The

Law of Nations
BOOK I.

A NationConsidered by Itself

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THE LAW OF NATIONS

Introduction.
Idea and General Principles of the Law of Nations.

§ 1. What is meant by the term nation or state.

Nations or States are political bodies, societies of men who have united together and combined their forces,
in order to procure their mutual welfare and security.

§ 2. It is a moral person.
Such a society has its own affairs and interests; it deliberates and takes resolutions in common, and it thus
becomes a moral person having an understanding and a will peculiar to itself, and susceptible at once of
obligations and of rights.

§ 3. Definition of the law of nations.

The object of this work is to establish on a firm basis the obligations and rights of Nations. The Law of
Nations is the science of the rights which exist between Nations or States, and of the obligations
corresponding to these rights.

It will be seen from this treatise how States, as such, ought to regulate their actions. We shall examine the
obligations of a Nation towards itself as well as toward other Nations, and in this way we shall determine
the rights resulting from those obligations; for since a rights is nothing else but the power of doing what is
morally possible, that is to say, what is good in itself and conformable to duty, it is clear that right is
derived from duty, or passive obligation, from the obligation of acting in this manner. A Nation must
therefore understand the nature of its obligations, not only to avoid acting contrary to its duty, but also to
obtain therefrom a clear knowledge of its rights, of what it can lawfully exact from other Nations.

§ 4. How nations or states are to be regarded.

Since Nations are composed of men who are by nature free and independent, and who before the
establishment of civil society lived together in the state of nature, such Nations or sovereign States must be
regarded as so many free persons living together in the state of nature.

Proof can be had from works on the natural law the liberty and independence belong to man by his very
nature, and that they can not be taken from him without his consent. Citizens of a State, having yielded
them in part to the sovereign, do not enjoy them to their full and absolute extent. But the whole body of the
Nation, the State, so long as it has not voluntarily submitted to other men or other Nations, remains
absolutely free and independent.

§ 5. To what laws nations are subject.

As men are subject to the law of nature, and as their union in civil society can not exempt them from
obligation of observing those laws, since in that union they remain none the less men, the Nation, whose
common will is but the outcome of the united wills of the citizens, remains subject to the laws of nature and
is bound to respect them in all its undertaking. And since right is derived from obligation, as we have just
remarked, a Nation has the same rights that nature gives to men for the fulfillment of their duties.

§ 6. The law of nations origin.

We must therefore apply to nations the rules of the natural law to discover what are their obligations and
their rights; hence the Law of Nations is in its origin merely the Law of Nature applied to Nations. Now the
just and reasonable application of a rule requires that the application be made in a manner suited to the
nature of the subject; but we must not conclude that the Law of Nations is everywhere and at all points the
same as the natural law, except for a difference of subjects, so that no other change need be made than to
substitute Nations for individuals. A civil society, or a State, is a very different subject from an individual
person, and therefore, by virtue of the natural law, very different obligations and rights belong to it in most
cases. The same general rule, when applied to two different subjects, can not result in similar principles,
nor can a particular rule, however just for one subject, be applicable to a second of a totally different
nature. Hence there are many cases in which the natural law does not regulate the relations of States as it
would individuals. We must know how to apply it conformably to its subjects; and the art of so applying it,
whit a precision founded upon right reason, constitutes of the Law of Nations a distinct science.

§ 7. Definition of necessary law of nations.

We use the term necessary Law of Nations for what law which results from applying the natural law to
Nations. It is necessary, because Nations are absolutely bound to observe it. It contains those precepts
which the natural dictates to States, and it is no less binding upon them than it is upon individuals. For
States are composed of men, their policies are determined by men, and these men are subject to the natural
law under whatever capacity they act. This same law is called by Grotius and his followers the internal
Law of Nations, inasmuch as it is binding upon the conscience of Nations. Several writers call it the natural
Law of Nations.

§ 8. It is not subject to change.

Since, therefore, the necessary Law of Nations consists in applying the natural law to States, since the
natural is not subject to change, being founded on the nature of things and particularly upon the nature of
man, it follows that the necessary Law of Nations is not subject to change.

§ 9. Nations can not change it nor release themselves from its obligations.

Since this law is not subject to change and the obligations which it imposes are necessary and
indispensable, Nations can not alter it by agreement, nor individually or mutually release themselves from
it.

It is by the application of this principle that a distinction can be made between lawful and unlawful treaties
or conventions and between customs which are innocent and reasonable and those which are unjust and
deserving condemnation.

