Shio Kumar Singh et al.
/ (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES
Applications, Classifications, and Selections of
Energy-Efficient Routing Protocols for Wireless
Sensor Networks
Shio Kumar Singh*
Maintenance Engineering Department (Electrical)
Tata Steel Limited, Jamshedpur-831001, Jharkhand, India
shio.singh@tatasteel.com
Abstract - Wireless sensor network (WSN) is an
emerging technology that promises a wide range of
potential applications in both civilian and military
areas. It provides unprecedented opportunities for
a variety of civilian and military applications
namely, environment monitoring, industrial ES
process control, and battle field surveillance [1].
Wireless sensors have significant advantages over
conventional wired sensors [8]. They can not only
reduce the cost and delay in deployment, but also
be applied to any environment, especially those in
which conventional wired sensor networks are
impossible to be deployed, for example,
inhospitable terrains, battle-fields, outer space, or
deep oceans.
A
A wide variety of applications and systems with
vastly varying requirements and characteristics
have been designed and implemented. Thus, a
single routing protocol cannot be efficient for
sensor networks across all applications and it is
IJ
daunting engineers to select network architectures
and associated routing protocols for application
areas of WSNs. In this paper, we analyze the
design issues of sensor networks and present a
classification and selection of routing protocols
that are suitable for a particular application.
Keywords - Wireless Sensor Networks, Routing
protocols, Applications
I. INTRODUCTION
Wireless communication is a key technology for
enabling the normal operation of a wireless sensor
ISSN: 2230-7818 @ 2010 http://www.ijaest.iserp.org. All rights Reserved.
Vol No. 1, Issue No. 2, 085 - 095
M. P. Singh D. K. Singh
Dept. of Comp Sc. Engg. Dept. of Electronics & Com Engg
National Institute of Technology Birla Institute of Technology
Patna, Bihar, India Sindri, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India
writetomps@gmail.com dkdingh_bit@yahoo.com
network (WSN). It has been extensively studied for
T
conventional wireless networks in the last couple of
decades and significant advances have been obtained
in various aspects of wireless communication. At the
physical layer, a variety of modulation,
synchronization, and antenna techniques have been
designed for different network scenarios and
applications. Whereas at higher layers, efficient
communication protocols have been developed to
address various networking issues, for example
medium access control, routing QoS, and network
security. These communication techniques and
protocols provide a rich technological background
for the design of wireless communication in WSNs.
Today, most conventional wireless network use radio
frequency (RF) for communication, which has
advantages of not requiring a line of sight. However,
RF has some limitations, for example, large radiators
and low transmission efficiencies [5,6], which make
RF not the best communication medium for tiny
energy-constrained sensor nodes. Another
communication medium in sensor networks is free-
space optical communications, which has many
advantages over RF communication [6] such as
extremely small mirrors and diodes, high antenna
gains, no communication overheads, more energy
efficient, and thus producing higher transmission
efficiencies. However, optical communication
requires a line of sight and accurate pointing for
transmission, which also limits the use in many
sensor network applications. On the other hand, most
communication protocols for conventional wireless
networks, for example, cellular systems, wireless
Page 85
 Shio Kumar Singh et al. / (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES
Vol No. 1, Issue No. 2, 085 - 095

local area networks (WLANs), wireless personal
area networks (WPANs), and mobile ad hoc
networks (MANETs) do not consider the unique
characteristics of sensor networks, in particular, the
energy constraint in sensor nodes. Therefore, they
cannot be applied directly without modification. A
new suite of network protocols are needed to address
various networking issues, taking into account the
unique characteristics of WSNs.
WSN is distinguished from traditional wireless
communication networks, for example, cellular
systems and mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) and
The remainder of this paper is organized in the
following way. Section 2 summarizes typical
applications of WSN. Sections 3 and 4 contain the
classification of WSN and routing protocols. Section
5 presents comparative table for selection of
appropriate routing protocols for applications. Finally,
paper is concluded in Section 6.
II. APPLICATIONS OF WSN
Wireless sensors networks (WSNs) [4,5] have
attracted tremendous attention of the research
community in recent years and a vast amount of
research work has been conducted solve the

T
have unique characteristics such as densely
practical and theoretical issues. This has resulted in
deployment of node, higher unreliability of sensor
a surge of civil and military applications over the
nodes, and severe energy, computation, and storage
last few years. Today, most deployed WSNs
constraints [5,14], which present many new
measure scalar physical phenomenon line
challenges in the development and applications of
ES temperature, pressure, humidity, or location of
WSNs.
objects. In general, most sensor networks are
designed for delay-tolerant and low-bandwidth
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is an emerging
applications. For this reason most research on
technology that promises a wide range of potential
sensor networks has concentrated on this low-power
applications in both civilian and military areas. The
and delay-tolerant network paradigm, which is
development of WSNs largely depends on the
referred as terrestrial sensor networks.
availability of low-cost and low-power hardware and
software platforms for sensor networks. With the
WSNs were originally motivated by military
micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS)
applications, which range from large-scale acoustic
technology, the size and cost of a sensor node have
A
surveillance systems for ocean surveillance to small
been significantly reduced. On the other hand,
networks of unattended ground sensors for ground
energy efficiency can significantly be enhanced if
target detection [1]. However, the availability of
energy awareness is incorporated in the design of
low-cost sensors and wireless communication has
system software, including the operating system, and
promised the development of a wide range of
application and network protocols. System lifetime
applications in both civilian and military fields. In
IJ

can considerably be prolonged by incorporation

this section, we introduce a few examples of sensor
energy awareness into task scheduling process [7].
network applications. Applications of WSN [5] are
summarized in Table 1.

