TATA TELESERVICE

chandigarh LTD.
TRAINING
2011REPORT

PREPARED BY:
Dildeepak singh

PREFACE

I know the general rule of world that

“reading makes man ready, writing makes man everyday but practice makes man
perfect.” Only theoretical knowledge is not enough for a BBA student. An industrial
training is one in which we have to develop hardware with software practical
knowledge, where we not theoretically analyze the system but also design software
and implement the same. The final phase is to test the functionally of project
action. From this subject student can get opportunity of real activities of our
theoretically. Here programming, system is testing and quality checking and control
this documentation the report of industrial training from this documentation we can
understand the hardware and software engineering concept can be implemented to
a real problem.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to TATA TELESERVICES

LIMITED for equipping us with the platform to enhance our skills in the field of
Mobile Communication. The entire team proved to be very accommodating and
cooperative to us without whom the project would not have been accomplished.

We would like to thank Mr. HARMOHINDER for giving us invaluable guidelines

and moral support. He being very enthusiastic and genial gave us orientation and
motivation to gain more hands-on experience and hence get an edge over.

We would also like to thank all our colleagues in Tata Teleservices Ltd. who
provided us their priceless time and companionship during the entire training
period.

Last but not the least, we are most thankful to our institute, DESH BHAGAT
GROUP OF INSTITUE OF MANAGEMENT AND COMPUTER SCIENCE for
providing us this opportunity and platform to explore our horizons in the practical
field and gain professionalism and etiquettes along with technical abilities in the
corporate culture.
 INDEX
• INTRODUCTION OF TATA TELESERVICE LTD.

2. INTRODUCTION OF CDMA SERVICE.

TATA TELE SERVICES

COMPANY PROFILE:

Communications is the Tata Group’s largest investment and the Group’s objective is
to provide end-to-end telecommunications solutions for business and residential
customers across the nation, and internationally. The Group’s communications
activities are currently spread primarily over four companies—Tata Teleservices
Limited (TTSL) and its associate Tata Teleservices (Maharashtra) Limited (TTML),
Tata Communication (erstwhile VSNL) and Tata Sky. Together, these companies
cover the full range of communications services, including:

• Telephony Services: Fixed and Mobile

• Media and Entertainment Services: Satellite TV

• Data Services: Leased Lines, Managed Data Networks, IP/MPLS VPN, Dial-up
Internet, Wi-Fi and Broadband

• Value-Added Services: Mobile and Broadband Content/Applications, Calling

Cards, Net Telephony and Managed Services

• Infrastructure Services: Submarine Cable Bandwidth, Terrestrial Fiber

Network and Satellite Earth Stations and VSAT Connectivity
Profile
Tata Teleservices is part of the INR Rs. 2, 51,543 Crore Tata Group that has
over 80 companies, over 3, 30,000 employees and more than 3.2 million
shareholders. With a committed investment of INR 36,000 Crore (US$ 7.5
billion) in Telecom (FY 2006), the Group has a formidable presence across
the telecom value chain.
Tata Teleservices spearheads the Group’s presence in the telecom sector.
Incorporated in 1996, Tata Teleservices was the first to launch CDMA mobile
services in India with the Andhra Pradesh circle.
Beginning with its acquisition of Hughes Telecom (India) Limited in
December 2002 [now renamed Tata Teleservices (Maharashtra) Limited],
which provides services in the Mumbai and Rest of Maharashtra telecom
circles, the company has swung into expansion mode and currently has a
pan-India state-of-the-art network.
Having pioneered the CDMA 2000 technology platform in India, Tata
Teleservices has established a 3G-ready robust and reliable telecom
infrastructure in partnership with Motorola, Ericsson and Lucent. The
company has also received the license from the Department of
Telecommunications to launch GSM services as well. With this launch set for
early 2009, TTSL is on the threshold of emerging as a true-play dual
technology telecom operator.
In November 2008, Tata Teleservices entered into an agreement with
Japanese telecom major NTT DOCOMO, as part of which the Japanese
company acquired a 26% stake in TTSL for USD 2.7 billion. The transaction
marks a key step in the strategic evolution of Tata Teleservices, as it moves
towards a pan-India dual network presence. On a broader level, the
transaction is also expected to mark the beginning of a relationship of
broader co-operation between Tata companies and the Nippon Telegraph
and Telephone Corporation (NTT).
The potential benefits and synergies from the alliance with DOCOMO cut
across marketing, handset development and technical support, all of which
are expected to create new opportunities for both companies. The alliance
will also accelerate Tata Teleservices’ GSM plans and help the company
penetrate the market with advanced technology and new VAS offerings.
Tata Teleservices’ bouquet of telephony services includes mobile services,
wireless desktop phones, and public booth telephony and wire line services.
Other services include value-added services such as voice portal, roaming,
post-paid Internet services, 3-way conferencing, group calling, Wi-Fi
Internet, USB Modem, data cards, calling card services and enterprise
services.
Some of the other products launched by the company include prepaid
wireless desktop phones, public phone booths, new mobile handsets and
new voice and data services such as BREW games, voice portal, picture
messaging, face book, M commerce applications, polyphonic ring tones,
interactive applications like news, cricket, astrology, etc.