Thing which are just in themselves and permitted by the necessary Law of Nations may form the subject of
an agreement by Nations or may be giving sacredness and force through practice and custom. Indifferent
affairs may be settled either by treaty, if Nations so please, or by the introduction of some suitable custom
or usage. But all treaties and customs contrary to the dictates of the necessary Law of Nations are unlawful.
We shall see, however, that they are not always conformable to the inner law of conscience, and yet, for
reasons to be given in their proper place, such conventions and treaties are often valid by the external law.
Owing to the freedom and independence of Nations, the conduct of one Nation may be unlawful and
censurable according to the law of conscience, and yet other Nations must put up with it so long as it does
not infringe upon perfect rights. The liberty of a Nation would not remain complete if other Nations
presumed to inspect and control its conduct; a presumption which would be contrary to the natural law,
which declares every Nation free and independent of all other Nations.

§ 10. The society established by nature among all men.

Such is man’s nature that he is not sufficient unto himself and necessarily stands in need of the assistance
and intercourse of his fellows, whether to preserve his life or to perfect himself and live as befits a rational
animal. Experience shows this clearly enough. We know of men brought up among bears, having neither
the use of speech nor of reason, and limited like beasts to the use of the sensitive faculties. We observe,
moreover, that nature has denied man the strength and the natural weapons with which it has provided other
animals, and has given him instead the use of speech and of reason, or at least the ability to acquire them by
intercourse with other men. Language is a means of communication, of mutual assistance, and of perfecting
man’s reason and knowledge; and, having thus become intelligent, he finds a thousand means of caring for
his life an its wants. Moreover, every man realizes that he could not live happily or improve his condition
without the help of intercourse with other men. Therefore, since nature has constituted men thus, it is a
clear proof that it means them to live together and mutually to aid and assist one another.

From this source we deduce a natural society existing among all men. The general law of this society is that
each member should assist the others in all their needs, as far as he can do so without neglecting his duties
to himself-a law which all men must obey if they are to live conformably to their nature and to the designs
of their common Creator; a law which our own welfare, our happiness, and our best interests should render
sacred to each one of us. Such is the general obligation we are under of performing our duties; let us fulfill
them with care if we would work wisely for our greatest good.

It is easy to see how happy the world would be if all men were willing to follow the rule we have just laid
down. On the other hand, if each man thinks of himself first and foremost, if he does nothing for others, all
will be alike miserable. Let us labor for the good of all men; they in turn will labor for ours, and we shall
build our happiness upon the firmest foundations.

§ 11. And among nations.

Since the universal society of the human race is an institution of nature itself, that is, a necessary result of
man’s nature, all men of whatever condition are bound to advance its interests and to fulfill its duties. No
convention or special agreement can release them from the obligation. When, therefore, men unite in civil
society and form a separate State or Nation they may, indeed, make particular agreements with others of the
same State, but their duties towards the rest of the human race remain unchanged; but with this difference,
that when men have agreed to act in common, and have given up their rights and submitted their will to the
whole body as far as concerns their common good, it devolves thenceforth upon that body, the State, and
upon its rulers, to fulfill the duties of humanity towards outsiders in all matters in which individuals are no
longer at liberty to act, and it peculiarly rests with the State to fulfill these duties towards other States. We
have already seen (§ 5) that men, when united in society, remain subject to the obligations of the Law of
Nature. This society may be regarded as a moral person, since it has an understanding, a will, a power
peculiar to itself; and it is therefore obliged to live with other societies or States according to the laws of the
natural society of the human race, just as individual men before the establishment of civil society lived
according to them; with such exceptions, however, as are due to the difference of the subjects.

§ 12. The end of this society of nations.

The end of the natural society established among men in general is that they should mutually assist one
another to advance their own perfection and that of their condition; and Nations, too, since they may be
regarded as so many free persons living together in a state of nature, are bound mutually to advance this
human society. Hence the end of the great society established by nature among all nations is likewise that
of mutual assistance in order to perfect themselves and their condition.

§ 13. The general obligation which it imposes.

The first general law, which is to be found in the very end of the society of Nations, is that each Nation
should contribute as far as it can to the happiness and advancement of other Nations.

§ 14. Explanation of this obligation.