Table 1: Applications of WSNs

Area Purpose Applications
Environmental Monitoring variety of  Habitat monitoring: conditions of wild animals or plants in wild habitats,
Monitoring environmental environmental parameters of habitats, for example, humidity, pressure, temperature,
parameters or conditions and radiation.
 Air or water quality monitoring: hydrochemistry field, air pollution control.
 Hazard monitoring: biological or chemical hazards in locations, for example, a
chemical plant or a battlefield.
 Disaster monitoring: detecting forest fire or floods, direction and magnitude of
quake, providing assessment of the building safety.

ISSN: 2230-7818 @ 2010 http://www.ijaest.iserp.org. All rights Reserved. Page 86

 Shio Kumar Singh et al. / (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES
Vol No. 1, Issue No. 2, 085 - 095

Military Military command,  Battlefield monitoring: presence and tracking movements of forces and vehicles,
Applications control communication enabling close surveillance of opposing forces.
and intelligence (C3I)  Object protection: protection of atomic plants, strategic bridges, oil and gas
system [4,5] pipelines, communication centers, military headquarters.
 Intelligent guiding: to guide the unmanned robotic vehicles, tanks, fighter plans,
submarines, missiles, or torpedoes around the obstacles to target and to lead them to
coordinate with one another to accomplish more effective attacks or defenses.
 Remote sensing: remote sensing of nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons,
detection of potential terrorist attacks, and reconnaissance [4,5].
Health Care To monitor and track  Behavior monitoring: to monitor behavior of the patient at home for alerting
Applications elders and patients for doctors for providing emergency medical attention, providing instructions to the
health care purposes, patient over television or radio.
thereby significantly  Medical monitoring: monitoring of vital signs, environmental parameters, and
relieving shortage of geographical locations for long-term, noninvasive, and ambulatory monitoring of
health case personal and patients or elderly people with instantaneous alerts to health care personal in case of

T
reducing health care emergency, immediate reports to users about their current health statuses, and real-
expenditures [9] time updates of user’s medical records [10].
Industrial For monitoring  Monitoring and control of production processes: monitoring and control of
Process manufacturing processes assembly lines, production plants and processes.
Control and condition of  Condition monitoring: of pipelines, machines.
manufacturing

Security
Surveillance
and
equipment for reducing
maintenance
increasing

personnel
For surveillance
cost,
machine
lifetime, and safety of
ES
of  Identifying and tracking intruders: deployment of sensors in building, airports,
buildings and critical subways, and other critical infrastructures, for example, nuclear power plants or
installations communication centers to identify and track intruders to provide timely alarms and
protection from attacks.
Home To provide more  Smart home: a smart refrigerator connected to smart stove or microwave oven can
Networks convenient and prepare a menu based on the inventory of the refrigerator and send relevant cooking
intelligent living parameters to the smart stove or microwave oven for setting desired temperature and
A
environments for human time for cooking [11]. Remote monitoring and control of contents and schedules of
beings TV, VCR, DVD, or CD players.
 Remote monitoring: to remotely read utility meters in a home, for example, water,
gas, or electricity, and then send the readings to a remote center through wireless
communication [12].
However, there applications which require mobile
IJ

In addition to the above applications,
configurable WSNs can be used in many
application areas, for example, disaster relief,
control, warehouse management, and
engineering.
III. CLASSIFICATIONS OF WSN
According specific application, different
characteristics and different criteria, WSNs can be
classified into the following categories:
 Static and mobile network: There are many
applications that require static sensor network,
which is simpler to control and easier to implement.
self- sensor network, for example, wireless biosensor
other network using autonomously controlled animals
traffic [15]. The design of mobile sensor networks
civil increases the complexity of implementation due to
the mobility effect.
 Deterministic and non-deterministic network:
Deterministic sensor network are used in
situations where the positions of sensor nodes are
preplanned and are fixed once deployed.
However, in harsh or hostile environments where
sensors cannot be deployed in preplanned manner,
non-deterministic sensor network is used which
are randomly deployed without preplanning and