INTRODUCTION OF CDMA

CDMA/WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
MULTIPLE ACCESSES

Why there is requirement of multiple access schemes? The answer is that

the international authority for frequency management has allocated 25 MHz
band to the cellular telephony. As we know that today there are many
 cellular users and to provide service to all of them a large frequency band is
required. But the band is limited to 25MHz.So different multiple access
schemes are used. It means that multiple access scheme allow number of
users to use the same band. The different multiple access schemes are
mentioned below:

• FDMA
• TDMA
• CDMA

• FDMA

FDMA is the acronym of Frequency Division Multiple Access. FDMA divides

radio channels into a range of radio frequencies and is used in the traditional
analog cellular system. With FDMA, only one subscriber is assigned to a
channel at a time. Other conversations can access this channel only after the
subscriber's call has been terminated or after the original call is handed off
to a different channel by the system. FDMA cellular standards include AMPS
(Advanced Mobile Phone Service) and TACS (Total Access Communications
System).

Fig. 26 FDMA
• TDMA
TDMA is a common multiple access technique employed in digital cellular
systems. It divides conventional radio channels into time slots to obtain
higher capacity. Its standards include North American Digital Cellular, Global
System for Mobile Communications, and PDC (Personal Digital Cellular). As
with FDMA, no other conversations can access an occupied TDMA channel
until the channel is vacated.

Fig. 27TDMA

• CDMA
CDMA uses a radically deferent approach. It assigns each subscriber a
unique "code" to put multiple users on the same wideband channel at the
same time.

Both the mobile station and the base station to distinguish between
conversations use the codes, called “pseudo-random code sequences”.
Depending on the level of mobility of the system, it provides 10 to 20
times the capacity of AMPS, and 4 to 7 times the capacity of TDMA.
 Fig. 28 CDMA-A

FREQUENCY REUSE

Fig. 30 Freq. Reuse

INTRODUCTION OF CDMA
DEFINITION OF CDMA

Designers and planners of the communication systems are often concerned

with the efficiency with which the systems utilize the signal energy and
bandwidth. In most communication systems these are the most important
issues. In some cases, it is necessary for the system to resist external
interference, to operate at low spectral energy, to provide multiple access
capability without external control and secure channel not accessible to the
outsiders. Thus, it is sometimes unavoidable to sacrifice some of the
efficiency in order to enhance these features. Spread spectrum techniques
allow accomplishing such objectives.