But as its duties towards itself clearly prevail over its duties towards others, a Nation owes to itself, as a
prime as a consideration, whatever it can do for its own happiness and advancement. (I say whatever it can
do, not meaning physically only, but morally also, what it can do lawfully, justly, and honestly.) When,
therefore, a Nation can not contribute to the welfare of another without doing an essential wrong to itself,
its obligation ceases in this particular instance, and the Nation is regarded as lying under a disability to
perform the duty.

§ 15. Liberty and independence of nations, and general law.

Since Nations are free and independent of one another as men are by nature, the second general law of their
society is that each Nation should be left to the peaceable enjoyment of that liberty which belongs to it by
nature. The natural society of nations can not continue unless the rights which belong to each by nature are
respected. No Nation is willing to give up its liberty; it will rather choose to break off all intercourse with
those who attempt to encroach upon it.

§ 16. Effect of this liberty.

In consequence of that liberty and independence it follows that it is for each Nation to decide what its
conscience demands of it, what it can or can not do; what it thinks well or does not think well to do; and
therefore it is for each Nation to consider and determine what duties it can fulfill towards others without
failing in its duty towards itself. Hence in all cases in which it belongs to a Nation to judge of the extent of
its duty, no other Nation may force it to act one way or another. Any attempt to do so would be an
encroachment upon the liberty of Nations. We may not use force against a free person, except in cases
where this person is under obligation to us in a definite matter and for a definite reason not depending upon
his judgment; briefly, in cases in which we have a perfect right against him.

§ 17. Distinction of obligations and rights as internal and external, perfect and imperfect.

To understand this properly we must note that obligations and the corresponding rights produced by them
are distinguished into internal and external. Obligations are internal in so far as they bind the conscience
and are deduced from the rules of our duty; they are external when considered relatively to other men as
producing some right on their part. Internal and imperfect obligations are always the same in nature, though
they may vary in degree; external obligations, however, are divided into perfect and imperfect, and the
rights they give rise to are likewise perfect and imperfect. Perfect rights are those which carry with them
the right of compelling the fulfillment of the corresponding obligations; imperfect rights can not so compel.
Perfect obligations are those which give rise to the right of enforcing them; imperfect obligations give but
the right to request.

It will now be easily understood why a right is always imperfect when the corresponding obligation
depends upon the judgment of him who owes it; for if he could be constrained in such a case he would
cease to have the right of deciding what are his obligations according to the law of conscience. Our
obligations to others are always imperfect when the decision as to how we are to act rests with us, as it does
in all matters where we ought to be free.

§ 18. Equality of nations.

Since men are by nature equal, and their individual rights and obligations the same, as coming equally from
nature, Nations, which are composed of men and may be regarded as so many free persons living together
in a state of nature, are by nature equal and hold from nature the same obligations and the same rights.
Strength or weakness, in this case, counts for nothing. A dwarf is as much a man as a giant is; a small
Republic is no less a sovereign State than the most powerful Kingdom.

§ 19. Effect of this equality.

From this equality it necessarily follows that what is lawful or unlawful for one Nation is equally lawful or
unlawful for every other Nation.

§ 20. Each is free to act as it pleases so far as its acts do not affect the perfect rights of others. A
Nation is therefore free to act as it pleases, so far as its acts do not affect the perfect rights of another
Nation, and so far as the Nation is under pleases so far merely internal obligations without any perfect
external obligation. If it a, affect the abuse its liberty it acts wrongfully; but other Nations can not
complain, since they have no right to dictate to it.

§ 21. Foundation of the voluntary law of nations.

Since Nations are free, independent, and equal, and since each has the right to decide in its conscience what
it must do to fulfill its duties, the effect of this is to produce, before the world at least, a perfect equality of
rights among Nations in the conduct of their affairs and in the pursuit of their policies. The intrinsic justice
of their conduct is another matter which it is not for others to pass upon finally; so that what one may do
another may do, and they must be regarded in the society of mankind as having equal rights.

When differences arise each Nation in fact claims to have justice on its side, and neither of the interested
parties nor other Nations may decide the question. The one who is actually in the wrong sins against its
conscience; hut as it may possibly be in the right, it can not be accused of violating the laws of the society
of Nations. It must happen, then, on many occasions that Nations put up with certain things although in
themselves unjust and worthy of condemnation, because they can not oppose them by force without
transgressing the liberty of individual Nations and thus destroying the foundations of their natural society.
And since they are bound to advance that society, we rightly presume that they have agreed to the principle
just established. The rules resulting from it form what Wolf calls the voluntary Law of Nations; and there is
no reason why we should not use the same expression, although we have thought it our duty to differ from
that learned man as to how the foundation of that law should be established.

