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TERM PAPER
Fluid mechanics (mec207)

TOPIC : - Explain atleast ten applications of

Pascal’s law
SUBJECT:- FLUID MECHANICS
SUBMITTED BY:- SHAILESH SINGH
ROLL NO:- RC4911B44
SECTION:- RC4911
REG NO:- 10908518
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am thankful to my teacher VIKASH UCHARIA for giving me this
opportunity. He trusted me and chose me for doing search on the
topic “- Explain at least ten applications of Pascal’s law” Though
I will take maximum information from the internet but my friends
and my books helped a lot. This project will be prepared under the
guidance of my respected teacher Books are the best friends and
I have got lot of help from many books. I am doing hard work and
finished my project.

INDEX:-
01. NTRODUCTION

02. PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE

03. DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS OF PASCAL’S LAWS .

04. REFERENCES
01 INTRODUCTION:-
We have seen that the pressure differences between two points in
a liquid at rest depends only on the difference in vertical height
between the points. The difference is in fact pgs., where p is the
density of the liquid and z is the difference in vertical height.
Suppose by some means the pressure at one point of the liquid is
increased. The pressure at all other points of the liquid must also
increase by the same amount because the pressure differences
must be the same between two given points. This is the content
of Pascal's law which may be stated as follows:

If the pressure is a liquid is changed at a particular point, the

change is transmitted to the entire liquid without being
diminished in magnitude.
 The formulas that relate to this are shown below:

P1 = P2 (since the pressures are equal throughout).

Since pressure equals force per unit area, then it follows that

F1/A1 = F2/A2

It can be shown by substitution that the values shown above are

correct,

1 pound / 1 square inches = 10 pounds / 10 square inches

Because the volume of fluid pushed down on the left side equals
the volume of fluid that is lifted up on the right side, the following
formula is also true.

V1 = V2

by substitution,

A1 D1 = A2 D2

Where
A = cross sectional area
D = the distance moved

or

A1/A2= D2/D1

This system can be thought of as a simple machine (lever), since

force is multiplied. The mechanical advantage can be found by
rearranging terms in the above equation to

Mechanical Advantage (IMA) = D1/D2 = A2/A1

As an example:-

Suppose a flask fitted with a piston is fild with a liquid. Let an

external force F be applied on the piston. If the cross- sectional
area of the piston is A, the pressure just below the piston is
increased by F/A. By pascal's law, the pressure at any point B will
also increase by the same amount F/A. This is because the
pressure at any point B below the piston.

02. PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE

Pressure is transmitted undiminished in an enclosed static fluid.
Any externally applied pressure is transmitted to all parts of the
enclosed fluid, making possible a large multiplication of force
(hydraulic press principle). The pressure at the bottom of the jug
is equal to the externally applied pressure on the top of the fluid
plus the static fluid pressure from the weight of the liquid.

02. APPLICATIONS:-
Pascal's principle underlies the hydraulic press.Used in artesian
wells, water towers, and dams. Pascal's burst barrel
demonstration': a long and narrow vertical pipe is connected to
the contents of a large, sealed barrel. Adding water to the pipe
increases the pressure throughout the system. Adding a small
amount of water to the pipe is enough to burst the barrel. Scuba
divers must understand this principle. At a depth of 10 meters
under water, pressure is twice the atmospheric pressure at sea
level, and increases by about 100 kPa for each increase of 10 m
depth. Atmospheric pressure diminishes with height, a fact first
verified on the Puy-de-Dôme and the Saint-Jacques Tower in Paris,
on the instigation of Blasé Pascal himself.

(01)IN HYDRAULIC LIFT:-

A hydraulic lift is used to lift heavy loads. It consists of two pistons
of varying cross-sectional area. The two pistons are connected to
each other with a horizontal pipe. The container is filled with a
liquid. The load to be lifted is placed on the piston of larger cross-
sectional area. Let a downward force f (say equal to 5 Kg) be
applied on the smaller piston. The pressure where a is area of
cross section of the smaller piston. As this pressure is transmitted
equally to the large piston, the upward force acting on the loads is

Hydraulic press is used to compress soft materials like cotton,

paper, and cloth. These soft materials are placed on the larger
piston as shown.