Fig. 31 CDMA-C

The theoretical aspects of using spread spectrum in a strong interference

environment have been known for over forty years. It is only recently that
practical implementations became feasible. In the beginning, the spread
spectrum technology was developed and used for military purposes and their
implementations were too expensive for the commercial applications. New
technological advancements such as VLSI, and advanced signal processing
techniques made it possible to develop less expensive spread spectrum
equipment for civilian use. Applications of this technology include cellular,
wireless data transmission and satellite communications.

ALL OF THE SPREAD-SPECTRUM SYSTEMS HAVE TO SATISFY TWO

CRITERIA:

The bandwidth of the transmitted signal must be greater than the

transmitted
Signal.
Transmitted bandwidth must be determined by some function that is
independent of the message and is known to the receiver.
Bandwidth expansion in spread spectrum systems is achieved by using a
function that is independent of the message, thus it is more susceptible to
white noise as opposed to other communication techniques, such as FM and
PCM. Spread spectrum techniques have other applications that make it
unique and useful.

THESE APPLICATIONS INCLUDE:

1. Anti-jam capability-particularly for narrow-band jamming.
2. Interference rejection.
3. Multiple-access capability.
4. Multi-path protection.
5. Convert operations or low probability of intercept (LPI).
6. Secure communications.
7. Improved spectral efficiency-in special circumstances.
8. Ranging.

CDMA is a wireless communications technology that uses the principle of

spread spectrum communication. The intent of CDMA technology is to
provide increased bandwidth in a limited frequency system, but has also
other advantages including extended range and more secure
communications. In a CDMA system, a narrowband message signal is
multiplied by a spreading signal, which is a pseudo-noise code sequence that
has a rate much greater than the data rate of the message. CDMA uses
these code sequences as a means of distinguishing between individual
conversations. All users in the CDMA system use the same carrier frequency
and may transmit simultaneously. In this document I will be discussing
about CDMA in detail.

CDMA is a driving technology behind the rapidly advancing personal

communications industry. Because of its greater bandwidth, efficiency, and
multiple access capabilities, CDMA is becoming a leading technology for
relieving the spectrum congestion caused by the explosion in popularity of
cellular mobile phones, fixed wireless telephones, and wireless data
terminals. Since becoming an officially recognized digital cellular protocol,
CDMA is being rapidly implemented in the wireless communications networks
of many large communications corporations.

CDMA stands for "Code Division Multiple Access." It is a form of spread-

spectrum, an advanced digital wireless transmission technique. Instead of
using frequencies or time slots, as do traditional technologies, it uses
mathematical codes to transmit and distinguish between multiple wireless
conversations. Its bandwidth is much wider than that required for simple
point-to-point communications at the same data rate because it uses noise-
like carrier waves to spread the information contained in a signal of interest
over a much greater bandwidth. However, because the conversations taking
place are distinguished by digital codes, many users can share the same
bandwidth simultaneously. The advanced methods used in commercial CDMA
technology improve capacity, coverage and voice quality, leading to a new
generation of wireless networks.

Old-fashioned radio receivers separate stations and channels by filtering in

the frequency domain. CDMA receivers, conversely, separate communication
channels by a pseudo-random modulation that is applied and removed in the
digital domain. Multiple users can therefore occupy the same frequency
band. This universal frequency reuse is crucial to CDMA's distinguishing high
spectral efficiency. CDMA has gained international acceptance by cellular
radio system operators as an upgrade because of its universal frequency
reuse and noise-like characteristics. CDMA systems provide operators and
subscribers with significant advantages over analog and conventional TDMA-
based systems.

THE 850MHZ CDMA BAND IS MOST POPULARLY USED ALL OVER THE
WORLD. THIS BAND AS MENTIONED IN THE PREVIOUS SLIDE
WORKS BETWEEN

824-849MHz Used for the Reverse link communication

869-894MHz Used for the Forward link communication

The CDMA band is divided into sub bands as shown above. The Total Band of
25MHz is divided into small channels of 30 KHz each. An actual CDMA carrier
will be using a multiple of the 30 KHz channels. That means for an actually
utilized bandwidth of 1.23MHz we will need 41 X 30 KHz channels.