§ 22. Rights of nations against those who violate the law of nations.

The laws of the natural society of Nations are so important to the welfare of every State that if the habit
should prevail of treading them under foot no Nation could hope to protect its existence or its domestic
peace, whatever wise and just and temperate measures it might take. Now all men and all States have a
perfect right to whatever is essential to their existence, since this right corresponds to an indispensable
obligation. Hence all Nations may put down by force the open violation of the laws of the society which
nature has established among them, or any direct attacks upon its welfare.

§ 23. Rule of these rights.

But care must be taken not to extend these rights so as to prejudice the these rights liberty of Nations. They
are all free and independent, though they are so far bound to observe the laws of nature that if one violates
them the others may restrain it; hence the Nations as a body have no rights over the conduct of a single
Nation, further than the natural society finds itself concerned therein. The general and common rights of
Nations over the conduct of a sovereign State should be in keeping with the end of the society which exists
among them.

§ 24. Conventional law of nations, or law of treaties.

The various agreements which Nations may enter into give rise to new division of the Law of Nations
which is called conventional, or the law of treaties. As it is clear that a treaty binds only the contracting
parties the conventional Law of Nations is not universal, but restricted in character. All that can be said
upon this subject in a treatise on the Law of Nations must be limited to a statement of the general rules
which Nations must observe with respect to their treaties. The details of the various agreements between
certain Nations, and of the resulting rights and obligations, are questions of fact, to be treated of in
historical works.

§ 25. Customary law of nations.

Certain rules and customs, consecrated by long usage and observed by Nations as a sort of law, constitute
the customary Law of Nations, or international custom. This law is founded upon a tacit consent, or rather
upon a tacit agreement of the Nations which observe it. Hence it evidently binds only those Nations which
have adopted it and is no more universal than the conventional law. Hence we must also say of this
customary law that its details do not come within a systematic treatise on the Law of Nations, and we must
limit ourselves to stating the general theory of it, that is to say, the rules to be observed in it, both as regards
its effects and its substance. On this latter point these rules will serve to distinguish lawful and innocent
customs from unlawful and unjust ones.

§ 26. General rule of this law.

When a custom or usage has become generally established either between all the civilized countries of the
world or only between those of a given continent, Europe for example, or those which have more frequent
intercourse with one another, if this custom be indifferent in nature, much more so if it be useful and
reasonable, it becomes binding upon all those Nations which are regarded as having given their consent to
it. They are bound to observe it towards one another so long as they have not expressly declared their
unwillingness to follow it any longer. But if there be anything unjust or unlawful in such a custom it is of
no force, and indeed every Nation is hound to abandon it, since there can be neither obligation nor
authorization to violate the Law of Nature.

§ 27. Positive law of nations.

These three divisions of the Law of Nations, the voluntary, the conventional, and the customary law, form
together the positive Law of Nations, for they all proceed from the agreement of Nations; the voluntary law
from their presumed consent; the conventional law from their express consent; and the customary law from
their tacit consent. And since there are no other modes of deducing a law from the agreement of Nations,
there are but these three divisions of the positive Law of Nations.

We shall be careful to distinguish them from the natural or necessary Law of Nations, without, however,
treating them separately. But after having established on each point what the necessary law prescribes, we
shall then explain how and why these precepts must be modified by the voluntary law; or, to put it in
another way, we shall show how, by reason of the liberty of nations and the rules of their natural society,
the external law which they must observe towards one another differs on certain points from the principles
of the internal law, which, however, are always binding upon the conscience. As for rights introduced by
treaties or by custom, we need not fear that anyone will confuse them with the natural Law of Nations.
They form that division of the Law of Nations which writers term the arbitrary law.

§ 28. General rule for the application of the necessary and the voluntary law.

In order from the start to lay down broad lines for the distinction rule between the necessary law and the
voluntary law we must note that since the necessary law is at all times obligatory upon the conscience, a
Nation must never lose sight of it when deliberating upon the course it must pursue to fulfill its duty; but
when there is question of what it can demand from other States, it must consult the voluntary law, whose
rules are devoted to the welfare and advancement of the universal society.
Louisiana's Code Noir (1724)
Primary Documents:
To regulate relations between slaves and colonists, the Louisiana Code noir, or slave
code, based largely on that compiled in 1685 for the French Caribbean colonies, was
introduced in 1724 and remained in force until the United States took possession of
Louisiana in 1803. The Code’s 54 articles regulated the status of slaves and free blacks,
as well as relations between masters and slaves. The entire body of laws appears below.

