial period and even after Côte d'Ivoire's independence.[7] An 1843–1844 treaty made
Côte d'Ivoire a "protectorate" of France and in 1893, it became a French colony as part of the
European scramble for Africa.
Côte d'Ivoire became independent on 7 August 1960. From 1960 to 1993, the country was led
by Félix Houphouët-Boigny. It maintained close political and economic association with its
West African neighbours, while at the same time maintaining close ties to the West,
especially to France. However, since the end of Houphouët-Boigny's rule, Côte d'Ivoire has
experienced two coups d’état (1999 and 2001) and a civil war,[8] although elections[9] and a
political agreement between the new government and the rebels have brought a return to
peace.[10] Côte d'Ivoire is a republic with a strong executive power personified in the
President. Its de jure capital is Yamoussoukro and the biggest city is the port city of Abidjan.
The country is divided into 19 regions and 81 departments. It is a member of the Organisation
of the Islamic Conference, African Union, La Francophonie, Latin Union, Economic
Community of West African States and South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone.
The official language is French although there are many other local languages, including
Baoulé, Dioula, Dan, Anyin and Cebaara Senufo. The main religions are Islam, Christianity
(primarily Roman Catholic) and various indigenous religions.
The country, through its production of coffee and cocoa, was an economic powerhouse
during the 1960s and 1970s in West Africa. However, Côte d'Ivoire went through an
economic crisis in the 1980s, leading to the country's period of political and social turmoil.
The 21st century Ivorian economy is largely market-based and relies heavily on agriculture,
with smallholder cash crop production being dominant.[2]
Contents
[hide]
• 1 Name
○ 1.1 Usage in English
• 2 History
○ 2.1 Land migration
○ 2.2 Pre-Islamic and Islamic periods
○ 2.3 Establishment of French rule
○ 2.4 French colonial era
○ 2.5 Independence
○ 2.6 Houphouët-Boigny administration
○ 2.7 Bédié administration
○ 2.8 1999 coup
○ 2.9 Gbagbo administration
○ 2.10 Ivorian Civil War
2.10.1 2002 unity government
• 3 Regions and departments
○ 3.1 Population of major cities
• 4 Politics
• 5 Geography
• 6 Economy
• 7 Environment
• 8 Religion
• 9 Demographics
○ 9.1 Health
○ 9.2 Education
• 10 Culture
○ 10.1 Music
○ 10.2 Sport
• 11 See also
• 12 Notes
• 13 References
• 14 External links
[edit] Name
The region, and then the country, was originally known in English as "Ivory Coast". In
October 1985, the government requested that the country be known in every language as
Côte d'Ivoire[11] without a hyphen between the two words.
[edit] Usage in English
Despite the Ivorian government's request, the Anglicised rendering "Ivory Coast" (sometimes
"the Ivory Coast") is still frequently used in English.
The BBC usually uses "Ivory Coast" both in news reports and on its page about the country,
[12]
The Guardian newspaper's Style Guide says: "Ivory Coast, not 'The Ivory Coast' or 'Côte
D'Ivoire'; its nationals are Ivorians",[13] ABC News, The Times, The New York Times, and the
South African Broadcasting Corporation all use "Ivory Coast" either exclusively or
predominantly.
Many governments use "Côte d'Ivoire" for diplomatic reasons. The English country name
registered with the United Nations and used by ISO 3166 is "Côte d'Ivoire". Other
organizations that use "Côte d'Ivoire" include the United States Department of State (which
uses "Côte d'Ivoire" in formal documents, but uses "Ivory Coast" in many general references,
speeches and briefing documents[14]), FIFA and the IOC (referring to their national football
and Olympic teams in international games and in official broadcasts), The Economist
newsmagazine,[15] Encyclopædia Britannica,[16] and National Geographic Society.[17]
[edit] History
Main article: History of Côte d'Ivoire
[edit] Land migration
Prehistoric polished stone celt from Boundiali in northern Côte d'Ivoire. Photo taken at the
IFAN Museum of African Arts in Dakar, Senegal.
