European Intellectual Revolution in the 16th to 18th Century g.

Chemistry:
- Boyle’s law; composition of water; 23 basic elements; law of
Intellectual Revolution conservation of matter; Carbonic acid; Hydrogen (1766); Oxygen (1744)
- Scientific Revolution – 16th Century
- Enlightenment – 18th century h. Geography – world on a flat map (Mercator)
- Intellectual awakening which changed man’s concept of the universe
and his role in human affairs i. Historical Sciences – Paleography book On Diplomatics (Mabillon, 1681)
- caused by discovery of speech, invention of writing, invention of paper,
invention of printing, and The Renaissance Philosophers of Science

Scientific Revolution a. Francis Bacon - inductive experimental method

b. Rene Descartes – Discourse on Method (1637); Cartesian Dualism
a. Astronomy
- Rejection of Ptolemaic Theory (geocentric view) The Enlightenment
- Copernicus – heliocentric view - Apply rational, scientific way of thinking to humanities and philosophy
- On the Revolutions of the Celestial Bodies (1543) - Philosophes
- Johannes Kepler – elliptical orbit of the planets
- Galileo – telescope (1609) a. John Locke - Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690), Two Treatises
- The Starry Messenger (1610) on Government
- laws of pendulum, falling bodies, and acceleration - Ecraswz l’ infame” or “Crush the Infamous”
- importance of reason
b. New scientific instruments
Watch, magic lantern, micrometer, barometer, air pump, pendulum b. Thomas Hobbes – social contract by the government
clock, microscope, mercury thermometer
c. Voltaire – Letter on the English (1778), Candide (1759), The Ignorant
c. Newton Philosopher (1779)
- Law of Universal Gravitation - code of morality based on reason
- Calculus, Binomial Theorem
- Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy or Principia d. Jean Jacques Rousseau - The Social Contract (1762), Emile (1762), Discourse
on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind
d. Mathematics
cubic equation, logarithms, symbols in algebra and analytic geometry e. Denis Diderot - Encyclopedia or Classical dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and
(Descartes) Trades (1751)
- Condemned Christianity
e. Medicine
- Paracelsus – chemicals for medicinal purposes f. Francis Bacon – inductive or experimental method
- Vesalius – Father of Modern Anatomy; On the Structure of the
Human Body (1543) g. Rene Descartes – Discourse on Method (1637)
- blood circulation (Harvey); surgery as a science; capillary - Cartesian Dualism
function; autopsies - Inductive and deductive reasoning

f. Biological Sciences - scientific names to animal species

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 h. Baron de Montesquieu – Spirit of the Laws D. Ausgust Comte: (1798-1857)
- Types of government and branches of the 1. “Father of Sociology”
government 2. Positivism

i. Francois Quesnay – laissez-faire economics E. Charles Darwin

- Removal of restraints to free trade 1. Theory of Evolution
2. Natural Selection
j. Adam Smith - Wealth of the Nations (1776)
- laissez-faire economics F. Herbert Spencer
- Functions of the government 1. “Social Darwinism”
2. Surivival of the fittest
k. Immanuel Kant – Kantian Ethics: Categorical Imperative and Moral Order
G. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
l. Enlightened Monarchs 1. Irrationality of Humans
- Frederick the Great (Prusia) 2. Instinct for Sex
- Catherine the Great (Russia) 3. Instinct for Aggression
- Maria Theresa and Joseph (Austria) 4. Founder of Psychoanalysis

m. Point to Ponder. How did the Enlightenment “set the stage” for the French H. New Physics
and American Revolutions? 1. Marie Curie and Pierre Cure
-discovered radium
19th Century Intellectual Developments
2. Ernest Rutherford
I. Developments in Science: (mostly after 1850) -structure of the atom

A. Bacterial Revolution: reduction of mortality rate 3. Max Planck

1. Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) -Quantum Theory
a. Germ Theory of Disease 4. Albert Einstein
b. Pasteurization -Theory of Relativity