BLACK CODE OF LOUISIANA

I. Decrees the expulsion of Jews from the colony.

II. Makes it imperative on masters to impart religious instruction to their slaves.

III. Permits the exercise of the Roman Catholic creed only. Every other mode of worship is prohibited.

IV. Negroes placed under the direction or supervision of any other person than a Catholic, are liable to
confiscation.

V. Sundays and holidays are to be strictly observed. All negroes found at work on these days are to be
confiscated.

VI. We forbid our white subjects, of both sexes, to marry with the blacks, under the penalty of being fined
and subjected to some other arbitrary punishment. We forbid all curates, priests, or missionaries of our
secular or regular clergy, and even our chaplains in our navy to sanction such marriages. We also forbid all
our white subjects, and even the manumitted or free-born blacks, to live in a state of concubinage with
blacks. Should there be any issue from this kind of intercourse, it is our will that the person so offending,
and the master of the slave, should pay each a fine of three hundred livres. Should said issue be the result of
the concubinage of the master with his slave, said master shall not only pay the fine, but be deprived of the
slave and of the children, who shall be adjudged to the hospital of the locality, and said slaves shall be
forever incapable of being set free. But should this illicit intercourse have existed between a free black and
his slave, when said free black had no legitimate wife, and should said black marry said slave according to
the forms prescribed by the church, said slave shall be thereby set free, and the children shall also become
free and legitimate ; and in such a case, there shall be no application of the penalties mentioned in the
present article.
VII. The ceremonies and forms prescribed by the ordinance of Blois, and by the edict of 1639, for
marriages, shall be observed both with regard to free persons and to slaves. But the consent of the father
and mother of the slave is not necessary; that of the master shall be the only one required.

VIII. We forbid all curates to proceed to effect marriages between slaves without proof of the consent of
their masters; and we also forbid all masters to force their slaves into any marriage against their will.

IX. Children, issued from the marriage of slaves, shall follow the condition of their parents, and shall
belong to the master of the wife and not of the husband, if the husband and wife have different masters.

X. If the husband be a slave, and the wife a free woman, it is our will that their children, of whatever sex
they may be, shall share the condition of their mother, and be as free as she, notwithstanding the servitude
of their father; and if the father be free and the mother a slave, the children shall all be slaves.

XI. Masters shall have their Christian slaves buried in consecrated ground.

XII. We forbid slaves to carry offensive weapons or heavy sticks, under the penalty of being whipped, and
of having said weapons confiscated for the benefit of the person seizing the same. An exception is made in
favor of those slaves who are sent a hunting or a shooting by their masters, and who carry with them a
written permission to that effect, or are designated by some known mark or badge.

XIII. We forbid slaves belonging to different masters to gather in crowds either by day or by night, under
the pretext of a wedding, or for any other cause, either at the dwelling or on the grounds of one of their
masters, or elsewhere, and much less on the highways or in secluded places, under the penalty of corporal
punishment, which shall not be less than the whip. In case of frequent offences of the kind, the offenders
shall be branded with the mark of the flower de luce, and should there be aggravating circumstances,
capital punishment may be applied, at the discretion of our judges. We command all our subjects, be they
officers or not, to seize all such offenders, to arrest and conduct them to prison, although there should be no
judgment against them.

XIV. Masters who shall be convicted of having permitted or tolerated such gatherings as aforesaid,
composed of other slaves than their own, shall be sentenced, individually, to indemnify their neighbors for
the damages occasioned by said gatherings, and to pay, for the first time, a fine of thirty livres, and double
that sum on the repetition of the offence.

XV. We forbid negroes to sell any commodities, provisions, or produce of any kind, without the written
permission of their masters, or without wearing their known marks or badges, and any persons purchasing
any thing from negroes in violence of this article, shall be sentenced to pay a fine of 1500 livres.

XVI, XVII, XVIII, XIX, provide at length for the clothing of slaves and for their subsistence.

XX. Slaves who shall not be properly fed, clad, and provided for by their masters, may give information
thereof to the attorney-general of the Superior Council, or to all the other officers of justice of an inferior
jurisdiction, and may put the written exposition of their wrongs into their hands ; upon which information,
and even ex officio, should the information come from another quarter, the attorney-general shall prosecute
said masters without charging any costs to the complainants. It is our will that this regulation be observed
in all accusations for crimes or barbarous and inhuman treatment brought by slaves against their masters.