ISSN: 2230-7818 @ 2010 http://www.ijaest.iserp.org. All rights Reserved. Page 87

 Shio Kumar Singh et al. / (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES
engineering. Non-deterministic sensor networks
are more scalable and flexible, but require higher
control complexity.
 Static-sink and mobile-sink network: In a static-
sink sensor network, the sink(s) is static with a
fixed position located close to or inside a sensing
region. Static-sink network is simple to control,
but causes hotspot effect [16] due to increased
traffic that sensor nodes are required to forward in
the event of distance becoming smaller to the data
sink. This results into sensor nodes closest to the
data sink to die early and causing network
partition and disruption of normal network
operation. On the other hand, in mobile-sink
sensor network, the sink(s) move around in the
sensing region to collect data from sensor nodes,
which can balance the traffic load of sensor nodes
and alleviate the hotspot effect in the network.
ES
 Single-sink and multi-sink network: In a single-
sink sensor network, there is only one sink located
close to or inside the sensing region and all sensor
nodes send their sensed data to this sink. In multi-
sink sensor network, there may be several sinks
located in different positions close to or inside the
sensing region and sensor nodes can send their
sensed data to the closest sink, which can
effectively balance the traffic load of sensor nodes
and alleviate the hotspot effect in the network.
A
 Single-hop and multi-hop network: In a single-hop
sensor network, all sensor nodes transmit their
sensed data directly to the sink, which makes
network control simpler to implement. However,
this is costly in terms of both energy consumption
IJ
and hardware implementation. It is suitable for
applications in small sensing areas with sparsely
deployed sensor nodes. In multi-hop sensor
network, sensor nodes transmit their sensed data to
the sink using short-range wireless communication
via one or more immediate nodes where they may
perform routing, aggregation and forwarding of
data. It eliminates data redundancy and improves
the energy efficiency of the network. It has wider
range of applications at the cost of higher control
complexity.
 Self-reconfigurable and non-self-reconfigurable using clustering at the cost of having extra nodes
network: In a self-configurable network, sensor nodes functioned as cluster heads. Data aggregation in a
ISSN: 2230-7818 @ 2010 http://www.ijaest.iserp.org. All rights Reserved.
Vol No. 1, Issue No. 2, 085 - 095
are able to autonomously organize and maintain their
connectivity by themselves and collaboratively
accomplish a sensing task. They are suitable for large-
scale networks to perform complicated sensing tasks.
On the other hand, in non-self-configurable sensor
network, sensor nodes have no ability to organize
themselves into a network and rely on the central
controller to control each sensor node and collect
information from them. They are suitable for small-
scale networks.
 Homogeneous and heterogeneous network: In a
homogeneous sensor network, all sensor nodes have the
same capabilities in terms of energy, computation, and
T
storage. Whereas, a heterogeneous sensor network has
some sophisticated sensor nodes that are equipped with
more processing and communicating capabilities than
normal sensor nodes. This improves the energy
efficiency and prolongs the lifetime of network.
According the way that data are collected, WSNs can be
classified into the following three types;
 Homogeneous sensor networks: A homogenous
network consists of base stations and sensor nodes
equipped with equal capabilities in terms of
computational power and storage capacity. There
are two structures used in such network namely,
flat and hierarchical networks. In flat network,
data aggregation is accomplished by data-centric
routing where the base station usually transmits a
query message to the sensor nodes via flooding,
and the sensor nodes that have data matching the
query will send response messages back to the
base station. The sensor nodes communicate with
the base station via multi-hop routes by using peer
nodes as relays. The choice of a particular
communication protocol depends on the specific
application [16]. In a hierarchical network, sensor
nodes are organized into clusters where the cluster
heads serve as simple relays for transmitting the
data. Since the cluster heads have the same
transmission capacity as the sensor nodes, the
minimum requirement on the number of clusters
can be derived from the upper bound of the
throughput. Higher throughput can be achieved by
Page 88
 Shio Kumar Singh et al. / (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES
Vol No. 1, Issue No. 2, 085 - 095

hierarchical network involves data fusion at real-time manner. Hybrid sensor networks can
cluster heads, which reduces the number of achieve longer lifetime and can also improve the
messages transmitted to the base station, and efficiency of data gathering [17]. A mobile base
hence improves the energy efficiency of the station prefers the hybrid architecture, by which a
network. mobile base station can communicate with other
 Heterogeneous sensor networks: A sensor nodes by using a WSN protocol and with
heterogeneous sensor network consists of base other base stations by using a MANET protocol.
stations (fixed and mobile), sensor nodes, and
sophisticated sensor nodes with advanced IV. CLASSIFICATION OF ROUTING
embedded processing and communicating PROTOCOLS IN WSN
capabilities as compared to normal sensor nodes.
There are different ways in which the routing
Data gathering can be executed at the mobile base
protocols of WSNs can be classified. Table 2 and 3
stations [17]. In such networks, mobile base
show classification and comparison respectively of

T
stations move randomly in the area of the
major routing protocols proposed for WSNs [56, 57,
deployed network, collecting data directly from
58].
normal sensor nodes, or use some surrounding
sensor nodes to relay the data.
 Hybrid sensor networks: In a hybrid sensor
network, several mobile base stations work

