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TOPIC –   Write an interactive


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THANKS
TO ALL

Stress Transformations

Stress

A German engineer, Otto Mohr,


combined the previous theories of stress
and strain transformations in order to
form a comprehensive pictorial method
to solve for these forces. Since the late
1800s, this model has been used
extensively in order to solve these types
of problems.

The stresses acting on a


differential element of a body can be
represented as shown in Figure

-2-
The roots of Mohr's circle for plane
stress lie in the following equations Mohr circle representation of stresses acting
on a differential element.
2 2
  x  y    y 
R    n 
2
   nt2   x    xy2
 2   2 

2
 x  y 
 R      xy
2

 2 
These expressions are shown
graphically in the Mohr's circle diagram
in Figure where we assume that
  
x y and we adopt the convention
that the shear stress pointing clockwise
(counterclockwise) on the element is
positive (negative.)
Graphical Review
for Strain

S The roots of Mohr's


circle for plane strain lie
in the following
Y(y, yx) equations:

V' F' P1
O P2 C

 x  y T
 x  y
2 2

-3-
2 2 2
  x   y    nt  2   x   y    xy 
R    n 
2
        Mohr circle representation of strains acting
 2   2   2   2  on a differential element.

x y 
2
 
2 Graphical solution using Mohr’s
 R      xy  circle:
 2   2 
Figure 3 shows the Mohr circle
Following the same assumption construction for given stresses acting on
and convention as for stress, but noting the element. When the two points are

that shear strains  appear as , the plotted and connected, they form the
2 diameter of the Mohr's circle. The
graphical representation of these center of the circle (point C) is located
equations can be seen in Figure 1.When where the diameter crosses the normal
the Mohr's circles for plane stresses and stress axis. The principal stresses are the
plane strains are combined, a powerful maximum/minimum points located
tool for finding principal stresses and where the Mohr's circle intersects the
strains is formed. Alternatively, one can normal stress axis, the line of zero shear
transform either stresses or strains and stress (which is a characteristic of a
then employ the constitutive law to find principal stress). Points P1 and P2 in
the transformed strains or stresses,
respectively.
 x
2
y

m
Y
2
 yx
2

O 
2
 xy
2

X
 p2

 p1

-4-
Figure 8.2.3 represent the maximum and The minimum and maximum principal
minimum principal stresses respectively. stresses are given by,

 min  OC  CP2  13500  8140  5360


Shear

S 13500,8000
stress

X 12000,8000

2 s
F P1  21640,0
O P2  5360,0 C 13500,0 2 p Normal stress

Y 15000,8000

Two dimensional Mohr circle lbs/in2


 max  OC  CP1  13500  8140  21640
The points P1 and P2 can be lbs/in2
determined mathematically by finding
out the location of the center of the circle The angle through which the
and the radius of the Mohr’s circle. The element must be rotated to achieve the
center of the circle, C is located at the principal stress state (i.e. no shear stress
average of the two normal stress values acting on the element) is denoted in
while the radius corresponds to the Figure 3 as  p . From the Mohr’s circle
distance of center from either of the two
diagram, we have
points X or Y.
 2 xy 
tan 2 p    
We have      or p = 39.7.
 x y 
  12000  15000  
C    ,0   13500,0  lbs
 2  
/in2.
Using CF (= 15000-13500 = 1500
lbs/in2) and FY (= -8000 lbs/in2), we get
the radius of the Mohr’s circle as R (=
CX = CY) = 8140 lbs/in2.

-5-
The above results when applied shear stress in this direction is positive
to the element as shown in Figure 8.2.4 and tends to twist the element in a
represents the principle stress state of the clockwise direction. It can also be
element inclined at angle  p where the determined from Mohr's circle that the

21,640 lb/in 2

5,360 lb/in 2

2
5,360 lb/in

39. 21,640 lb/in 2



only stresses acting on the element faces normal stress in both directions is equal
are the maximum and minimum to 13,500 lb/in2 when the element is
principal stresses. No shear stress acts on under the maximum shear stress as
the element in this state. Maximum shear stress state for element
Principal stress state for element
While a good visual method of
Point S in Figure 3 represents the transforming stress components, the
maximum shear stress acting on the Mohr’s circle graphical method of stress
element. In this case, the maximum transformation to the principal planes is
shear stress is equal to 8140 lb/in2. The applicable only to two-dimensional
orientation of the element to achieve stress state and hence used for plane
maximum shear stress state is denoted problems only. For the three-
by  s , where  s   p + 45 = 84.7. The dimensional stress transformation

13,500 lb/in 2

8,140 lb/in 2

2 2
13,500 lb/in 8,140 lb/in

8,140 lb/in 2 13,500 lb/in 2


84.