XXI. Slaves who are disabled from working, either by old age, disease, or otherwise, be the disease
incurable or not, shall be fed and provided for by their masters ; and in case they should have been
abandoned by said masters, said slaves shall be adjudged to the nearest hospital, to which said masters shall
be obliged to pay eight cents a day for the food and maintenance of each one of these slaves ; and for the
payment of this sum, said hospital shall have a lien on the plantations of the master.

XXII. We declare that slaves can have no right to any kind of property, and that all that they acquire, either
by their own industry or by the liberality of others, or by any other means or title whatever, shall be the full
property of their masters ; and the children of said slaves, their fathers and mothers, their kindred or other
relations, either free or slaves, shall have no pretensions or claims thereto, either through testamentary
dispositions or donations inter vi-vos ; which dispositions and donations we declare null and void, and also
whatever promises they may have made, or whatever obligations they may have subscribed to, as having
been entered into by persons incapable of disposing of any thing, and of participating to any contract.

XXIII. Masters shall be responsible for what their slaves have done by their command, and also for what
transactions they have permitted their slaves to do in their shops, in the particular line of commerce with
which they were intrusted ; and in case said slaves should have acted without the order or authorization of
their masters, said masters shall be responsible only for so much as has turned to their profit; and if said
masters have not profited by the doing or transaction of their slaves, the pcculium which the masters have
permitted the slaves to own, shall be subjected to all claims against said slaves, after deduction made by the
masters of what may be due to them ; and if said peculium should consist, in whole or in part, of
merchandises in which the slaves had permission to traffic, the masters shall only come in for their share in
common with the other creditors.

XXIV. Slaves shall be incapable of all public functions, and of being constituted agents for any other
person than their own masters, with powers to manage or conduct any kind of trade ; nor can they serve as
arbitrators or experts; nor shall they be called to give their testimony either in civil or in criminal cases,
except when it shall be a matter of necessity, and only in default of white people ; but in no case shall they
be permitted to serve as witnesses either for or against their masters.

XXV. Slaves shall never be parties to civil suits, either as plaintiffs or defendants, nor shall they be allowed
to appear as complainants in criminal cases, but their masters shall have the right to act for them in civil
matters, and in criminal ones, to demand punishment and reparation for such outrages and excesses as their
slaves may have suffered from.

XXVI. Slaves may be prosecuted criminally, without their masters being made parties to the trial, except
they should be indicted as accomplices; and said slaves shall be tried, at first, by the judges of ordinary
jurisdiction, if there be any, and on appeal, by the Superior Council, with the same rules, formalities, and
proceedings observed for free persons, save the exceptions mentioned hereafter.

XXVII. The slave who, having struck his master, his mistress, or the husband of his mistress, or their
children, shall have produced a bruise, or the shedding of blood in the face, shall suffer capital punishment.

XXVIII. With regard to outrages or acts of violence committed by slaves against free persons, it is our will
that they be punished with severity, and even with death, should the case require it.

XXIX. Thefts of importance, and even the stealing of horses, mares, mules, oxen, or cows, when executed
by slaves or manumitted persons, shall make the offender liable to corporal, and even to capital
punishment, according to the circumstances of the case.

XXX. The stealing of sheep, goats, hogs, poultry, grain, fodder, peas, beans, or other vegetables, produce,
or provisions, when committed by slaves, shall be punished according to the circumstances of the case ;
and the judges may sentence them, if necessary, to be whipped by the public executioner, and branded with
the mark of the flower de luce.
XXXI. In cases of thefts committed or damages done by their slaves, masters, besides the corporal
punishment inflicted on their slaves, shall be bound to make amends for the injuries resulting from the acts
of said slaves, unless they prefer abandoning them to the sufferer. They shall be bound so to make their
choice, in three days from the time of the conviction of the negroes ; if not, this privilege shall be forever
forfeited.

XXXII. The runaway slave, who shall continue to be so for one month from the day of his being denounced
to the officers of justice, shall have his ears cut off, and shall be branded with the flower de luce on the
shoulder : and on a second offence of the same nature, persisted in during one month from the day of his
being denounced, he shall be hamstrung, and be marked with the flower de luce on the other shoulder. On
the third offence, he shall suffer death.