Category
Location-based
ES
cooperatively to provide fast data gathering in a

Table 2: Classification of Routing Protocols for WSNs

Description
Sensor nodes are addressed by means of their locations.
Representative Protocols
MECN[26], SMECN[27], GAF[19],
Protocols Location information for sensor nodes is required to calculate GEAR[20], Span[21,22], TBF[23],
the distance between two particular nodes for estimating energy BVGF[24], GeRaF[25]
consumption.
Data-centric When the source sensors send their data to the sink, SPIN[28,29], Directed Diffusion[30,31],
Protocols intermediate sensors can perform some form of aggregation on Rumor Routing[32], COUGAR[33],
A
the data originating from multiple source sensors and send the ACQUIRE[34], EAD[35],
aggregated data toward the sink, thereby resulting into energy
savings because of less transmissions requirement to send data.
Hierarchical Hierarchical clustering protocol is an energy-efficient LEACH[36,37], PEGASIS[38],
Protocols communication protocol that can be used by the sensors to HEED[39,30], TEEN[41,42],
report their sensed data to the sink. APTEEN[43], Singh et al. [3]
IJ

Mobility-based In mobility-based routing protocols, sink mobility requires SEAD[46], Joint Mobility and
Protocols energy-efficient protocols to guarantee data delivery originated Routing[44], Data MULES[45], Dynamic
from source sensors toward mobile sinks. Proxy Tree-Base Data Dissemination[47]
Multipath-based In multipath routing, each source sensor finds the first shortest Sensor-Disjoint Multipath[48,49], Braided
Protocols paths to the sink and divides its load evenly among these paths. Multipath[48,49], N-to-1 Multipath
Discovery[50]
Heterogeneity- In heterogeneity sensor network architecture, there are two IDSQ[49,50], CADR[51], CHR[52]
based Protocols types of sensors namely line-powered sensors which have no
energy constraint, and the battery-powered sensors having
limited lifetime.
Quality of service QoS considers requirements in terms of delay, reliability, and SAR[53], SPEED[54], Energy-aware
(QoS)-based fault tolerance in routing in WSNs. routing[55]
protocols

ISSN: 2230-7818 @ 2010 http://www.ijaest.iserp.org. All rights Reserved. Page 89

 Shio Kumar Singh et al. / (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES
Vol No. 1, Issue No. 2, 085 - 095

Table 3: Comparison of Routing Protocols in WSNs

Routing Protocols Classification Scalability Power Mobility Over- Query- Data Localization
Usage heads based Aggregation

MECN[26], Location-based No Maxm. No Moderate No No Yes

SMECN[27] Location-based No Maxm. No Moderate No No Yes
GAF[19] Location-based Good Limited Limited Moderate No No Yes
Span[21,22] Location-based Limited Limited Limited High No No No
GEAR[20] Location-based Limited Limited Limited Moderate Yes No Yes
TBF[23] Location-based Limited Limited Limited Moderate No No Yes
BVGF[24] Location-based Limited High Limited Moderate No No Yes
GeRaF[25] Location-based Limited Limited Limited Low No No No
SPIN[28,29] Data-centric Limited Limited Possible Low Yes Yes No
Directed Data-centric Limited Limited Limited Low Yes Yes Yes

T
Diffusion[30,31]
Rumor Routing[32] Data-centric Good Low Limited Low Yes Yes No
COUGAR[33] Data-centric Limited Limited No High Yes Yes No
ACQUIRE[34] Data-centric Limited Low Limited Low Yes Yes No
LEACH[36,37] Hierarchical Good Maxm. Fixed BS High No Yes Yes
PEGASIS[38] Hierarchical Good ES Maxm. Fixed BS Low No No Yes
HEED[39,30] Hierarchical Good Maxm. Fixed BS Moderate No Yes Yes
TEEN[41,42] Hierarchical Good Maxm. Fixed BS High No Yes Yes
APTEEN[43] Hierarchical Good Maxm. Fixed BS High No Yes Yes
Singh et al. [3] Hierarchical Good Maxm. Fixed BS Low No Yes Yes
Joint Mobility and Mobility-based Moderate Medium High Low No No No
Routing[44]
Data MULES[45] Mobility-based Good Low High Low No No No
Sensor-Disjoint Multipath-based Limited Medium Possible Moderate No Yes
Multipath[48,49]
Braided Multipath-based Limited Medium Possible Moderate No Yes
Multipath[48,49]
A
IDSQ[49,50] Heterogeneity Limited High Possible Moderate Yes No
CADR[51] Heterogeneity Limited Limited No Low Yes Yes No
SAR[53] QoS Limited High No High Yes Yes No
SPEED[54] QoS Limited Low No Low Yes No No
functionally distributed to exploit resources, and
V. SELECTION OF ROUTING should provide reliability differentiation to support
IJ