THE FOLLOWING EQUATION GIVES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE

CHANNEL NUMBERS AND THE ACTUAL FREQUENCY.

Reverse Link Frequency = (825 + N0.03) MHz

Forward Link Frequency = (870 + N0.03) MHz

Where N = CDMA channel number

CDMA SPREAD SPECTRUM TERMINOLOGY

 Fig. 32 SPREAD SPECTRUM-A

Fig. 33 SPREAD SPETRUM-B

Spread spectrum multiple access transmits the entire signal over a

bandwidth that is much greater than that required for standard narrow band
transmissions in order to gain signal-to-noise (S/N) performance. In
channels with narrow-band noise, increasing the transmitted signal
bandwidth results in an increased probability that the received information
will be correct. Because each signal is an assembly of many smaller signals
at the fundamental frequency and its harmonics, increasing the frequency
results in a more accurate reconstruction of the original signal. The effective
drawback of narrow-band data communications is the limitation of
bandwidth; thus signals must be transmitted with enough power so the
corruption by Gaussian noise is not as effective and the probability that the
data received is correct will remain low. This means that the effective SNR
must be high enough so that the receiver should have no problem in
recovering the transmitted code without error.

From a system viewpoint, the performance increase for very wideband

systems is referred to as "process gain". This term is used to describe the
received signal fidelity gained at the cost of bandwidth. Errors introduced by
a noisy channel can be reduced to any desired level without sacrificing the
rate of information transfer using Claude Shannon's equation describing
channel capacity:

C=W log 2 (1+S/N)

Where,

C = Channel capacity in bits per second,

W = Bandwidth,
S/N = Energy per bit/Noise power.
The benefits of increasing bandwidth become clearer. The S/N ratio may be
decreased without decreasing the bit error rate. This means that the signal
may be spread over a large bandwidth with smaller spectral power levels
and still achieve the required data rate. If the total signal power is
interpreted as the area under the spectral density curve, then signals with
equivalent total power may have either a large signal power concentrated in
a small bandwidth or a small signal power spread over a large bandwidth.

SPREAD SPECTRUM

CDMA is a spread spectrum modulation scheme. This implies that the

transmission bandwidth is much larger than the information bandwidth.

DIRECT SEQUENCE SPREAD SPECTRUM

In direct sequence modulation the carrier frequency is fixed and the

bandwidth of the transmitted signal is larger and independent of the
bandwidth of the information signal. Some properties of direct sequence
spread spectrum systems are listed in table.

Fig. 35 DS CDMA

TABLE 10: SUMMARY OF DIRECT SEQUENCE SPREAD SPECTRUM QUALITIES

CDMA CODES
In discussing CDMA modulation, several different PN sequences or “codes”
are bantered about incessantly. In attempting to make sense out of CDMA
modulation, it is helpful to know the relative length (time period) of these
codes.

GENERATION OF PN CODES
PN code sets can be generated from linear feedback shift registers. One such
example is shown in Figure. Binary bits are shifted through the different
stages of the register. The output of the last stage and the output of one
intermediate stage are combined and fed as input to the first stage. The
register starts with an initial sequence of bits, or initial state,
Stored in its stages. Then the register is clocked, and bits are moved
through the stages. This way, the register continues to generate output bits
and feed input bits to its first stage. The output bits of the last stage form
the PN code. Let we demonstrate the code generation using the register
shown in Figure. Let initial state is [1, 0, 1] for register. The output of stage
3 is the output of the register.
After clocking the bits through the register:

Fig. 36 PN CODE GENERATION THROUGH SHIFT REGISTER

TYPES OF PN CODES
• PN LONG CODE
• PN SHORT CODE

PN LONG CODE
The 42 - 1 bits (chips) long. It is
Long at
generated Code is of
a rate a PN sequence
1.2288 thatMCPc)
Mbps (or is 2 giving it a period (time before
the sequence repeats) of approximately 41.4 days. The long code is used to
encrypt user information. Both the base station and the mobile unit have
knowledge of this sequence at any given instant in time based on a specified
private “long code mask” that is exchanged.
Long Code Mask governs the generation of a Long Code. A long code mask is
42-bit codes which define the initial values used by the long code generator.
Knowledge of this long code mask allows the base station or mobile user to
generate the same PN Long Code. Generating the same long code
(synchronized in time) at both end of the link allows information to be
encrypted and decrypted.