Of the first human presence in Côte d'Ivoire has been difficult to determine because human
remains have not been well-preserved in the country's humid climate. However, the presence
of new weapon and tool fragments (specifically, polished axes cut through shale and
remnants of cooking and fishing) in the country has been interpreted as a possible indication
of a large human presence during the Upper Paleolithic period (15,000 to 10,000 BC),[18] or at
the minimum, the Neolithic period.[19]
The earliest known inhabitants of Côte d'Ivoire, however, have left traces scattered
throughout the territory. Historians believe that they were all either displaced or absorbed by
the ancestors of the present inhabitants, who arrived before the 16th century, including the
Ehotilé (Aboisso), Kotrowou (Fresco), Zéhiri (Grand Lahou), Ega and Diès (Divo).[20]
[edit] Pre-Islamic and Islamic periods
The first recorded history is found in the chronicles of North African (Berber) traders, who,
from early Roman times, conducted a caravan trade across the Sahara in salt, slaves, gold,
and other goods. The southern terminals of the trans-Saharan trade routes were located on the
edge of the desert, and from there supplemental trade extended as far south as the edge of the
rain forest. The more important terminals—Djenné, Gao, and Timbuctu—grew into major
commercial centers around which the great Sudanic empires developed.
By controlling the trade routes with their powerful military forces, these empires were able to
dominate neighboring states. The Sudanic empires also became centers of Islamic education.
Islam had been introduced into the western Sudan (today's Mali) by Muslim Berber traders
from North Africa and spread rapidly after the conversion of many important rulers. From the
eleventh century, by which time the rulers of the Sudanic empires had embraced Islam, it
spread south into the northern areas of contemporary Côte d'Ivoire.
The Ghana empire, the earliest of the Sudanic empires, flourished in present-day eastern
Mauretania from the fourth to the thirteenth century. At the peak of its power in the eleventh
century, its realms extended from the Atlantic Ocean to Timbuctu. After the decline of
Ghana, the Mali Empire grew into a powerful Muslim state, which reached its apogee in the
early part of the fourteenth century. The territory of the Mali Empire in Côte d'Ivoire was
limited to the northwest corner around Odienné.
Its slow decline starting at the end of the fourteenth century followed internal discord and
revolts by vassal states, one of which, Songhai, flourished as an empire between the
fourteenth and sixteenth centuries. Songhai was also weakened by internal discord, which led
to factional warfare. This discord spurred most of the migrations of peoples southward
toward the forest belt. The dense rain forest covering the southern half of the country created
barriers to large-scale political organizations as seen further north. Inhabitants lived in
villages or clusters of villages whose contacts with the outside world were filtered through
long-distance traders. Villagers subsisted on agriculture and hunting.
Five important states flourished in Côte d'Ivoire in the pre-European era. The Muslim Kong
Empire was established by the Juula in the early eighteenth century in the north-central
region inhabited by the Sénoufo, who had fled Islamization under the Mali Empire. Although
Kong became a prosperous center of agriculture, trade, and crafts, ethnic diversity and
religious discord gradually weakened the kingdom. The city of Kong was destroyed in 1895
by Samori Ture.
The Abron kingdom of Gyaaman was established in the seventeenth century by an Akan
group, the Abron, who had fled the developing Ashanti confederation of Asanteman in what
is present-day Ghana. From their settlement south of Bondoukou, the Abron gradually
extended their hegemony over the Dyula people in Bondoukou, who were recent émigrés
from the market city of Begho. Bondoukou developed into a major center of commerce and
Islam. The kingdom's Quranic scholars attracted students from all parts of West Africa. In the
mid-Seventeen century in east-central Côte d'Ivoire, other Akan groups fleeing the Asante
established a Baoulé kingdom at Sakasso and two Agni kingdoms, Indénié and Sanwi.
The Baoulé, like the Ashanti, elaborated a highly centralized political and administrative
structure under three successive rulers, but it finally split into smaller chiefdoms. Despite the
breakup of their kingdom, the Baoulé strongly resisted French subjugation. The descendants
of the rulers of the Agni kingdoms tried to retain their separate identity long after Côte
d'Ivoire's independence; as late as 1969, the Sanwi of Krinjabo attempted to break away from
Côte d'Ivoire and form an independent kingdom.[21]
[edit] Establishment of French rule
Compared to neighboring Ghana, Côte d'Ivoire suffered little from the slave trade, as
European slaving and merchant ships preferred other areas along the coast, with better
harbors. The earliest recorded French voyage to West Africa took place in 1483. The first
West African French settlement, Saint Louis, was founded in the mid-seventeenth century in
Senegal, while at about the same time the Dutch ceded to the French a settlement at Goree
Island off Dakar. A French mission was established in 1637 Assinie near the border with the
Gold Coast (now Ghana).