PROTOCOLS different reliability grades in order to suit the

requirements of different applications regarding
There are number of routing protocols proposed to the
throughput, latency and energy consumption [18].
wireless network environment. Different applications
Tables 4 present selection of routing protocols in
require different types of routing protocols having
WSNs for particular applications [56,57,58].
different grades of reliability. However, routing
protocols in WSNs should be energy-efficient,

Table 4: Selection of Routing Protocols for particular applications in WSNs

Application Routing Protocols Topology Data Delivery Model QoS Amount of
Data
Environmental SPAN, GAF, Cluster Head, Periodic, Location- Fault tolerance Minimum
Monitoring COUGAR, Multi-hop, aware, Query-driven and Large
ACQUIRE, Direct Multi-path

ISSN: 2230-7818 @ 2010 http://www.ijaest.iserp.org. All rights Reserved. Page 90

 Shio Kumar Singh et al. / (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES
Vol No. 1, Issue No. 2, 085 - 095

Diffusion (DD)
Military GAF Multi-hop Location-aware Collaborative Large
Healthcare GBR, SAR Cluster-head Periodic Real-time Maximum
Industrial Process SAR Three-tiered Continuous Reliable Moderate
Control
Home Networks GEAR, APTEEN Three-tiered Hybrid Collaborative Large
3. Shio Kumar Singh, M.P. Singh, and D.K. Singh,
VI. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE "Energy-efficient Homogeneous Clustering
RESEARCH Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Network",
International Journal of Wireless & Mobile
In this paper, we have presented comparison and
Networks (IJWMN), Aug. 2010, vol. 2, no. 3, pp.
applications of existing routing protocols in tabulated
49-61.
form. Based on analyzing the application requirement
4. I. F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam,
factors and comparing routing protocols with these
and E. Cayirci, “Wireless sensor networks: a

T
factors, appropriate routing protocols for particular
survey”, Computer Networks (Elsevier) Journal,
applications in WSNs are selected. However, as
Vol. 38, no. 4, Mar. 2002, pp. 393-422.
discussed in this paper, no routing algorithms will
5. Jun Zheng and Abbas Jamalipour, “Wireless
have good performance under all scenarios and for all
Sensor Networks: A Networking Perspective”, a
applications. Thus, there are many issues that still
book published by A John & Sons, Inc, and
need to be addressed and resolved. ES IEEEE, 2009.
6. B. Warneke, “Miniaturizing sensor networks with
Sensor Networks hold a lot of promise in applications
MEMs”, SMART DUST: Sensor Network
where gathering sensing information in remote
Applications, Architecture, and Design (edited),
locations is required. It is an evolving field, which
CRC, Boca Raton, FL, 2006, pp. 5-1-5-9.
offers scope for a lot of research. While the research
7. J. Hill, R. Szewcyk, A. Woo, D. Culler, S.
challenges of traditional sensor networks can by no
Hollar, and K. Pister, “System architecture
means be addressed sooner or later, the foreseeable
directions for networked sensors”, in
future will see a growing interest in alternative
Proceedings of 9th International Conference on
paradigms, where sensor networks are deployed (i) to
Architectural Support for Programming
A
perform specialized tasks for example, acting on
Languages and Operating Systems
environments, thus requiring ad hoc advanced
(ASPLOSIX), Cambridge, MA, Nov. 2000, pp.
communication protocols, algorithms, and
93-104.
architectures, (ii) in challenging environments, for
8. F. Zhao and L. Guibas, “Wireless Sensor
example, underwater and underground, thus requiring
Networks: An Information Processing
communication protocols that are able to cope with
IJ

Approach”, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San

the characteristics and impairments of the propagation
medium and the environment characteristics of such
environment.
REFERENCES
1. “21 ideas for the 21st century”, Business Week,
Aug. 30 1999, pp. 78-167.
2. Shio Kumar Singh, M.P. Singh, and D.K. Singh,
“A survey of Energy-Efficient Hierarchical
Cluster-based Routing in Wireless Sensor
Networks”, International Journal of Advanced
Networking and Application (IJANA), Sept.-Oct,
2010, vol. 02, issue 02, pp. 570-580.
Francisco, CA, 2004.
9. R. Jafari, A. Encarnacao, A. Zahoory, F.
Dabiri, H. Noshadi, and M. Sarrafzadeh,
“Wireless sensor networks for health
monitoring”, in Proceedings of 2nd Annual
International Conference on Mobile and
Ubiquitous Systems: Networking and Services
(MbiQuitous’05), July 2005, pp. 479-481.
10. D. Trossen and D. Pavel, “Sensor networks,
wearable computing, and healthcare
Applications”, IEEE Pervasive Computing, vol.
6, no. 2, Apr-June 2007, pp. 58-61.

