XIX siècle

La mode
October 20th:
• http://www.laits.utexas.edu/wettlaufer/fashion/index.html
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La nourriture
October 20th:

• The 19th century consolidated French supremacy. Antonin Carême (1784- 1833), founder of
grande cuisine, organised spectacular, Roman-style meals. In 1825, Jean-Anthèlme Brillat-Savarin wrote
what is still the world's best food book, La Physiologie du Go�t. Brillat-Savarin exalted cooking as art and
science, inviting ladies of his acquaintance to experiment with aphrodisiacs, and advocating kitchens as the
laboratories of the laws of nutrition. He justified gourmandism on the grounds that it showed "implicit
obedience to the commands of the Creator, who, when he ordered us to eat in order to live, gave us the
inducement of appetite, the encour-agement of savour, and the reward of pleasure". Industrialisation
intervened, but the French exploited the new techno-logies to serve the table. In 1804, Nicolas Appert
(1750-1841) began experiments in bottling: at first, the needs of the army were paramount but when, in
1810, he made his process public, he appealed to gourmets and housewives. Sardines were the
commercial breakthrough: first canned in the 1820s, by 1880 they emerged from French canneries at the
rate of 50 million tins a year. Hippolyte Mège-Mouriés (1817-1880) responded to the crisis in butter supplies
in 1869, mixing beef fat with skimmed milk and stirring in a bit of cow's udder. He called his product
'margarine' because its anaemic tone resembled pearls known as 'margaritas'. Science even saved the
wine industry, after phylloxera struck the vine-yards. American grafts restored French stocks, the first sign
that France's near-monopoly was vulnerable to competition.
(http://www.waitrose.com/food/celebritiesandarticles/internationalcuisine/0205064.aspx)

• http://www.foodtimeline.org/
• http://www.about-french-riviera.com/french-sauces.html
• http://www.francethisway.com/frenchrecipes/pastis.php
• http://www.cuisinenet.com/glossary/france.html
• http://madeincantal.com/french-culinary-history/

Le role des hommes et des femmes

October 20th :
• Late nineteenth century French feminisms, far from emerging sui generis and unitary in
response to gender-based subjugations, evolved in a context of myriad racial, national,
class, and religious oppressions and conflicts. These ideologies and politics complicated
and pluralized feminist analyses of hierarchies and power relations, as many radical
women looked or traveled beyond the borders of France and Europe, and into the world
of empire. This paper investigates Hubertine Auclert and Léonie Rouzade's responses to
 imperialism, colonialism, and the colonized woman, contrasting these two feminist
socialists' differing conceptualizations of equality and liberation as applied within the
imperial milieu. Both women saw in imperialism, and specifically imperial feminism, the
potential for the liberation of indigenous women. But their understandings of the type and
role of imperial feminism differed dramatically. Auclert, a feminist and suffragist,
espoused a feminism that rejected sexist colonialism, yet advocated a European imperial
feminist leadership. Living in Algeria for four years, she studied and critiqued relations
of class, gender, and race both within the Algerian population and with the French
colonizers. In her highly critical work, Les Femmes arabes en Algérie, as well as in
articles in her Parisian suffragist newspaper La Citoyenne, Auclert castigated colonialism
based on her observations of the interrelated prejudices and subjugations of women,
Muslims and other Arabs, Jews, and the poor. She opposed France's subjection of
Algeria, yet paradoxically saw in imperialism a hope for improving the lives of
indigenous women through the intervention and guidance of feminists like herself.
Employing a language of sisterhood, she nonetheless envisioned herself as in the
vanguard, leading a capable, yet obedient, colonial sorority. Rouzade also saw liberatory
potential in imperial feminism, but from a different perspective. In analyzing indigenous
women's oppression, both women faulted native men, yet Rouzade seemed to discount
masculine imperial power, a force which Auclert strongly condemned. Rouzade depicted
non-European peoples as requiring a strong, guiding, and female hand. In 1872, she
published a utopian tale, Le Monde renversé (The World Upside-Down), in which a
beautiful working class French woman, captured by pirates at sea and sold to a sultan,
ultimately rules over both him and his kingdom. In this challenge to hierarchies of class
and gender, Rouzade went well beyond Auclert's understanding of imperial feminism as
liberatory for colonized women. Her work is imbued with the French Republican
ideology of imperialism as a civilizing mission. And although hers is a specifically
feminist project, her imperial feminism, unlike Auclert's, lacks a role for indigenous
women. Rouzade's portrayal of the European woman triumphing over the indigenous
male demonstrates a feminism complicit in the imperial system of racial and cultural
superiority.
(http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/0/7/0/0/7/p70072_index
.html)
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