Assinie's survival was precarious, however, and only in the mid-nineteenth century did the
French establish themselves firmly in Côte d'Ivoire. In 1843–1844, French admiral Bouët-
Willaumez signed treaties with the kings of the Grand Bassam and Assinie regions, placing
their territories under a French protectorate. French explorers, missionaries, trading
companies, and soldiers gradually extended the area under French control inland from the
lagoon region. However, pacification was not accomplished until 1915.
Activity along the coast stimulated European interest in the interior, especially along the two
great rivers, the Senegal River and the Niger River. Concerted French exploration of West
Africa began in the mid-nineteenth century but moved slowly and was based more on
individual initiative than on government policy. In the 1840s, the French concluded a series
of treaties with local West African rulers that enabled the French to build fortified posts along
the Gulf of Guinea to serve as permanent trading centers.
The first posts in Côte d'Ivoire included one at Assinie and another at Grand Bassam, which
became the colony's first capital. The treaties provided for French sovereignty within the
posts and for trading privileges in exchange for fees or coutumes paid annually to the local
rulers for the use of the land. The arrangement was not entirely satisfactory to the French
because trade was limited and misunderstandings over treaty obligations often arose.
Nevertheless, the French government maintained the treaties, hoping to expand trade.
France also wanted to maintain a presence in the region to stem the increasing influence of
the British along the Gulf of Guinea coast. Thereafter, the French built naval bases to keep
out non-French traders and began a systematic conquest of the interior. (They accomplished
this only after a long war in the 1890s against Mandinka forces, mostly from Gambia.
Guerrilla warfare by the Baoulé and other eastern groups continued until 1917).[citation needed]
The defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War in 1871 and the subsequent annexation by
Germany of the French province of Alsace Lorraine caused the French government to
abandon its colonial ambitions and withdraw its military garrisons from its French West
African trading posts, leaving them in the care of resident merchants. The trading post at
Grand Bassam in Côte d'Ivoire was left in the care of a shipper from Marseille, Arthur
Verdier, who in 1878 was named Resident of the Establishment of Côte d'Ivoire.[21]
In 1886, to support its claims of effective occupation, France again assumed direct control of
its West African coastal trading posts and embarked on an accelerated program of exploration
in the interior. In 1887 Lieutenant Louis Gustave Binger began a two-year journey that
traversed parts of Côte d'Ivoire's interior. By the end of the journey, he had concluded four
treaties establishing French protectorates in Côte d'Ivoire. Also in 1887, Verdier's agent,
Marcel Treich-Laplène, negotiated five additional agreements that extended French influence
from the headwaters of the Niger River Basin through Côte d'Ivoire.
[edit] French colonial era
By the end of the 1880s, France had established what passed for effective control over the
coastal regions of Côte d'Ivoire, and in 1889 Britain recognized French sovereignty in the
area. That same year, France named Treich-Laplène titular governor of the territory. In 1893
Côte d'Ivoire was made a French colony, and then Captain Binger was appointed governor.
Agreements with Liberia in 1892 and with Britain in 1893 determined the eastern and
western boundaries of the colony, but the northern boundary was not fixed until 1947 because
of efforts by the French government to attach parts of Upper Volta (present-day Burkina
Faso) and French Sudan (present-day Mali) to Côte d'Ivoire for economic and administrative
reasons.
France's main goal was to stimulate the production of exports. Coffee, cocoa and palm oil
crops were soon planted along the coast. Côte d'Ivoire stood out as the only West African
country with a sizeable population of settlers; elsewhere in West and Central Africa, the
French and British were largely bureaucrats.[citation needed] As a result, a third of the cocoa, coffee
and banana plantations were in the hands of French citizens and a forced-labour system
became the backbone of the economy.