ISSN: 2230-7818 @ 2010 http://www.ijaest.iserp.org. All rights Reserved. Page 91

 Shio Kumar Singh et al. / (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES
11. C. Herring and S. Kaplan, “Component-based
software systems for smart environments”,
IEEE Personal Communications, vol. 7, no. 5,
Oct. 2000, pp. 60-61.
12. A. J. Goldsmith and S. B. Wicker, “Design
challenges for energy-constrained ad hoc
wireless networks”, IEEE Wireless
Communications, vol. 9, no. 4, Aug. 2003, pp.
8-27.
13. C.Y. Chong and S.P. Kumar, “Sensor Networks:
Evolution, opportunities, and Challenges”,
Proceedings of the IEEE, vo. 91, no. 8, Aug.
2003, pp. 1247-1256.
14. I.F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam,
and E. Cayirci, “A Survey on Sensor Network”,
IEEE Communication Magazine 40, no. 8,
August 2002, pp. 102-114.
15. Y. Li, S. S. Panwar, ands. Mao, “A wireless
biosensor network
3, My-June 2006, pp. 6-11.
using
16. Jamal Al-Karaki, and Ahmed E. Kamal,
“Routing Techniques in Wireless Sensor
Networks: A Survey“, IEEE Wireless
ES
autonomously
controlled animals”, IEEE Network, vo. 20, no.
Communications Magazine, vol 11, no. 6, Dec.
2004, pp. 6-28.
17. R. Shah, S. Roy, S. Jain, and W. Brunette,
“Data mules: Modeling and analysis of a three-
A
tier architecture for sparse sensor networks”, Ad
hoc Networks, vol. 1, nos. 2-3, Sept. 2003, pp.
215-233.
18. P. R. Pereira, A. Grilo, F. Rocha, M. S. Nunes, A.
Casaca, C. Chaudet, P. Almstrom, and M.
IJ
Johansson, “End-to-end reliability in wireless
sensor networks: Survey and Research
challenges”, EuroFGI Workshop on IP QoS and
Traffic Control, Lisbon, Portugal, Dec. 6-7 2007.
19. Y. Xu, J. Heidemann, and D. Estrin, "Geography-
informed energy conservation for ad-hoc routing",
Proceedings ACM/IEEE MobiCom'01, Rome,
Italy, July 2001, pp. 70-84.
20. Y. Yu, R. Govindan, and D. Estrin,
"Geographical and energy aware routing: A
recursive data dissemination protocol for wireless
sensor networks", Technical Report UCLA/CSD-
TR-01-0023, UCLA Computer Science
ISSN: 2230-7818 @ 2010 http://www.ijaest.iserp.org. All rights Reserved.
Vol No. 1, Issue No. 2, 085 - 095
Department, May 2001.
21. B. Chen, K. Jamieson, H. Balakrishnan, and R.
Morris, "Span: An energy-efficient coordination
algorithm for topology maintenance in ad hoc
wireless networks", Proceedings ACM
MobiCom'01, Rome, Italy, July 2001, pp. 85-96.
22. B. Chen, K. Jamieson, H. Balakrishnan, and R.
Morris, "Span: An energy-efficient coordination
algorithm for topology maintenance in ad hoc
wireless networks", Wireless Networks, vol. 8,
no.5, Sept. 2002, pp. 481-494.
23. B. Nath and D. Niculescu, "Routing on a curve",
ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication
T
Review, vol. 33, no.1, Jan. 2003, pp. 155-160.
24. G. Xing, C. Lu, R. Pless, and Q. Huang, "On
greedy geographic routing algorithms in sensing-
covered networks", Proceedings ACM
MobiHoc'04, Tokyo, Japan, May 2004, pp. 31-42.
25. M. Zorzi and R. R. Rao, "Geographic random
forwarding (GeRaF) for ad hoc and sensor
networks: Mutlihop
Oct.-Dec. 2003, pp. 337-348.
performance", IEEE
Transactions on mobile Computing, vol. 2, no. 4,
26. V. Rodoplu and T. H. Meng, "Minimum energy
mobile wireless networks", IEEE Journal on
Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 17, no. 8,
Aug. 1999, pp. 1333-1344.
27. L. Li and J. Y. Halpern, "Minimum-energy
mobile wireless networks revisited",
Proceedings IEEE ICC’01, Helsinki, Finland,
June 2001, pp. 278-283.
28. W. R. Heinzelman, J. Kulik, and H.
Balakrishnan, "Adaptive protocols for
information dissemination in wireless sensor
networks", Proceedings ACM MobiCom '99,
Seattle, WA, Aug.1999, pp. 174-185.
29. J. Kulik, W. Heinzelman, and H. Balakrishnan,
"Negotiation-based protocols for disseminating
information in wireless sensor networks",
Wireless Networks, vol. 8, no. 2/3, Mar.-May
2002, pp. 169-185.
30. C. Intanagonwiwat, R. Govindan, and D. Estrin,
"Directed diffusion: A scalable and robust
communication paradigm for sensor networks",
Proceedings ACM MobiCom'00, Boston, MA,
Aug. 2000, pp. 56-67.
Page 92