XXXIII. Slaves, who shall have made themselves liable to the penalty of the whip, the flower de luce
brand, and ear cutting, shall be tried, in the last resort, by the ordinary judges of the inferior courts, and
shall undergo the sentence passed upon them without there being an appeal to the Superior Council, in
confirmation or reversal of judgment, notwithstanding the article 26th of the present code, which shall be
applicable only to those judgments in which the slave convicted is sentenced to be hamstrung or suffer
death.

XXXIV. Freed or free-born negroes, who shall have afforded refuge in their houses to fugitive slaves, shall
be sentenced to pay to the masters of said slaves, the sum of thirty livres a day for every day during which
they shall have concealed said fugitives ; and all other free persons, guilty of the same offence, shall pay a
fine of ten livres a day as aforesaid ; and should the freed or free-born negroes not be able to pay the fine
herein specified, they shall be reduced to the condition of slaves, and be sold as such. Should the price of
the sale exceed the sum mentioned in the judgment, the surplus shall be delivered to the hospital.

XXXV. We permit our subjects in this colony, who may have slaves concealed in any place whatever, to
have them sought after by such persons and in such a way as they may deem proper, or to proceed
themselves to such researches, as they may think best.

XXXVI. The slave who is sentenced to suffer death on the denunciation of his master, shall, when that
master is not an accomplice to his crime, be appraised before his execution by two of the principal
inhabitants of the locality, who shall be especially appointed by the judge, and the amount of said
appraisement shall be paid to the master. To raise this sum, a proportional tax shall be laid on every slave,
and shall be collected by the persons invested with that authority.

XXXVII. We forbid all the officers of the Superior Council, and all our other officers of justice in this
colony, to take any fees or receive any perquisites in criminal suits against slaves, under the penalty, in so
doing, of being dealt with as guilty of extortion.

XXXVIII. We also forbid all our subjects in this colony, whatever their condition or rank may be, to apply,
on their own private authority, the rack to their slaves, under any pretence whatever, and to mutilate said
slaves in any one of their limbs, or in any part of their bodies, under the penalty of the confiscation of said
slaves ; and said masters, so offending, shall be liable to a criminal prosecution. We only permit masters,
when they shall think that the case requires it, to put their slaves in irons, and to have them whipped with
rods or ropes.

XXXIX. We command our officers of justice in this colony to institute criminal process against masters
and overseers who shall have killed or mutilated their slaves, when in their power and under their
supervision, and to punish said murder according to the atrocity of the circumstances; and in case the
offence shall be a pardonable one, we permit them to pardon said masters and overseers without its being
necessary to obtain from us letters patent of pardon. XL. Slaves shall he held in law as movables, and as
such, they shall be part of the community of acquests between husband and wife ; they shall not be liable to
be seized under any mortgage whatever; and they shall be equally divided among the co-heirs without
admitting from any one of said heirs any claim founded on preciput or right of primogeniture, or dowry.

XLI, XLII. Are entirely relative to judicial forms and proceedings.XLIII. Husbands and wives shall not be
seized and sold separately when belonging to the same master : and their children, when under fourteen
years of age, shall not be separated from their parents, and such seizures and sales shall be null and void.
The present article shall apply to voluntary sales, and in case such sales should take place in violation of the
law, the seller shall be deprived of the slave he has illegally retained, and said slave shall be adjudged to the
purchaser without any additional price being required.

XLIV. Slaves, fourteen years old, and from this age up to sixty, who are settled on lands and plantations,
and are at present working on them, shall not be liable to seizure for debt, except for what may be due out
of the purchase money agreed to be paid for them, unless said grounds or plantations should also be
distressed, and any seizure and judicial sale of a rea,l estate, without including the slaves of the aforesaid
age, who are part of said estate, shall be deemed null and void.

XLV, XLVI, XLVII, XLVIII, XLIX. Are relative to certain formalities to be observed in judicial
proceedings.

L. Masters, when twenty-five years old, shall have the power to manumit their slaves, cither by
testamentary dispositions, or by acts inter vivos. But, as there may be mercenary masters disposed to set a
price on the liberation of their slaves ; and whereas slaves, with a view to acquire the necessary means to
purchase their freedom, may be tempted to commit theft or deeds of plunder, no person, whatever may he
his rank and condition, shall be permitted to set free his slaves, without obtaining from the Superior
Council a decree of permission to that effect ; which permission shall be granted without costs, when the
motives for the setting free of said slaves, as specified in the petition of the master, shall appear legitimate
to the tribunal. All acts for the emancipation of slaves, which, for the future, shall be made without this
permission, shall be null ; and the slaves, so freed, shall not be entitled to their freedom ; they shall, on the
contrary, continue to be held as slaves; but they shall be taken away from their former masters, and
confiscated for the benefit of the India Company. LI. However, should slaves be appointed by their masters
tutors to their children, said slaves shall be held and regarded as being thereby set free to all intents and
purposes.