2
13,500 lb/in
-6-
problem we need to use the matrix role in the calculations of the stress
method described in the next section. states in an element.

y

yx

xy
x x
xy

yx

y

Positive stresses acting on a two-dimensional


differential element.
Theory of Matrix Method for
Stress Calculations in 2-D If the  x or  y components are
directed towards the element or the 
components are oriented in the opposing
 x '  cos sin    x   x'     x 
 y '   sin     or  y'   T   y  directions, they should be given negative
   cos   y       values following this convention.
(1)

Inversely,
 x  cos  sin    x' T
 x     x'
 y    sin  cos   y '
or  T
 y    y'
      
(2)

where the notation for the transformation


is now T  M T  R T .

Furthermore,
(3)
1 T
  cos  sin    
 T   sin cos    T 
     

so that the second set can be obtained


from the first: T T
     x   x     x '
 T   T        T   
     y   y     y '

The use of the inverse or


transpose of the rotational
transformation matrix will be used
below. These matrices will play a vital

-7-
The matrix representation for this stress
Stress transformation along x' axis.
The stress
Y AC = Area A transformations along the x ' -
Y' AB = A cos  axis can be derived for the
BC = A sin  element shown in Figure 8.3.2
using matrix manipulation and
the fact that equilibrium
A requires that the sum of the
X' forces be equal to zero.

 θ
Force transformations from x-,
X y- axes to x ' -, y ' - axes are
 x' y ' as follows:

Fx '  Fx cos  Fy sin 


B C 
x  x' Fy '  Fy cos  Fx sin 

Using F   A and force


 xy equilibrium equation,
 F  0 we obtain
 xy
y expressions for stress
transformations as follows:
 xx  xy 
state is given by:    0   F 
 xy  yy 

 Fx   Fx   Fx 
     
 Fy  AB  Fy  BC  Fy  AC

 x   xy  cos    sin  
    A cos     A sin   A x '    A x ' y '  
 xy   y   sin    cos 

 x  xy  cos  cos   sin     x ' 


  A  A
 xy  y   sin    sin 
 
cos   x ' y ' 

Canceling area A out and pre-


multiplying by transformation T, we
have

  x '   cos sin    x  xy  cos 


      y   sin  
 x ' y '   sin  cos   xy
(4)

-8-
where T  T T  I , the identity matrix.  0   F 
The order of the matrix multiplication
does matter in the final outcome.  Fx   Fx   Fx 
     
 Fy  CD  Fy  BC  Fy  BD
The same logic can be used for the
stresses on the y' face as illustrated in
Figure 3.  x   xy   sin   cos 
   A sin     A cos  A y '    A x ' y '  
 xy   y   cos   sin  

 x  xy   sin   cos  sin    x ' y ' 


 A  A
 xy  y   cos   sin 

cos    y ' 

Canceling area A out and pre-


multiplying by transformation T, we
have

Y
Y'
BD = Area A
BC = A cos 
CD = A sin 

X'

D X


B C
 y '  x' y '
 xy
x

 xy
y
Stress  x ' y '   cos sin    x  xy   sin  
transformation       y   cos 
along y' axis.  y '   sin  cos   xy
(5)

-9-
Combining expressions (4) and (5) we
get the following expression for stress
transformations as:
  x '  x ' y '   cos sin    x  xy  cos  sin  
    
 x ' y '  y '   sin  cos   xy  y   sin  cos 
(6)
T
  x'  x'y '     x  xy   
or   T      T 
 x'y'  y'  
   xy y   

Problems involving different stress states


can be calculated quickly and efficiently
Principal stress state for a differential
using
element in a three-dimensional stress state
MATLAB to solve the above equation.