 Shio Kumar Singh et al. / (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES
31. C. Intanagonwiwat, R. Govindan, D. Estrin, J.
Heidemann, and F. Silva, "Directed diffusion
for wireless sensor networking", IEEE/ACM
Transactions on Networking, vol. 11., no. 1,
Feb. 2003, pp. 2-16.
32. D. Braginsky and D. Estrin, "Rumor routing
algorithm in sensor networks", Proceedings
ACM WSNA, in conjunction with ACM
MobiCom'02,Atlanta, GA, Sept. 2002, pp. 22-
31.
33. Y. Yao and J. Gehrke, "The Cougar approach to
in-network query processing in sensor
networks", SGIMOD Record, vol. 31, no. 3,
Sept. 2002, pp. 9-18.
34. N. Sadagopan, B. Krishnamachari, and A.
Helmy, "The ACQUIRE mechanism for
efficient querying in sensor networks",
Proceedings SNPA'03, Anchorage, AK, May
2003, pp. 149-155.
aware data-centric routing in microsensor
networks", Proceedings ACM MSWiM, in
conjunction with ACM MobiCom, San Diego,
CA, Sept. 2003, pp. 42-49.
ES
35. A. Boukerche, X. Cheng, and J. Linus, "Energy-
36. W.R. Heinzelman, A. Chandrakasan, and H.
Balakrishnan, “Energy-efficient Communication
Protocol for Wireless Microsensor Networks”,
in IEEE Computer Society Proceedings of the
A
Thirty Third Hawaii International Conference
on System Sciences (HICSS '00), Washington,
DC, USA, Jan. 2000, vol. 8, pp. 8020.
37. W.R. Heinzelman, A. Chandrakasan, and H.
Balakrishnan, “An Application-Specific Protocol
IJ
Architecture for Wireless Microsensor Networks”
in IEEE Tmnsactions on Wireless
Communications (October 2002), vol. 1(4), pp.
660-670.
38. S. Lindsey and C.S. Raghavendra, “PEGASIS:
Power-efficient Gathering in Sensor Information
System”, Proceedings IEEE Aerospace
Conference, vol. 3, Big Sky, MT, Mar. 2002, pp.
1125-1130.
39. Ossama Younis and Sonia Fahmy, “Distributed
Clustering in Ad-hoc Sensor Networks: A Hybrid,
Energy-efficient Approach”, September 2002.
40. Ossama Younis and Sonia Fahmy” Heed: A
ISSN: 2230-7818 @ 2010 http://www.ijaest.iserp.org. All rights Reserved.
Vol No. 1, Issue No. 2, 085 - 095
hybrid, Energy-efficient, Distributed Clustering
Approach for Ad-hoc Networks”, IEEE
Transactions on Mobile Computing, vol. 3, no. 4,
Oct.-Dec. 2004, pp. 366-369.
41. A. Manjeshwar and D. P. Agrawal, “TEEN: A
Protocol for Enhanced Efficiency in Wireless
Sensor Networks”, in the Proceedings of the 1st
International Workshop on Parallel and
Distributed Computing Issues in Wireless
Networks and Mobile Computing, San Francisco,
CA, April 2001.
42. W. Lou, “An Efficient N-to-1 Multipath Routing
Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks”,
T
Proceedings of IEEE MASS’05, Washington DC,
Nov. 2005, pp. 1-8.
43. A. Manjeshwar and D. P. Agrawal, "APTEEN: A
Hybrid Protocol for Efficient Routing and
Comprehensive Information Retrieval in Wireless
Sensor Networks", in the Proceedings of the 2nd
International Workshop on Parallel and
Distributed Computing Issues in Wireless
Networks and Mobile computing, San Francisco
CA, April 2001, pp. 2009-1015.
44. J. Luo, and J.- P. Hubaux, "Joint mobility and
routing for lifetime elongation in wireless sensor
networks", Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM'05, vol.
3, Miami, FL, Mar. 2005, pp. 1735-1746.
45. R.C. Shah, S. Roy, S. Jain, and W. Brunette,
"Data MULEs: Modeling a three-tier architecture
for sparse sensor networks ", Proceedings SN P A
'03, Anchorage, AK, May 2003, pp. 30-41.
46. B. Karp and H. T. Kung, "GPSR: Greedy
perimeter stateless routing for wireless networks",
Proceedings ACM MobiCom'00, Boston, MA,
Aug. 2000, pp. 243-254.
47. W. Chang, G. Cao, and T. La Porta, "Dynamic
proxy tree-based data dissemination schemes for
wireless sensor networks", Proceedings IEEE
MASS'04, Fort Lauderdale, FL, Oct. 2004, pp. 21-
30.
48. S. Lindsey, C. S. Raghavendra, and K. M.
Sivalingam, "Data gathering in sensor networks
using the energy delay metric", Proceedings
IPDPS'01, San Francisco, CA, Apr. 2001, pp.
2001-2008.
49. S. Lindsey, C. S. Raghavendra, and K. M.
Page 93
 Shio Kumar Singh et al. / (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES
Vol No. 1, Issue No. 2, 085 - 095