Throughout the early years of French rule, French military contingents were sent inland to
establish new posts. The African population resisted French penetration and settlement.
Among those offering greatest resistance was Samori Ture, who in the 1880s and 1890s was
establishing the Wassoulou Empire which extended over large parts of present-day Guinea,
Mali, Burkina Faso, and Côte d'Ivoire. Samori Ture's large, well-equipped army, which could
manufacture and repair its own firearms, attracted strong support throughout the region. The
French responded to Samori Ture's expansion of regional control with military pressure.
French campaigns against Samori Ture, which were met with fierce resistance, intensified in
the mid-1890s until he was captured in 1898.
France's imposition of a head tax in 1900, aimed at enabling the colony to undertake a public
works program, provoked a number of revolts. Ivoirians viewed the tax as a violation of the
terms of the protectorate treaties because it seemed that France was now demanding the
equivalent of a coutume from the local kings rather than the reverse. Much of the population,
especially in the interior, also considered the tax a humiliating symbol of submission.[22]
From 1904 to 1958, Côte d'Ivoire was a constituent unit of the Federation of French West
Africa. It was a colony and an overseas territory under the Third Republic. Until the period
following World War II, governmental affairs in French West Africa were administered from
Paris. France's policy in West Africa was reflected mainly in its philosophy of "association",
meaning that all Africans in Côte d'Ivoire were officially French "subjects" without rights to
representation in Africa or France.
French colonial policy incorporated concepts of assimilation and association. Assimilation
presupposed the inherent superiority of French culture over all others, so that in practice the
assimilation policy in the colonies meant extension of the French language, institutions, laws,
and customs. The policy of association also affirmed the superiority of the French in the
colonies, but it entailed different institutions and systems of laws for the colonizer and the
colonized. Under this policy, the Africans in Côte d'Ivoire were allowed to preserve their own
customs insofar as they were compatible with French interests.
An indigenous elite trained in French administrative practice formed an intermediary group
between the French and the Africans. Assimilation was practiced in Côte d'Ivoire to the
extent that after 1930 a small number of Westernized Ivoirians were granted the right to
apply for French citizenship. Most Ivoirians, however, were classified as French subjects and
were governed under the principle of association.[23] As subjects of France they had no
political rights. Moreover, they were drafted for work in mines, on plantations, as porters, and
on public projects as part of their tax responsibility. They were also expected to serve in the
military and were subject to the indigénat, a separate system of law.[24]
In World War II, the Vichy regime remained in control until 1943, when members of Gen.
Charles de Gaulle's provisional government assumed control of all French West Africa. The
Brazzaville Conference of 1944, the first Constituent Assembly of the Fourth Republic in
1946, and France's gratitude for African loyalty during World War II led to far-reaching
governmental reforms in 1946. French citizenship was granted to all African "subjects," the
right to organize politically was recognized, and various forms of forced labor were
abolished.
Until 1958, governors appointed in Paris administered the colony of Côte d'Ivoire, using a
system of direct, centralized administration that left little room for Ivoirian participation in
policy making. The English colonial administration also adopted divide-and-rule policies,
applying ideas of assimilation only to the educated elite. The French were also interested in
ensuring that the small but influential elite was sufficiently satisfied with the status quo to
refrain from any anti-French sentiment. In fact, although they were strongly opposed to the
practices of association, educated Ivoirians believed that they would achieve equality with
their French peers through assimilation rather than through complete independence from
France, a change that would eliminate the enormous economic advantages of remaining a
French possession. But after the assimilation doctrine was implemented entirely, at least in
principle, through the postwar reforms, Ivoirian leaders realized that even assimilation
implied the superiority of the French over the Ivoirians and that discrimination and inequality
would end only with independence.[25]
[edit] Independence
The son of a Baoulé chief, Félix Houphouët-Boigny, was to become Côte d'Ivoire's father of
independence. In 1944 he formed the country's first agricultural trade union for African cocoa
farmers like himself. Angered that colonial policy favoured French plantation owners, they
united to recruit migrant workers for their own farms. Houphouët-Boigny soon rose to
prominence and within a year was elected to the French Parliament in Paris. A year later the
French abolished forced labour. Houphouët-Boigny established a strong relationship with the
French government, expressing a belief that the country would benefit from it, which it did
for many years. France made him the first African to become a minister in a European
government.