The foundation of modern hydraulics was established when Pascal

discovered that pressure in a fluid acts equally in all directions.
This pressure acts at right angles to the containing surfaces. If
some type of pressure gauge, with an exposed face, is placed
beneath the surface of a liquid at a specific depth and pointed in
different directions, the pressure will read the same. Thus, we can
say that pressure in a liquid is independent of direction.

Pressure due to the weight of a liquid, at any level, depends on

the depth of the fluid from the surface. If the exposed face of the
pressure gauges are moved closer to the surface of the liquid, the
indicated pressure will be less. When the depth is doubled, the
indicated pressure is doubled. Thus the pressure in a liquid is
directly proportional to the depth. Consider a container with
vertical sides that is 1 foot long and 1 foot wide. Let it be filled
with water foot deep, providing 1 cubic foot of water. 1 cubic foot
of water weighs pounds. Using this information and equation, P =
F/A,

(a) Automobile Hydraulic Lift:-

A hydraulic lift for automobiles is an example of a force multiplied
by hydraulic press based on Pascal's principle. The fluid in the
small cylinder must be moved much further than the distance the
car is lifted.

For example, if the lift cylinder were 25 cm in diameter and the

small cylinder were 1.25 cm in diameter, then the ratio of the
areas is 400, so the hydraulic press arrangement gives a
multiplication of 400 times the force. To lift a 6000 newton car,
you would have to exert only 6000 N/400 = 15 N on the fluid in
the small cylinder to lift the car. However, to lift the car 10 cm,
you would have to move the oil 400 x 10cm = 40 meters. This is
practical by pumping oil into this small cylinder with a small
(02) HYDRAULIC PRESS:-

A hydraulic press is a machine using a hydraulic cylinder to

generate a compressive force. It uses the hydraulic equivalent of
a mechanical lever and was also known as a Bramah press after
the inventor Joseph Bramah of England. He invented and was
issued a patent on this press in 1795. As Bramah (who is also
known for his development of the flush toilet) installed toilets, he
studied the existing literature on the motion of fluids and put this
knowledge into the development of the press.
The hydraulic press depends on Pascal's principle: -the pressure
throughout a closed system is constant. One part of the system is
a piston acting as a pump, with a mildest mechanical force acting
on a small cross-sectional area; the other part is a piston with a
larger area which generates a correspondingly large mechanical
force. Only small-diameter tubing (which more easily resists
pressure) is needed if the pump is separated from the press
cylinder.

Pascal's law: Pressure on a confined fluid is transmitted

undiminished and acts with equal force on equal areas and at 90
degrees to the container wall.

A fluid, such as oil is displaced when either piston is pushed

inward. The small piston, for a given distance of movement,
displaces a smaller amount of volume than the large piston, which
is proportional to the ratio of areas of the heads of the pistons.
Therefore, the small piston must be moved a large distance to get
the large piston to move significantly. The distance the large
piston will move is the distance that the small piston is moved
divided by the ratio of the areas of the heads of the pistons. This
is how energy in the form of work in this case, is conserved and
the Law of Conservation of Energy is satisfied. Work is force times
distance, and since the force is increased on the larger piston, the
distance the force is applied over must be decreased.

The pressurized fluid used, if not generated locally by a hand or

mechanically-powered pump, can be obtained by opening a valve
which is connected to a hydraulic accumulator or a continuously-
running pump whose pressure is regulated by a relief valve. When
it is desired to generate more force than the available pressure
would allow, or use smaller, higher-pressure cylinders to save size
and weight, a hydraulic intensifier can be used to increase the
pressure acting on the press cylinder. When the pressure on the
press cylinder is released (the fluid returning to a reservoir), the
force created in the press is reduced to a low value (which
depends on the friction of the cylinder's seals. The main piston
does not retract to its original position unless an additional
mechanism is employed. In this machine, the Pascal's law is used
to increase the small amount of pressure applied. This is done by
the following set up: a hollow cylinder is fitted with two pistons at
either of its ends, and filled with a proper liquid. When pressure is
applied on the smaller piston, it is transmitted to the larger piston
in proportion to the ratio of the surface areas of the two pistons.
Since pressure in a fluid is transmitted equally in all directions,
the small amount of pressure applied on the smaller piston is
transmitted to the whole surface area of the larger piston equally.
Thus, the applied Force is increased on the larger piston in direct
proportion to the ratio of the surface area of the larger piston to
the surface area of the smaller piston.
(03) The Hydraulic Lever
A cylinder and piston is a chamber of variable volume, a
mechanism for transforming pressure to force. If A is the area of
the cylinder, and p the pressure of the fluid in it, then

F = pay

is the force on the piston. If the piston moves outwards a distance

do, then the change in volume is

do = A do.