Sivalingam, "Data gathering algorithms in sensor the Proceedings of International Conference on

networks using energy metrics", IEEE
Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems,
vol. 13, no. 9, Sept. 2002, pp. 924-935.
50. M. Chu, H. Haussecker, and F. Zhao, "Scalable
information-driven sensor querying and routing
for ad hoc heterogeneous sensor networks",
International Journal of High Performance
Computing Applications, vol. 16, no. 3, Feb. 2002,
pp. 293-313.
51. W. Zhang, G. Cao, and T. La Porta, "Data
dissemination with ring-based index for wireless
sensor networks", Proceedings IEEE ICNP'03,
Distributed Computing Systems, Providence, RI,
May 2003.
55. K. Akkaya and M. Younis, “An Energy-Aware
QoS Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor
Networks,” in the Proceedings of the IEEE
Workshop on Mobile and Wireless Networks
(MWN 2003), Providence, Rhode Island, May
2003.
56. R.V. Biradar, V.C. Patil, S.R. Sawant, and R.R.
Mudholkar, “Classification and Comparison of
Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor
Networks”, Special Issue on Ubiquitous

T
Atlanta, GA, Nov. 2003, pp. 305-314. Security System (UbiCC Journal), Vo. 4, pp.
52. X. Du and F. Lin, "Improving routing in sensor 704-711.
networks with heterogeneous sensor nodes", 57. Y. Li, and T. Newe, “Wireless Sensor
Proceedings IEEE VTC'05, Dallas, TX, Sept. Networks-Selection of Routing Protocol for
2005, pp. 2528-2532. Applications”,

2000, pp 16-27.
ES
53. K. Sohrabi, and J. Pottie, "Protocols for self-
organization of a wireless sensor network", IEEE
Personal Communications, Vol. 7, no. 5, Oct.

54. T. He et al., “SPEED: A stateless protocol for

real-time communication in sensor networks,” in
58. Shio Kumar Singh, M.P. Singh, and D.K. Singh,
“Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor
Networks – A Survey”, International Journal of
Computer Science and Engineering Survey
(IJCSES), Nov. 2010, vo. 1, no. 2. pp. 63-83.

Short Biography
Shio Kumar Singh is Head of Maintenance Engineering Department (Electrical)
A
at Tata Steel Limited, Jamshedpur, India. He received degrees in both Electrical
and Electronics engineering, as well as M.Sc.(Engg.) in Power Electronics from
Regional Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur, India. He also obtained “Executive
Post Graduate Diploma in International Business” from Indian Institute of Foreign
Trade (IIFT), New Delhi, India. He is an accomplished academician with rich
industrial experience in design, development, implementation and marketing &
IJ

sales of IT, Automation, and Telecommunication solutions, Electrical &

Electronics maintenance, process improvement initiatives (Six-sigma, TPM,
TOC), and Training & Development in a distinguished career spanning over 30
years. He has published number of papers in both national and international
journals and has presented these in various seminars and symposiums.
He is author of several engineering books such as Database Management System, Industrial
Instrumentation and Control, and Process Control Systems published by Pearson Education, McGraw-Hill,
and Prentice-Hall of India. He is widely traveled and has visited various industries in Europe and South
Asian countries for study and marketing of process automation systems. He has been conferred the
Eminent Engineer and Distinguished Engineer Awards by The Institution of Engineers (India) for his
contributions to the field of computer science and engineering. He is a Chartered Engineers and also a
Fellow Member (FIE) of The Institution of Engineers (India).

ISSN: 2230-7818 @ 2010 http://www.ijaest.iserp.org. All rights Reserved. Page 94

Shio Kumar Singh et al. / (IJAEST) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGIES
Vol No. 1, Issue No. 2, 085 - 095

Dr. M. P. Singh is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Computer Science

and Engineering at National Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar, India. He has
experience of five years. He has authored number of papers which have been
published in both national and international journals. His research interest is in the
area of Wireless Sensor Network, Mobile Computing

Dr. D. K. Singh is presently working as Head, Department of Electronics and

Communication & Information Technology, BIT Sindri, Dhanbad. He has more
than 20 years of teaching experience. He is heading the department of Electronics
and Communication & Information technology since 2002. He is instrumental in
starting the curriculum on information technology. He has published more than 35
papers in journals and conferences. He has already supervised 01 thesis in

T
computer Science & Engg and 05 research scholars are presently enrolled for their
doctoral degree. The area of research he works are Coding theory, cryptography,
optical Amplifiers, Photonic Crystal Fibers, e-Governance and Educational
Planning. He is member and conveners of various computerization programs of
BIT Sindri, Vinoba Bhave University, Ranchi University. He is also a Fellow
ES
Member (FIE) of The Institution of Engineers (India).
A
IJ

ISSN: 2230-7818 @ 2010 http://www.ijaest.iserp.org. All rights Reserved. Page 95