2. Joseph Lister II. Development in Philosophical and Political Thought

a. antiseptic principle
A. Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)
3. availability of vaccines improved 1. “An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation”
2. Happiness: focus of his ideas
B. Dimitri Mendeleev (1834-1907) a. 2 sovereign masters of mankind: pain and pleasure.
-devised periodic table b. Principle of utility
c. For him, law pertains to future action and should be
C. Michael Faraday (1791-1867) deliberately structured to produce greatest happiness.
1. electromagnetism discoveries d. “The worth of the state is no more than the worth of the
2. first dynamo (generator) individuals composing it.”
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B. Alexis de Tocqueville (1805-1859) F. Fredrich Nietzche (1844-1900)
1. Democracy as “irresistible” 1. Famous statement: “God is dead.”
2. “Democracy in America”(1835-1840) -3 core concepts based on “God is dead”
3. “Tyranny of the majority” a. Eternal recurrence: Although humans many not live forever, they do gain a
measure of immortality through time’s endless cycles.
b. Superman or above-man: humanity is inherently unequal
C. John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) -“Thus Spoke Zarathustra” (1883-1885): developed superman as the new
1. “On Liberty”: famous work type/ future masters in society
2. In championing liberty, he has a broad goal in mind: “the Greek c. Will to power: imposition of the will of higher ones to the lesser ones.
ideal of self-development” 2. He sought the “revaluation of values”... a new moral order.
-It is the privilege of every human being to use and interpret experience in
his own way, and the act of choosing between alternatives III. Realism: depiction of life in a factual manner in literature and the arts
bring man’s moral faculties into play.”
3. “Utilitarianism”: other famous work A. In Literature
-The highest form of pleasure is sympathetic affection 1. Honore de Balzac (1799-1850)
-“The Human Comdey”: urban society as amoral and brutal, struggle for
D. G. W. F. Hegel (1770-1831) wealth and power
1. German Christian, influenced Karl Marx
2. The state is: “the Divine idea as it exists on Earth.”... “the way of 2. Gustave Flaubert (1821-1880)
God in the World.” -“Madame Bovary”: portrays the provincial middle class as petty, smug and
3. View of society is not atomistic. (importance of being in a hypocritical
community)
4. He rejects social revolution: there is no revolution in nature 3. Emile Zola (1840-1902)
5. Opposes the idea of the constitution as an instrument of the -“The giant of realist literature”
government -portrayed the animalistic view of working class life
6. “Philosophy of History”: He defined the state here as the -“Germinal”: his work about the hard life f the young miners in France
“realization of freedom.”
7. 4. George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans) (1819-1880)
E. Karl Marx (1818-1883) -studied how people are shaped by their social class and their inner strivings,
1. German conflicts and moral choices
2. Greatest single influence in “revolutionary communism”
3. “Communist Manifesto” 5. Thomas Hardy (1840-1928)
-Stages of Communism: -“Tess of the d’Urbervilles”: about a woman who was ostracized for having
a. “from each according to his ability, to each according to his work.” pre-marital sex
b. “from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs.
-both: man is expected to perform socially useul work wherein he will 6. Leo Tolstoy: “Greatest Russian Realist” (1828-1910)
contribute his best abilities -“War and Peace”: his masterpiece, about the Russian society during the
4. “Das Kapital”: monumental analysis on the capitalist system Napoleonic Wars
-Fatalistic view of human society
-regarded love, trust and everyday family ties as enduring values

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 7. Henrik Ibsen: “Father of Modern Drama” (1828-1906) References:
-His plays were on the conditions of life and issues
of morality that mostly contradicted the Victorian Cummins, R, Historysage.com. 19th Century Society: Urbanization and Intellectual
views of the day Movements (1800 – 1914) [PDF document]. Retrieved from Auburn Schools
Web site: ttp://www.auburnschools.org
B. In Art
Duiker, W.J., & Spielvogel J.J. (2010). World History. 6th ed. Vol 1: To 1800. Boston,
1. Gustave Courbet (1819-1877) MA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. Retrieved from:
-coined the term “realism: http://books.google.com
-“The Stone Breakers”
Ebenstein W., Ebenstein A.O. (2000). Great Political Thinkers: Plato to the Present. 6th
2. Francois Millet (1814-1875) ed. Fort Worth, Tex: Harcourt College Publishers.
-“The Gleaners”
Hall, T.C. (2008). The Complete Idiot’s Guide to World History. New York: Alpha Books.
3. Honore Daumire (1808-1879)
-“Third Class Carriage” Rothman, N.C. (2008). Enlightenment, the. In Encyclopedia of World History (Vol. 4
Age of Revolution and Empire, 1750 to 1900, pp. 121-123). New York: Facts
4. Edgar Degas (1834-1917) on File, Inc.
-“Laundry Girls Ironing”
Zaide, G.F. (1994). World History in an Asian Setting. Quezon City, Philippines: Rex
5. Edouard Manet (1832-1883) Printing Company, Inc. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/
-bridged realist and impressionist methods
-considered the first “modernist” painter
-“Luncheon on the Grass”
-“Olympia”

IV. Impressionism in Painting

-began in France
-artist veered from trying to perfectly capture an image
This hand-out on the European Intellectual Revolution was made by:
A. Claude Monet (1840-1926) John Noel M. Viaña
-foremost impressionist painter Zoelli Velasco
-“Impression Sunrise”
For the partial fulfillment of requirements in
B. Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1841-1926) Philippine Institution 100 X1-B
-painted subjects in candid and nude figures under Prof. Wilfreda Legaspi
-“Le Bal au Moulin de la Galete” April 20, 2011

C. Camille Pissarro (1830-1903)

-considred by some to be the true Father of Impressionism