A unique and private, long code mask (thus, PN long code) is assigned to
each CDMA user. This code is referred to as a “user mask”. The user mask is
exchanged between the mobile and the serving cell(s)/sector(s), which
allows user traffic data to be encrypted on both the forward and reverse
links. A different long code mask is used to generate the long code for
encryption and decryption of Access and Paging information – more on this
later.
PN SHORT CODES
The 15 bits (chips) in length. This
codeShort Code isata 1.2288
is generated PN sequence thatMCPc)
Mbps (or is 2 giving a period of 26.67 ms.
this code is used for final spreading of the signal and is transmitted as a
reference known as the “Pilot Sequence” by the base station. All base
stations use the same short code. Base stations are differentiated from one
another by transmitting the PN short code at different “offsets” in absolute.
This time offset is known as a “PN Offset”. All base stations and mobiles
have knowledge of this code; however, mobile units do not have initial
knowledge of absolute time. Mobile units initially search (in time) until they
synchronize with a pilot code transmitted by a base station. The base station
then conveys timing information to the mobile – more on this stuff later.

WALSH CODES

CDMA defines a group of 64 orthogonal sequences, each 64 bits long,

known as Walsh Codes. These sequences are also referred to as Wash
Functions. These codes are generated at 1.2288 Mbps (MCPc) giving them a
period of approximately 52 µs. These are used to identify users on the
forward link. For this reason they are loosely referred to as CDMA channels.
All base stations and mobile users have knowledge of all Walsh codes.
Orthogonal functions have zero correlation. Two binary sequences are
orthogonal if the process of “XORing” them results in an equal number of 1’s
and 0’s.

Example: 0000
(XOR) 0101
------
0101

• Generation Sequence:
- Seed
- Repeat right & below
- Invert: diagonally

ORTHOGONALITY OF WALSH CODES

CDMA CHANNELS
Just when one grasps an understanding of the CDMA carrier, which is 1.25
MHz wide, someone talks about "traffic channels" and confuses the issue.
The fact is that with CDMA, the path by which voice or data passes is the
entire carrier. CDMA traffic channels are different: they are dependent on
the equipment platform on which the CDMA is implemented. Mostly channels
are designated in three ways:

EFFECTIVE TRAFFIC CHANNELS

The number of "Effective" traffic channels includes the traffic carrying
channels less the soft handoff channels. The capacity of an effective traffic
channel is equivalent to the traffic carrying capacity of an analog traffic
channel.

ACTUAL TRAFFIC CHANNELS

The number of "Actual" traffic channels includes the effective traffic
channels, plus channels allocated for soft handoff.

PHYSICAL TRAFFIC CHANNELS

The number of "Physical" traffic channels includes the Pilot channels, the
Sync channels, the Paging channels, the Soft Handoff Overhead channels
and the Effective (voice and data) traffic channels.

CDMA uses the terms "forward" and "reverse" channels just like they are
used in analog systems. Base transmit equates to the forward direction, and
base receive is the reverse direction. ("Forward" is what the subscriber hears
and "reverse" is what the subscriber speaks.)

Fig. 39 CHANNELS

CDMA FORWARD CHANNELS

PILOT CHANNEL
The pilot channel is used by the mobile unit to obtain initial system
synchronization and to provide time, frequency, and phase tracking of
signals from the cell site.

SYNC CHANNEL

This channel provides cell site identification, pilot transmit power, and the
cell site pilot pseudo-random (PN) phase offset information. With this
information the mobile units can establish the System Time as well as the
proper transmits power level to use to initiate a call.