A turning point in relations with France was reached with the 1956 Overseas Reform Act
(Loi Cadre ), which transferred a number of powers from Paris to elected territorial
governments in French West Africa and also removed remaining voting inequalities. In 1958,
Côte d'Ivoire became an autonomous member of the French Community (which replaced the
French Union).
At the time of Côte d'Ivoire's independence (1960), the country was easily French West
Africa's most prosperous, contributing over 40% of the region's total exports. When
Houphouët-Boigny became the first president, his government gave farmers good prices for
their products to further stimulate production. Coffee production increased significantly,
catapulting Côte d'Ivoire into third place in world output (behind Brazil and Colombia). By
1979 the country was the world's leading producer of cocoa.
It also became Africa's leading exporter of pineapples and palm oil. French technicians
contributed to the 'Ivoirian miracle'. In the rest of Africa, Europeans were driven out
following independence; but in Côte d'Ivoire, they poured in. The French community grew
from only 30,000 prior to independence to 60,000 in 1980, most of them teachers, managers
and advisors.[26] For 20 years, the economy maintained an annual growth rate of nearly 10%
—the highest of Africa's non-oil-exporting countries.
[edit] Houphouët-Boigny administration
1. Agnéby
2. Bafing
3. Bas-Sassandra
4. Denguélé
5. Dix-Huit Montagnes
6. Fromager
7. Haut-Sassandra
8. Lacs
9. Lagunes
10. Marahoué
11. Moyen-Cavally
12. Moyen-Comoé
13. N'zi-Comoé
14. Savanes
15. Sud-Bandama
16. Sud-Comoé
17. Vallée du Bandama
18. Worodougou
19. Zanzan
[edit] Politics
Main article: Politics of Côte d'Ivoire
See also: Civil war in Côte d'Ivoire
Since 1983, Côte d'Ivoire's official capital has been Yamoussoukro; Abidjan, however,
remains the administrative center. Most countries maintain their embassies in Abidjan,
although some (including the United Kingdom) have closed their missions because of the
continuing violence and attacks on Europeans. The Ivoirian population continues to suffer
because of an ongoing civil war (See the History section above). International human rights
organizations have noted problems with the treatment of captive non-combatants by both
sides and the re-emergence of child slavery among workers in cocoa production.
Although most of the fighting ended by late 2004, the country remained split in two, with the
north controlled by the New Forces (FN). A new presidential election was expected to be
held in October 2005, and an agreement was reached among the rival parties in March 2007
to proceed with this, but it has since then been postponed numerous times due to delays in its
preparation.
[edit] Geography
[edit] Religion
Further information: Religion in Côte d'Ivoire
Religion in Côte d'Ivoire remains very heterogeneous, with Islam (almost all Sunni Muslims)
and Christianity (mostly Roman Catholic) being the major religions. In 2008 38.6% of Côte
d'Ivoire is Muslim, followed by 32.8% Christian, 11.9 practicing indigenous religions and
16.7% with no religion.[2] Religion is largely divided in the country, with most Christians
living in the south and conversely, most Muslims live in the north.[34] Côte d'Ivoire's capital,
Yamoussoukro, is also home to the largest "church"[35] in the world, the Basilica of Our Lady
of Peace of Yamoussoukro.
Religion in Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)
Religion Percent
Islam 38.6%
Christianity 32.8%
Indigenous 11.9%
None 16.7%
[edit] Demographics
Main article: Demographics of Côte d'Ivoire
Main articles: Outline of Côte d'Ivoire and Index of Côte d'Ivoire-related articles
• Art of Côte d'Ivoire
• Civil war in Côte d'Ivoire
• Communications in Côte d'Ivoire
• Fédération Ivoirienne du Scoutisme
• Foreign relations of Côte d'Ivoire
• Ivoirian diplomatic missions
• Labor exploitation in the chocolate industry
• List of cities in Côte d'Ivoire
• List of Ivoirians
• List of writers from Côte d'Ivoire
• Military of Côte d'Ivoire
• Operation Licorne
• Transport in Côte d'Ivoire
[edit] Notes
1. ^ a b "FACTBOX-Key facts on rebel leader Guillaume Soro", Reuters AlertNet, 29 March
2007, http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L29656284.htm, retrieved 1 April 2007
2. ^ a b c d e f "Côte d'Ivoire", The World Factbook, CIA Directorate of Intelligence, 24 July 2008,
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/iv.html, retrieved 8 August
2008 .
