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PROFESSIONAL
UNIVEERSITY
MEC-
201 TERM PAPER
-1-
THANKS
TO ALL
Stress Transformations
Stress
-2-
The roots of Mohr's circle for plane
stress lie in the following equations Mohr circle representation of stresses acting
on a differential element.
2 2
x y y
R n
2
nt2 x xy2
2 2
2
x y
R xy
2
2
These expressions are shown
graphically in the Mohr's circle diagram
in Figure where we assume that
x y and we adopt the convention
that the shear stress pointing clockwise
(counterclockwise) on the element is
positive (negative.)
Graphical Review
for Strain
V' F' P1
O P2 C
x y T
x y
2 2
-3-
2 2 2
x y nt 2 x y xy
R n
2
Mohr circle representation of strains acting
2 2 2 2 on a differential element.
x y
2
2 Graphical solution using Mohr’s
R xy circle:
2 2
Figure 3 shows the Mohr circle
Following the same assumption construction for given stresses acting on
and convention as for stress, but noting the element. When the two points are
that shear strains appear as , the plotted and connected, they form the
2 diameter of the Mohr's circle. The
graphical representation of these center of the circle (point C) is located
equations can be seen in Figure 1.When where the diameter crosses the normal
the Mohr's circles for plane stresses and stress axis. The principal stresses are the
plane strains are combined, a powerful maximum/minimum points located
tool for finding principal stresses and where the Mohr's circle intersects the
strains is formed. Alternatively, one can normal stress axis, the line of zero shear
transform either stresses or strains and stress (which is a characteristic of a
then employ the constitutive law to find principal stress). Points P1 and P2 in
the transformed strains or stresses,
respectively.
x
2
y
m
Y
2
yx
2
O
2
xy
2
X
p2
p1
-4-
Figure 8.2.3 represent the maximum and The minimum and maximum principal
minimum principal stresses respectively. stresses are given by,
S 13500,8000
stress
X 12000,8000
2 s
F P1 21640,0
O P2 5360,0 C 13500,0 2 p Normal stress
Y 15000,8000
-5-
The above results when applied shear stress in this direction is positive
to the element as shown in Figure 8.2.4 and tends to twist the element in a
represents the principle stress state of the clockwise direction. It can also be
element inclined at angle p where the determined from Mohr's circle that the
21,640 lb/in 2
5,360 lb/in 2
2
5,360 lb/in
13,500 lb/in 2
8,140 lb/in 2
2 2
13,500 lb/in 8,140 lb/in
2
13,500 lb/in
-6-
problem we need to use the matrix role in the calculations of the stress
method described in the next section. states in an element.
y
yx
xy
x x
xy
yx
y
Inversely,
x cos sin x' T
x x'
y sin cos y '
or T
y y'
(2)
Furthermore,
(3)
1 T
cos sin
T sin cos T
-7-
The matrix representation for this stress
Stress transformation along x' axis.
The stress
Y AC = Area A transformations along the x ' -
Y' AB = A cos axis can be derived for the
BC = A sin element shown in Figure 8.3.2
using matrix manipulation and
the fact that equilibrium
A requires that the sum of the
X' forces be equal to zero.
θ
Force transformations from x-,
X y- axes to x ' -, y ' - axes are
x' y ' as follows:
Fx Fx Fx
Fy AB Fy BC Fy AC
x xy cos sin
A cos A sin A x ' A x ' y '
xy y sin cos
-8-
where T T T I , the identity matrix. 0 F
The order of the matrix multiplication
does matter in the final outcome. Fx Fx Fx
Fy CD Fy BC Fy BD
The same logic can be used for the
stresses on the y' face as illustrated in
Figure 3. x xy sin cos
A sin A cos A y ' A x ' y '
xy y cos sin
Y
Y'
BD = Area A
BC = A cos
CD = A sin
X'
D X
B C
y ' x' y '
xy
x
xy
y
Stress x ' y ' cos sin x xy sin
transformation y cos
along y' axis. y ' sin cos xy
(5)
-9-
Combining expressions (4) and (5) we
get the following expression for stress
transformations as:
x ' x ' y ' cos sin x xy cos sin
x ' y ' y ' sin cos xy y sin cos
(6)
T
x' x'y ' x xy
or T T
x'y' y'
xy y
yx B
A
zy
y
zx - 10 -
z
x
F z 0 ( n z ) A xz (n x A) yz (n y A) z (n z A ) 0
x xy xz n x 0
xy y yz n y 0 1. Enter the stress matrix with the
xz
yz z n z 0 following syntax:
(1)
The trivial solution for equation 1, OrigStress = [xx, xy; xy, yy]
n x n y n z 0 is not possible since the
direction cosines satisfy the relation, 2. Find the eigenvalues and
2 2 2 eigenvectors of the corresponding
nx n y nz 1
matrix to find the principal stresses.
(2)
[Vectors, Principal] =
Hence the solution for the principal eig(OrigStress)
stresses and their directions can be found
from the solution of the standard 3. Divide Vectors(2,1) by Vectors(1,1)
eigenvalue problem represented by and take the arctan of the result.
equations 1 and 2. The three eigenvalues Note: the vector in column 1 is
correspond to the three principal associated with the (1,1) principal
stresses, i , i =1, 2, 3. For each i stress.
there corresponds an eigenvector,
namely the direction cosines n x , n y , n z Value = Vectors(2,1)/Vectors(1,1)
that define the orientation of the
principal plane. Standard mathematical RadianOrientation = atan(Value)
software such as MATLAB or
Mathematica can be used to solve the 4. The result of the previous
eigenvalue problem. calculations will provide the
orientation in radians. To convert
this value to degrees, multiply by
180/.
PrincipalOrientation =
RadianOrientation * 180 / pi
MaxShearOrientation =
PrincipalOrientation - 45
- 11 -
ShearTheta = MaxShearOrientation RadianOrientation =
* pi / 180
-0.4311
EDU»
MaxShearOrientation=PrincipalOrientation-45
7. The value of the maximum shear
stress can be found by multiplying MaxShearOrientation =
the following matrices:
-69.6994
MaxShear T * OrigStress * Transpose(T )
EDU» ShearTheta=MaxShearOrientation*pi/180
-26.0977 0 MaxShear =
0 66.0977
20.0000 -46.0977
EDU» Value=Vectors(2,1)/Vectors(1,1) -46.0977 20.0000
-0.4599 Principal =
- 12 -
EDU» PrincipalOrientation
PrincipalOrientation =
-24.6994
EDU» MaxShear
MaxShear =
20.0000 -46.0977
-46.0977 20.0000
EDU» ShearTheta
ShearTheta =
-1.2165
- 13 -