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ABSTRACT
The objective of this paper is to study how Memory , Knowledge and Knowledge
representation are handled by Agent architecture . Twelve architectures have been used
for this preliminary analysis representing a wide range of current architectures in
artificial intelligence (AI). The aim of the paper is to understand the various Knowledge
Representations that agents should adapt generally . Also because of the design of the
architecture of the agents that we have taken in to consideration , the representations
vary from one agent to another .
Uniform
Memory , Knowledge &
Access to
Knowledge Y Y
Knowledge
Representation
Consistency Y Y
Subsumption
Homogenou
ATLANTIS
SYSTEMS
PRODIGY
s ( Uniform)
ICARUS
Knowledge
THEO
Representat
ion Y Y Y Y
Forward &
Back-ward Y Y
Heterogene Asynchronous
ous Processing Y
Knowledge Interruptible
Representat Processing Y Y
ion Open-Loop
No-Explicit processing Y
Representat
Closed -Loop
ion Y
Processing
Associate
Hierarchical
Memory
Organization Y Y
Episodic
Modular
Knowledge
Organization Y Y Y Y
Meta-
Knowledge Symbolic
Y
World Model Y Y Y Y Y
First-Order
Logic Size of the
Knowledge -
Representat
Base Y
ion Y
Glass Box
STRIPS-
approach Y Y
LIKE
OPERATO Black Box
R Approach Y Y Y
REPRESEN Declarative
TATION Y Representatio
Frame - n Y Y Y
Like Procedural
Representat Representatio
ion Y n Y Y
Network Global
representati Representatio
on Y Y n Y Y Y Y Y Y
Uniform
Access to
Knowledge Y Y
Table 1B Knowledge
Consistency Y
Homogenous
ENTROPY REDUCTION
( Uniform)
Memory , Knowledge &
Knowledge
META REASONING
Representatio
ARCHITECTURE
n Y
Representation
RALPH-MEA
Hetrogenous
Knowledge
ENGINE
HOMER
Representatio
TETON
SOAR
n Y Y Y
No-Explicit
Representatio
Forward & n
Back-ward Associate
Chaining Y Memory Y
Impass Episodic
e-driven Knowledge Y
Control Y Y Y
Meta-
Serial Knowledge Y Y Y Y
Processing Y Y Y Y First-Order
Parallel Logic
Processing Y Y Y Representation
STRIPS-LIKE expected situation , decides
OPERATOR whether to and how to
REPRESENT respond .
ATION Y Y --- focus attention on the
Frame - Like most critical aspects of
Representatio current situation .
n Y Y --- operating continuously
without rebooting .
Network
--- able to coordinate with
representation
external agent .
Table 2
(more or less similar to
human being )
Sl Architect Features
7 Meta Many ideas in MAX may
N ure
Reasonin traced to Prodigy.
o
g (MAX) --- rule-based forward –
1 Subsumpt Complicated Intelligent chaining engine that
ion behavior operates on productions .
Into --- is designed to support to
Simple behavior modules modular agents.
Organized into --- they are used to
layers respond to a dynamic
environment in a timely
2 THEO Plan-Then-Complie manner .
By this --- modules are categorized
Integrating learning , in to Behavior and monitor
planning and knowledge .
representation
3 ICARUS Specific representation of --- Some of the modules
long term memory .It uses are:
3 independent 1.attention focusing
asynchronous modules 2.multiple problem solving
responsible for strategies
1.Perception 3.execution monitoring
2.Planning 4.goal-directed exploration
3.Effecting 5.explantion-based learning
4 PRODIG Storing the knowledge in a 6.process interruption
Y form of first order predicate 7.intelligent resumption
logic (FOPL) called 8 HOMER --- Is not designed for
Prodigy Description general intelligence .
language (PDL) . --- underlying philosophy is
Has a modular architecture to synthesize several key
that stores the knowledge areas of AI to form one
symbolically. complete system . (like
5 ATLANT Integrating planning and planning, learning , natural
IS reacting in a heterogeneous language understanding ,
asynchronous architecture robotic navigation ) .
for mobile agents . HOMER answers questions
It consists of 3 layers: posed by users and carries
1.Control layer out instructions given by
2.sequencing layer users .
3.deliberative layer --- is a modular structure.
6 Adaptive To reason about and It consists of :
Intelligen interact with other dynamic 1.memory
t System entities in real time . 2.planner
(AIS) --- problem solving 3.natural language
techniques interpreter and generator .
--- when encountering un- 4.reflective processes
5.plan executer 12 Entropy --- focuses on problems
Reductio that require planning ,
9 SOAR --- originally known as n Engine scheduling and control
STATE OPERATOR AND (ERE) --- uses many different
RESULT . problem solving methods
--- main goal is that full such as :
range of capabilities to be 1.problem reduction
handled by an intelligent 2.temporal projection
agent from highly routines 3.rule-based execution
to extremely difficult open-
problems
--- the underlying SOAR 5 CONCLUSION
architecture is the view that
symbolic system is
necessary and sufficient The problem of AI is to describe and build agents
condition for general that receive percepts from the environment and
intelligence . This is known perform actions, and each such agent is
as Physical Symbolic implemented by a function that maps percepts to
system Hypothesis (PSSH) actions. It explains the role of learning as
--- ultimate aim is to get extending the reach of the designer into unknown
general intelligent agent environments, and shows how it constrains agent
--- is based on a production design, favoring explicit knowledge representation
system ie. It uses explicit and reasoning . It analyzes basic techniques for
production rules to govern addressing complexity . The idea is to Integrate
its behaviors . state-of-the art AI techniques into intelligent agent
designs, using examples from twelve agents to
full knowledge-based agents with natural
10 Teton --- is a problem solver language capabilities and so on . This leads to the
--- uses two memory areas study of Multi-Agent systems and its applications
1.Short-Term . In depth analysis of various Agent architectures
memory and their capabilities is to build a Multi Agent
2. Long-Term System that will be suitable for our future work on
memory Supply Chain Management
--- like human beings ,
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