3. ^ a b c d "Côte d'Ivoire". International Monetary Fund.
http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?
sy=2007&ey=2010&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=662&s=NGDPD
%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=73&pr.y=3. Retrieved
2010-04-21.
4. ^ "Human Development Report 2009. Human development index trends: Table G" (PDF).
The United Nations. http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Complete.pdf. Retrieved
2009-10-17.
5. ^ Its government officially discourages this usage, preferring the French name Côte d'Ivoire
to be used in all languages
6. ^ (French) Premiers résultats définitifs du RGPH-98 (Recensement Général de la Population
et de l’Habitation de 1998), Abidjan: Institut National de la Statistique, Bureau Technique
Permanent du Recensement, 2002 .
7. ^ Library of Congress Country Studies, Library of Congress, November 1988,
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query2/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ci0013), retrieved 11 April
2009
8. ^ (French) "Loi n° 2000-513 du 1er août 2000 portant Constitution de la République de Côte
d’Ivoire", Journal Officiel de la République de Côte d’Ivoire 42 (30): 529–538, 3 August
2000, http://www.jfaconseil.com/jorci/2000/RCI%20JO%202000-30.pdf, retrieved 7 August
2008 .
9. ^ Background Note: Cote d'Ivoire, United States Department of State, July 2008,
http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2846.htm, retrieved 7 August 2008 .
10.^ (French) Accord politique de Ouagadougou, Presidency of the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, 4
March 2007, http://www.cotedivoire-pr.ci/?action=show_page&id_page=570, retrieved 7
August 2008
11.^ Jessup 1998, p. 351.
12.^ "Country profile: Ivory Coast". BBC News. 2010-02-24.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1043014.stm. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
13.^ Iannucci, Armando (2008-12-19). "International Atomic Energy Agency". The Guardian.
http://www.guardian.co.uk/styleguide/page/0,5817,184827,00.html. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
14.^ Living in a World of Limited Resources[dead link]
15.^ "Research Tools". Economist.com.
http://www.economist.com/research/styleGuide/index.cfm?page=805717. Retrieved 2010-06-
20.
16.^ "Cote d'Ivoire – Encyclopedia – Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Britannica.com.
http://www.britannica.com/nations/Cote-D'Ivoire. Retrieved 2010-06-20.
17.^ "Places Directory – Facts, Travel Videos, Flags, Photos – National Geographic".
nationalgeographic.com. 2008-06-25.
http://www3.nationalgeographic.com/places/directory.html. Retrieved 2010-06-20.
18.^ Guédé, François Yiodé (1995), "Contribution à l'étude du paléolithique de la Côte d'Ivoire :
État des connaissances", Journal des africanistes 65 (2): 79–91, doi:10.3406/jafr.1995.2432,
ISSN 0399-0346 .
19.^ Rougerie 1978, p. 246.
20.^ Kipré 1992, pp. 15–16.
21.^ a b Library of Congress Country Studies, Library of Congress, November 1988,
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query2/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ci0014), retrieved 11 April
2009
22.^ Library of Congress Country Studies, Library of Congress, November 1988,
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query2/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ci0016), retrieved 11 April
2009
23.^ Library of Congress Country Studies, Library of Congress, November 1988,
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query2/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ci0018), retrieved 11 April
2009
24.^ Library of Congress Country Studies, Library of Congress, November 1988,
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query2/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ci0019), retrieved 11 April
2009
25.^ Library of Congress Country Studies, Library of Congress, November 1988,
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query2/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ci0017), retrieved 11 April
2009
26.^ Ivory Coast – The Economy, U.S. Library of Congress
27.^ "Ivory Coast – Heart of Darkness". Kepi.cncplusplus.com.
http://www.kepi.cncplusplus.com/Ivory_Coast/Ivory_Coast.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-20.
