c
 

Organic compound that contains the functional group of   

 and represented by a general formula , that is
____________________ or ___________________.



 

All alcohol members have an ending ( suffix ) name which is ͚ -ol ͞
› Alkane Alcohol
1 Methane Methanol
2 Ethane ethanol

½
 

alcohol displays isomerism beginning from propanol

½ 
 
1.Y ëermentation ( of sugars & starches )
2.Y Hydration of ethane
 
1.Y 0an be prepared by fermentation process on carbohydrate sources such as glucose , starch etc using yeast followed by
distillation process .
2.Y ëermentation is carried out in the absence of air and at an optimal temperature of _________ .
3.Y During fermentation , zymase ( enzyme in yeast ) breaks down the glucose molecules into simpler molecules of ethanol
and carbon dioxide. 0 H12O (aq)------------ 2 0 2H5OH (aq) + 2 0O 2 (g)
4.Y The process only produces a dilute solution of ethanol ( yeast will be killed if concentration of ethanol exceeds 14% )
.Distillation is carried out to obtain ethanol of 9 % purity .

Sugars / starches Glucose Ethanol

º Y The moist ethanol is refluxed with calcium oxide , 0aO to absorb water to obtain 100% ethanol . 



 
Glucose ëoams were formed in the fermented mixture .
A 0olorless gas that turned lime water chalky was liberated
The distillate was a colorless liquid with a sharp smell.


1.Y Explain the function of the following 2 substances

a.Y Yeast ________________________________________________________________________

b.Y Lime water ___________________________________________________________________

2.Y Name the distillate from the fractional distillation . ________________________

3.Y Explain why the other end of the delivery tube must be dipped in the lime water at all times .

4.Y The fermentation process must be carried out in the absence of air . esplain why .

5.Y What will happen if the fermentation is carried out at a temperature higher than that of optimum temperature .

.Y What is the purpose of fractional distillation in this experime nt ?

7.Y Write a chemical equation for the fermentation of glucose . by yeast .

†
 
 
1.Y None of the alcohols exist as gas at room conditions
2.Y As Molecular size increases , the boiling point increases
3.Y alcohols are soluble in water , solubility decreases as rapidly size of molecules increases . Simple alcohols are miscible
with water in all proportions .
†
  
1.Y A colorless liquid at room temperature
2.Y Sharp smell ( characteristic odour )
0
3.Y Low m.p and b.p ( 78 c) , volatile
4.Y Soluble in water ( miscible with water in all proportions )
5.Y Neutral
.Y Soluble in organic solvents such as ether .
7.Y Do not conduct elec tri city ( covalent compound )

  
1.Y  - burns easily in excess oxygen with a sootless blue flame , to form carbon dioxide and water and lots of
heat released . This makes ethanol a clean fuel .

 Y  
  !!"

Alcohol 0arboxylic acid

a.Y When ethanol is heated with (i) acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution (ii) acidified potassium
dichromate (VI) solution , it is oxidized to ethanoic acid .

b.Y 0olour change

i.Y Potassium manganate(VII) - purple to colourless
ii.Y Potassium dichromate (VI ) ʹ orange to green

Y  
alcohol alkene

(i) Etahnol vapour is passed over heated porcelain pieces / chips / porous pot / aluminium oxide / pumice stone ʹ
dehyration occurs to produce ethane and water .
( the porcelain pieces etc act as catalyst and drying agent in this reaction )

(ii) Ethanol is heated under reflux at a temperature of a

 with excess

 

 conc phosphoric
acid as the drying agent and catalyst .

4.Y ¦

Alcohol + carboxylic acid ester + water

When ethanol is heated under reflux with ethanoic acid in the prescence of conc sulphuric acid as the catalyst ,
esterification reaction occurs . a fragrant compound that smells like fruit is produced . this is ester .

ethanol ethanoic acid ethyl ethanoate water

5. * ù
 
 

Ethanol reacts with reactive metals such as sodium and potassium to release hydrogen gas .

Ethanol sodium sodium ethoxide hydrogen

ses of alcohols in daily life