PAGING CHANNEL

The mobile unit will begin monitoring the paging channel after it has set its
timing to the System Time provided by the sync channel. Once a mobile unit
has been paged and acknowledges that page, call setup and traffic channel
assignment information is then passed on this channel to the mobile unit.
FORWARD TRAFFIC CHANNEL

This channel carries the actual phone call and carries the voice and mobile
power control information from the base station to the mobile unit .

CDMA REVERSE CHANNELS

ACCESS CHANNEL
When the mobile unit is not active on a traffic channel, it will communicate
to the base station over the access channel. This communication includes
registration requests, responses to pages, and call origination. The access
channels are paired with a corresponding paging channel.

REVERSE TRAFFIC CHANNEL

This channel carries the other half of the actual phone call and carries the
voice and mobile power control information from the mobile unit to the base
station.

ADVANTAGES OF CDMA
CDMA technology has numerous advantages including:
• Coverage
• Capacity
• Clarity
• Cost
 • Compatibility
• Customer satisfaction

• COVERAGE
CDMA's features result in coverage that is between 1.7 and 3 times
that of TDMA:
• Power control helps the network dynamically expand the coverage
area.
• Coding and interleaving provide the ability to cover a larger area for
the same amount of available power used in other systems.

• CAPACITY
CDMA capacity is ten to twenty times that of analog systems, and it's
up to four times that of TDMA. Reasons for this include:
• CDMA's universal frequency reuse
• CDMA users are separated by codes, not frequencies.
• Power control minimizes interference, resulting in maximized capacity.
CDMA's soft handoff also helps increase capacity. This is because a soft

handoff requires less power.

• CLARITY

Often CDMA systems can achieve “wire line” clarity because of CDMA’s
strong digital processing. Specifically:
• The rake receiver reduces errors
• The variable rate vocoder reduces the amount of data transmitted per
person, reducing interference.
 • The soft handoff also reduces power requirements and interference.
• Power control reduces errors by keeping power at an optimal level.
• CDMA’s wide band signal reduces fading.
• Encoding and interleaving reduce errors that result from fading.

• COST
CDMA’s better coverage and capacity result in cost benefits:
• Increased coverage per BTS means fewer are needed to cover a given
area. This reduces infrastructure costs for the providers.
• Increased capacity increases the service provider’s revenue potential.

CDMA costs per subscriber have steadily declined since 1995 for both cellular
and PCS applications.

• COMPATIBILITY
CDMA phones are usually dual mode. This means they can work in
both CDMA systems and analog cellular systems.
Some CDMA phones are dual band as well as dual mode. They can
work in CDMA mode in the PCS band, CDMA mode in the cellular band,
or analog mode in an analog cellular network.

• CUSTOMER SATISFACTION
CDMA results in greater customer satisfaction because CDMA provides
better:
• Voice quality
• Longer battery life due to reduced power requirements
• No cross-talk because of CDMA's unique coding
• Privacy--again, because of coding.

TABLE 11: CDMA-GSM PARAMETERS

PARAMETERS CDMA GSM

824-849 MHz (US Cellular) 890-915 MHz (Europe)

Uplink Frequencies
1850-1910 MHz (US PCS) 1850-1910 MHz (US PCS)

869-894 MHz (US Cellular) 935-960 MHz (Europe)

Downlink Frequencies
1930-1990 MHz (US PCS) 1930-1990 MHz (US PCS)
 Multiple Access Tech. CDMA TDMA

Carrier Separation 1.25 MHz 200 KHz

Channel Data Rate 1.2288 chips/sec 260.833 Kbps

Frequency Planning Not required Required

Mobile Handset Power 23mW max 2 W max

Handoff Soft/Softer Hard

CDMA HANDOFF
The act of transferring support of a mobile from one base station to another
is termed handoff. Handoff occurs when a call has to be handed off from one
cell to another as the user moves between cells. A CDMA cellular network
handles mobile unit call processing transitions more subtly than the other
technologies used for mobile communications networks.
CDMA Handoffs require that the mobile unit maintain an ongoing list of
possible base station sites that it may use for Handoffs as it travels through
the system. CDMA offers the unique feature of allowing mobile users to
process signals from multiple (up to 3) base stations simultaneously. The
terminology and various types of Handoffs associated with CDMA are
described below.