Principal Stress State using the Let n x , n y and n z be the direction


Matrix method cosines of the normal vector to surface
ABC with respect to x, y, and z
As stressed earlier, the Mohr’s circle directions respectively. Hence we have
graphical solution to determine the if, Area (ABC) = A, then
principal stress state can be applied only Area (BCD) = n x A , Area (ACD) =
to a plane stress problem in two- n y A , and Area (ABD) = n z A .
dimensions. For the principal stress
problem in three-dimensions, we need to
use the matrix method of stress Using F   A and force
transformations explained in the equilibrium equations for each direction,
previous section.  F  0 we obtain expressions for
stress transformations to the principal
Consider a three-dimensional stress state as follows:
element in the form of a tetrahedron as
shown in Figure 8.4.1 where the inclined F x 0  ( n x ) A   x ( n x A )   xy ( n
face ABC has only normal stress  p F y 0  ( n y ) A   xy ( n x A)   y (n
acting on it (Shear
stress on inclined z
face,   0 ). The
stresses acting on C
the normal faces  xz
are as shown in the
 yz x
Figure.  p
y  xy
D

 yx B

A
 zy
y
 zx - 10 -

z
x
F z 0  ( n z ) A   xz (n x A)   yz (n y A)   z (n z A )  0

Canceling the areas A and


combining the terms with same direction Directions for Stress
cosines allows us to rewrite the above
equations in the matrix form as follows:
Transformations in MATLAB

 x    xy  xz  n x  0
    
  xy  y   yz  n y   0 1. Enter the stress matrix with the
  xz
  yz  z    n z  0 following syntax:
(1)
The trivial solution for equation 1, OrigStress = [xx, xy; xy, yy]
n x  n y  n z  0 is not possible since the
direction cosines satisfy the relation, 2. Find the eigenvalues and
2 2 2 eigenvectors of the corresponding
nx  n y  nz  1
matrix to find the principal stresses.
(2)
[Vectors, Principal] =
Hence the solution for the principal eig(OrigStress)
stresses and their directions can be found
from the solution of the standard 3. Divide Vectors(2,1) by Vectors(1,1)
eigenvalue problem represented by and take the arctan of the result.
equations 1 and 2. The three eigenvalues Note: the vector in column 1 is
correspond to the three principal associated with the (1,1) principal
stresses,  i , i =1, 2, 3. For each  i stress.
there corresponds an eigenvector,
namely the direction cosines n x , n y , n z  Value = Vectors(2,1)/Vectors(1,1)
that define the orientation of the
principal plane. Standard mathematical RadianOrientation = atan(Value)
software such as MATLAB or
Mathematica can be used to solve the 4. The result of the previous
eigenvalue problem. calculations will provide the
orientation in radians. To convert
this value to degrees, multiply by
180/.

PrincipalOrientation =
RadianOrientation * 180 / pi

5. The maximum shear occurs 45


degrees from the principal state.

MaxShearOrientation =
PrincipalOrientation - 45

- 11 -
ShearTheta = MaxShearOrientation RadianOrientation =
* pi / 180
-0.4311

6. The transformation matrix to EDU»


calculate the maximum shear is: PrincipalOrientation=RadianOrientation*180/pi

 cos(ShearTheta) sin( ShearTheta)  PrincipalOrientation =


T 
 sin( ShearTheta) cos(ShearTheta)  -24.6994

EDU»
MaxShearOrientation=PrincipalOrientation-45
7. The value of the maximum shear
stress can be found by multiplying MaxShearOrientation =
the following matrices:
-69.6994
MaxShear  T * OrigStress * Transpose(T )
EDU» ShearTheta=MaxShearOrientation*pi/180

The value that appears twice in the ShearTheta =


resulting matrix is the value of the
maximum shear stress oriented in the -1.2165
direction found in the previous step.
EDU» T=[cos(ShearTheta),sin(ShearTheta);-
sin(ShearTheta),cos(ShearTheta)]
Example done in MATLAB

EDU» OrigStress = [-10,35;35,50]


T=
OrigStress =
0.3469 -0.9379
-10 35 0.9379 0.3469
35 50
EDU» Ttrans=[cos(ShearTheta),-
EDU» [Vectors,Principal]=eig(OrigStress) sin(ShearTheta);sin(ShearTheta),cos(ShearTheta
)]
Vectors =
Ttrans =
0.9085 0.4179
-0.4179 0.9085 0.3469 0.9379
-0.9379 0.3469

Principal = EDU» MaxShear = T*OrigStress*Ttrans

-26.0977 0 MaxShear =
0 66.0977
20.0000 -46.0977
EDU» Value=Vectors(2,1)/Vectors(1,1) -46.0977 20.0000

Value = EDU» Principal

-0.4599 Principal =

EDU» RadianOrientation=atan(Value) -26.0977 0


0 66.0977

- 12 -
EDU» PrincipalOrientation

PrincipalOrientation =

-24.6994

EDU» MaxShear

MaxShear =

20.0000 -46.0977
-46.0977 20.0000

EDU» ShearTheta

ShearTheta =

-1.2165

- 13 -

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