28.^ "France's 'Little Iraq'". CBS News. November 15, 2004.
29.^ "UN endorses plan to leave president in office beyond mandate", IRIN, October 14, 2005.
30.^ Joe Bavier, "Ivory Coast Opposition, Rebels Say No to Term Extension for President",
VOA News, August 18, 2006.
31.^ "Partial rejection of UN peace plan", IRIN, November 2, 2006.
32.^ "New Ivory Coast govt 'a boost for Gbagbo'", AFP (IOL), April 12, 2007.
33.^ (French) OHADA.com: The business law portal in Africa,
http://www.ohada.com/index.php, retrieved 2009-03-22
34.^ "Christians fear Muslim takeover French-brokered deal could lead to Islamic state in Ivory
Coast". Global Jihad. World Net Daily. 8 February 2003. http://www.wnd.com/?
pageId=17179. Retrieved September 4, 2010.
35.^ It is actually a Basilica, but is listed in the Guiness World Records as the largest "church" in
the world
36.^ "Ivory Coast – The Economy". Countrystudies.us. http://countrystudies.us/ivory-
coast/41.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-20.
37.^ "Ivory Coast – The Levantine Community". Countrystudies.us.
http://countrystudies.us/ivory-coast/72.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-20.
38.^ "Rwanda Syndrome on the Ivory Coast"
39.^ a b c "WHO Country Offices in the WHO African Region — WHO | Regional Office for
Africa". Afro.who.int. http://www.afro.who.int/home/countries/fact_sheets/cotedivoire.pdf.
Retrieved 2010-06-20.
40.^ Human Development Indices, Table 3: Human and income poverty, p. 35. Retrieved on 1
June 2009
41.^ Earthtrends.wri.org
42.^ a b "Côte d'Ivoire – Secondary Education". Education.stateuniversity.com.
http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/310/C-te-d-Ivoire-SECONDARY-
EDUCATION.html. Retrieved 2010-06-20.
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Countries and territories of Africa
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r Tomé and Príncipe
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E
a
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f Burundi · Comoros · Djibouti · Eritrea · Ethiopia · Kenya · Madagascar · Malawi ·
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International membership
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v•d•e
African Union (AU)
Algeria · Angola · Benin · Botswana · Burkina Faso · Burundi · Cameroon · Cape Verde ·
Central African Republic · Chad · Comoros · Democratic Republic of the Congo · Republic
of the Congo · Côte d'Ivoire · Djibouti · Egypt · Eritrea · Ethiopia · Equatorial Guinea ·
Gabon · The Gambia · Ghana · Guinea · Guinea-Bissau · Kenya · Lesotho · Liberia · Libya ·
Madagascar · Malawi · Mali · Mauritania · Mauritius · Mozambique · Namibia · Niger ·
Nigeria · Rwanda · Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic · São Tomé and Príncipe · Senegal ·
Seychelles · Sierra Leone · Somalia · South Africa · Sudan · Swaziland · Tanzania · Togo ·
Tunisia · Uganda · Zambia · Zimbabwe
[show]
v•d•e
South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone
M
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Angola • Argentina • Benin • Brazil • Cameroon • Cape Verde • Republic of the
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b
Gabon • The Gambia • Ghana • Guinea • Guinea-Bissau • Liberia • Namibia • Nigeria •
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v•d•e
Member states and observers of the Francophonie
Albania · Andorra · Armenia · Belgium (French Community) · Benin · Bulgaria · Burkina
Faso · Burundi · Cambodia · Cameroon · Canada (New Brunswick • Quebec) · Cape Verde ·
M
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1
Monaco · Morocco · Niger · Romania · Rwanda · St. Lucia · São Tomé and Príncipe ·
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r
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[show]
v•d•e
Latin Union
M
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e Andorra · Angola · Bolivia · Brazil · Cape Verde · Chile · Colombia · Costa Rica · Côte
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n Mozambique · Nicaragua · Panama · Paraguay · Peru · Philippines · Portugal ·
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Sudan
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CAR = Central African Republic • DRC = Democratic Republic of the Congo
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire"
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