Fig. 43 HANDOFF-1

Fig. 44 Handoff 2

• TYPES OF HANDOFFS
There are basically two types of Handoff mechanism.
• Hard Handoff
• Soft Handoff
• HARD HANDOFF
In a traditional "hard" handoff, the connection to the current cell is broken,
and then the connection to the new cell is made. This is known as a "break-
before-make" handoff. Since all cells in CDMA use the same frequency, it is
possible to make the connection to the new cell before leaving the current
cell. This is known as a "make-before-break" or "soft" handoff. Soft
handoffs require less power, which reduces interference and increases
capacity.

• SOFT HANDOFF
The condition where two cells are in simultaneous communication with the
mobile is called Soft Handoff. Soft Handoff will continue until the pilot signal
from one of the contributing cells drops below a predefined threshold (T DROP).
As the mobile moves from its current cell (source cell) to the next cell
(target cell), a traffic channel connection is simultaneously maintained with
both cells. Figure (a) and Figure (b) illustrate the simultaneous links during
soft handoff. On the forward link (see Figure (a)), the mobile uses the rake
receiver to demodulate two separate signals from two different base
stations. The two signals are combined to yield a composite signal of better
quality. On the reverse link (see Figure (b)), the mobile’s transmit signal is
received by both base stations. The two cells demodulate the signal
separately and send the demodulated frames back to the Mobile Switching
Center (MSC). The MSC contains a selector that selects the best frame out of
the two that are sent back.

On Forward Link, when the Soft Handoff is initiated, the two base stations
begin transmitting data to the mobile. The mobile receives information from
the two forward links and uses the RAKE receiver to coherently combine the
signals using the pilot sequence transmitted by each cell/sector as its
reference. This combination of multiple forward link signals improves overall
link performance.

ADVANTAGES OF CDMA HANDOFF

1. It is "soft", meaning that communication is not interrupted by the
handoff. This is sometimes called "make before break." This means fewer
dropped calls for users and higher customer satisfaction for operators.
2. The handoff is not abrupt, but rather it is a prolonged call state during
which there is communication via two or more base stations. The multi-way
communication diversity improves the link performance during the handoff.
The diversity gain partially compensates for the large path loss at the cell
boundary.
3. The signal measurement that triggers the handoff is performed by the
mobile stations, not the base stations.
 Need of CDMA

Designers and planners of the communication systems are often

concerned with the efficiency with which the systems utilize the signal
energy and bandwidth. In most communication systems these are the
most important issues. In some cases, it is necessary for the system
to resist external interference, to operate at low spectral energy, to
provide multiple access capability without external control and secure
channel not accessible to the outsiders. Thus, it is sometimes
unavoidable to sacrifice some of the efficiency in order to enhance
these features. Spread spectrum techniques allow accomplishing such
objectives.

Fig. 1.1 CDMA-C

The theoretical aspects of using spread spectrum in a strong

interference environment have been known for over forty years. It is
only recently that practical implementations became feasible.

In the beginning, the spread spectrum technology was

developed and used for military purposes and their implementations
were too expensive for the commercial applications. New technological
advancements such as VLSI, and advanced signal processing
techniques made it possible to develop less expensive spread
spectrum equipment for civilian use. Applications of this technology
include cellular, wireless data transmission and satellite
communications.