The work done by the fluid in this displacement is

dew = F do = pay do
= p do.

If the movement is slow enough that inertia and viscosity forces

are negligible, then hydrostatics will still be valid. A process for
which this is true is called quasi-static. Now consider two
cylinders, possibly of different areas A and A', connected with
each other and filled with fluid. For simplicity, suppose that there
are no gravitational forces. Then the pressure is the same, p, in
both cylinders. If the fluid is incompressible, then

do + do' = 0,

so that

dew = p do + p do' = F do + F' do' =

0.
This says the work done on one piston is equal to the work done
by the other piston: the conservation of energy. The ratio of the
forces on the pistons is

F' / F = A' / A,

the same as the ratio of the areas, and the ratios of the
displacements

do' / do = F / F' = A / A'

is in the inverse ratio of the areas. This mechanism is the

hydrostatic analogue of the lever, and is the basis of hydraulic
activation.

(04) Hydraulic Brake

The word “hydraulics” generally refers to power produced by
moving liquids. Modern hydraulics is defined as the use of
confined liquid to transmit power, multiply force, or produce
motion. Though hydraulic power in the form of water wheels and
other simple devices has been in use for centuries, the principles
of hydraulics weren’t formulated into scientific law until the 17th
century. It was then that French philosopher Blasé Pascal
discovered that liquids cannot be compressed. He discovered a
law which states: Pressure applied on a confined fluid is
transmitted in all directions with equal force on equal areas. To
better understand Pascal’s Law, let’s use a bottle full of liquid as
an example. Let’s say the bottle has a 1 square inch opening. If
we were to apply 10 pounds of force on a cork at the opening, 10
pounds of force would be applied equally to all sides of the bottle.
This is expressed as 10 psi or 10 pounds of force per square inch.
10 psi represents the fluid pressure of the system. Though
impressive on paper, Pascal’s Law wasn’t put into practical
application until the Industrial Revolution when Joseph Brahma, a
British mechanic, built a hydraulic press using pressure, force and
confined fluid in a lever-like system. A closed hydraulic system
such as the one diagrammed here provides a mechanical
advantage similar to that of a simple lever.

Bramah discovered that in a closed fluid system a small force

exerted on a small cylinder could balance a large force on a large
cylinder. For example, 1 pound of force applied to a 1 square inch
cylinder can balance 100 pounds of force on a 100 square inch
cylinder. This is how we can move a 100 pound weight using only
1 pound of force. The distance the 100 pounds will travel is
inversely proportional to the distance the applied force travels.
That means if we move a 1 square inch cylinder a distance of one
inch, we only move the 100 square inch cylinder 1/100th of an
inch. These types of brakes are very efficient and long lasting, as
a fluid is used to transmit the pressure applied on the brakes to
the wheels, and the elasticity of fluids doesn't get lost over time,
thus these brakes are better than the common breaks used in
vehicles
Hydraulic systems contain the following key
components:-
(a) Fluid: - can be almost any liquid. The most common hydraulic
fluids contain specially compounded petroleum oils that lubricate
and protect the system from corrosion.

(b) Reservoir: - acts as a storehouse for the fluid and a heat

dissipater.

(c) Hydraulic pump:- converts the mechanical energy into

hydraulic energy by forcing hydraulic fluid, under pressure, from
the reservoir into the system.

(c) Fluid lines:- transport the fluid to and from the pump through
the hydraulic system. These lines can be rigid metal tubes, or
flexible hose assemblies. Fluid lines can transport fluid under
pressure or vacuum (suction).

(d) Hydraulic valves:- control pressure, direction and flow rate of

the hydraulic fluid.