Definition of CDMA
CDMA is a wireless communications technology that uses the principle
of spread spectrum communication. The intent of CDMA technology is
to provide increased bandwidth in a limited frequency system, but has
also other advantages including extended range and more secure
communications. In a CDMA system, a narrowband message signal is
multiplied by a spreading signal, which is a pseudo-noise code
sequence that has a rate much greater than the data rate of the
message. CDMA uses these code sequences as a means of
distinguishing between individual conversations. All users in the CDMA
system use the same carrier frequency and may transmit
simultaneously.

CDMA stands for "Code Division Multiple Access." It is a form of

spread-spectrum, an advanced digital wireless transmission technique.
Instead of using frequencies or time slots, as do traditional
 technologies, it uses mathematical codes to transmit and distinguish
between multiple wireless conversations. Its bandwidth is much wider
than that required for simple point-to-point communications at the
same data rate because it uses noise-like carrier waves to spread the
information contained in a signal of interest over a much greater
bandwidth. However, because the conversations taking place are
distinguished by digital codes, many users can share the same
bandwidth simultaneously.
The advanced methods used in commercial CDMA technology improve
capacity, coverage and voice quality, leading to a new generation of
wireless networks.
The 850MHz CDMA band is most popularly used all over the world.
This band as mentioned in the previous slide works between,
• 824-849MHz Used for the Reverse link communication.
• 869-894MHz Used for the Forward link communication.

The Following equation gives the relationship between the channel

numbers and the actual frequency.
Forward Link Frequency = (870 + N0.03) MHz
Reverse Link Frequency = (825 + N0.03) MHz
Where N = CDMA channel number

BASIC STRUCTURE OF CDMA NETWORK

The basic structure of the network is shows in the figure 1.
The components are described below:
1) Microwave Antenna
2) ODU
3) IDU
4) MUX
5) DDF
6) BTS
7) Sector antenna
8) GPS antenna

1) Microwave Antenna:
MW antenna is used to transmit MW signal in air. This
antenna is directional antenna. It means it will transmit in one direction only.
This is used to connect E1 link between two sites. Two MW antennas are
there in each site to establish a ring network. It sends traffic to BSC. The
transmitting frequency is in terms of GHz. Parabolic types of antenna are
used in TTSL.

2) ODU:
 ODU stands for outdoor unit. ODU is attached to the MW
antenna. Its function is modulates the incoming signal from IDU with higher
carrier frequency signal. Means frequency up conversion is performed here.

3) IDU:
IDU stands for indoor unit. It convert RF signal in to optical
signal. To establish ring network more than one IDU can be required .

4) MUX:
Here MUX are used to carry E1 from one site to another
site.BTS is connected to the MUX via DDF. Here MUX can carry both data
and voice traffic.MUX uses SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) technology.
Different types are:

Type capacity

• STM-0 21E1
• STM-1 63E1
• STM-4 4*63E1
• STM-16 16*63E1
• STM-64 64*63E1
• STM-256 256*63E1

Single E1 has a capacity of 2.048 Mbps.MSH11c (STM-1) and

MSH41c (STM-4) are used TTSL.

5) DDF:
DDF stands for DIGITAL DISTRIBUTION FRAME.DDF is a point was
E1 is terminated. It provides only connectivity between two points.

6) BTS:
A BTS stand for BASE STATION TRANSCIEVER SUBSYSTEM.BTS is
connected with GPS antenna via RF cable. The CDMA signal is processed by
BTS.BTS include filter, amplifier and other control module. BTS receive and
transmit signal via sector antenna.

7) Sector antenna:
Sector antennas communicate with mobile.360 Degree is divided
in to three parts Alpha Beta and Gamma. Also known as intra,metro and
ultra. All three parts are separated by maximum up to 120 degree. Here
because of sector the coverage is increase .Sector antenna is a directional
antenna.
8) GPS system:
A GPS stands for Global positioning system. A GPS receiver is
located in the BTS and is connected to antenna via RF cable. This provides
synchronization signal and timing signal to CDMA network for channel
coding. These antennas communicate with satellite continuously.