(e) Actuator:- converts hydraulic energy into mechanical energy

to do work. Actuators usually take the form of hydraulic cylinders.
Hydraulic cylinders are used on agricultural, construction, and
industrial equipment. While there are different kinds of pumps,
actuators, valves, etc., the basic design of the hydraulic system is
essentially the same for all machinery

(05) In pressure gauge:-

Illustrated is the open tube manometer being used to measure
the pressure in a container filled with a gas. Since the liquid is at
rest, then the pressure differential between points (1) and (2) is
measured by the difference in elevation of the liquid levels. Since
the tube at (2) is open, then P2 = atmospheric pressure and we
have: --

P1 = Patm + ρ g(y2 - y1)

liquid (2)

Gas y 2

(1)
y 1

Since many types of pressure gauges have an 'open end', then we

will have to add atmospheric pressure to the reading of the gauge
in order to determine absolute pressure

For instance, when your tire gauge reads " 32 lb/in2 " it is
reading gauge pressure. This means the pressure inside is 32
lb/in2 greater than outside. Hence, the absolute pressure inside
is: 14.7 lb/in2 + 32 lb//in2 = 46.7 lb/in2 .

(06) Hand Operated Hydraulic Jack:-

Note additions to simple hydraulic jack .which include simple
lever increasing force on small piston and check valves and bleed
valve allowing continuous pumping to raise the jack. Also
opening the bleed valve lets the suspended weight of the load
lower it.

Example:-An operator makes one complete cycle per second

interval using the hydraulic jack. Each complete cycle consists of
two pump cylinder strokes (intake and power). The pump
cylinder has a 1-in diameter piston and the load cylinder has a
3.25-in diameter piston. If the average hand force is 25 lb during
the power stroke. How much load can be lifted? How many cycles
are required to lift the load 10-in assuming no oil leakage? The
pump piston has a 2-in stroke. What is the output HP assuming
100% efficiency? What is the output HP assuming 80% efficiency?

Solution:-

Frod = 8/2 ● Finput =

Pump cyl. Discharge pressure = rod force /Pistone area =

Frod/A pump=

Pascal’s law gives

Frod = pAload piston =

Since oil is incompressible, volume of oil ejected from pump =

volume raising load

(07) Air to Hydraulic Pressure Booster:-

Pressure ratio of an air to hydraulic pressure booster is:

Pressure ratio = output oil pressure / input air pressure = area of

air piston / area of oil piston =

also

Pressure ratio = area of air piston / area of oil piston

Example:- The pressure booster of is used to drive a load F via a
hydraulic cylinder. The following data are given:

Inlet oil pressure (p1) = 100 psi

Air piston area (A1) = 20 in2

Oil piston area (A2) = 1 in2

Load piston area (A3) = 25 in2 (diameter = 5.64 in)

(08) In water tower:-

A water tower or elevated water tower is a large elevated water storage container
constructed to hold a water supply at a height sufficient to pressurize a water
distribution system. Pressurization occurs through the elevation of water; for every
10.20 centimeters of elevation, it produces 1 kilopascal of pressure. 30 m of
elevation produces roughly 300 kPa , which is enough pressure to operate and
provide for most domestic water pressure and distribution system requirements.
Many water towers were constructed during the Industrial Revolution some are now
considered architectural landmarks and monuments, and may not be demolished.
The height of the tower provides the hydrostatic pressure for the water supply
system,

and it may be supplemented with a pump. The volume of the reservoir and
diameter of the piping provide and sustain flow rate. However, relying on a pump to
provide pressure is expensive; to keep up with varying demand, the pump would
have to be sized to meet peak demands. During periods of low demand, jockey
pumps are used to meet these lower water flow requirements. The water tower
reduces the need for electrical consumption of cycling pumps and thus the need for
an expensive pump control system, as this system would have to be sized
sufficiently to give the same pressure at high flow rates.

Very high volumes and flow rates are needed when fighting fires. With a water
tower present, pumps can be sized for average demand, not peak demand; the
water tower can provide water pressure during the day and pumps will refill the
water tower when demands are lower.
(09) In dam:-
Pascal’s law is use in dam to contains the water then use the
some useful works.

(10) In pressure measuring instrument:-

In pressure measuring instruments as for example Piezometer, U-
tube Manometer etc to use the pascal’s law to measure the
absolute pressure or gauge pressure.

04.REFRENCES:-
(01) Fluid machanics by Dr. R.K. Bansal

(02http://www.2dix.com/doc-2010/www.2dix.com-doc.php

(03)http://www.2dix.com/cari.php?
search=Applications+of+pascal's+law&button=++Search+
+&radiobutton=PDF

(04) http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Special:Search&search=all+applications+of+pascal's+law&ns0=1&redirs=0