LII. We declare that the acts for the enfranchisement of slaves, passed according to the forms above
described, shall be equivalent to an act of naturalization, when said slaves are not born in our colony of
Louisiana, and they shall enjoy all the rights and privileges inherent to our subjects born in our kingdom or
in any land or country under our dominion. We declare, therefore, that all manumitted slaves, and all free-
born negroes, are incapable of receiving donations, either by testamentary dispositions, or by acts inter
vivos from the whites. Said donations shall be null and void, and the objects so donated shall be applied to
the benefit of the nearest hospital.

LIII. We command all manumitted slaves to show the pro foundest respect to their former masters, to their
widows and children, and any injury or insult offered by said manumitted slaves to their former masters,
their widows or children- shall be punished with more severity than if it had been offered to any other
person. We, however, declare them exempt from the discharge Of all duties or services, and from the
payment of all taxes or fees, or any thing else which their former masters might, in their quality of patrons,
claim either in relation to their persons, or to their personal or real estate, either during the life or after the
death of said manumitted slaves.

LIV. We grant to manumitted slaves the same rights, privileges, and immunities which are enjoyed by free-
born persons. It is our pleasure that their merit in having acquired their freedom, shall produce in their
favor, not only with regard to their persons, but also to their property, the same effects which our other
subjects derive from the happy circumstance of their having been born free.
In the name of the King,
Bienville, De la Chaise.

Fazende, Bruslé, Perry, March, 1724.

Sources:

B. F. French, Historical Collections of Louisiana: Embracing Translations of

Many Rare and Valuable Documents Relating to the Natural, Civil, and
Political History of that State (New York: D. Appleton, 1851)

The Murakush Caliphate of Amexem is an Indigenous Ecclesiastical Governmental entity. The Murakush
Caliphate has been created to preserve and protect the rights of Indigenous people as well as the
implementation and activation of the Autonomy and Self Determination of Indigenous people belonging to
an indigenous nation or community pursuant to International Law. The Murakush Caliphate of Amexem
also provides Indigenous Citizenship and membership to Indigenous peoples and assists Indigenous people
in substantiating their claims of indigenous status in law pursuant to International law.

The Murakush Caliphate of Amexem also provides Jurisdictional Ecclesiastical Indigenous Charters
(Murakush Temples) to Ministers of the Caliphate who are proven qualified to receive them for the
establishing of Indigenous Ecclesiastical Eco communities. The Murakush Caliphate is currently working
to establish an indigenous ecclesiastical court system pursuant to international law to adjudicate on internal
and external affairs concerning matters relative to the Murakush Caliphate of Amexem.

The Murakush Caliphate of Amexem was duly organized as a Non Profit 501 c3 Tax exempt organization,
created by the IAU Consortium to administer the nationalization process (our form of baptism) of
indigenous peoples into Indigenous Nations and communities. The main component that is used to acquire
a Nationality according to international standards and it is known as an Oath of Allegiance.

Indigenous people can acquire Indigenous Nationality through the Murakush Caliphate by

1. Proclaiming their Nationality

2. Taking an Oath of Allegiance (Written or Verbally In Ceremony)
3. Birth Registration or Recording
The Murakush Caliphate of Amexem offers this service to Indigenous people who are interested in
acquiring or reaffirming their indigenous nationality. All of documented Indigenous Nationals are recorded
with Docip the Indigenous peoples center for Documentation, Research and Information. Indigenous
people seeking this service must become members of the Murakush Caliphate first through our subsidiary
entity the Murakush Imperial Temple of Amexem. This service is a 2 month process.

1. 4 Week course (Civics & Minister Express 101)

2. State of Mind Assessment Test
3. Online Completion Ceremony
4. Issuance of Proper Certifications

One must remember that upon acquiring or reaffirming indigenous nationality, that if they are still citizens
of another Nation State, then they will be considered a Dual Citizen or National, unless they expatriate.The
Murakush Caliphate of Amexem also assists Indigenous Peoples with expatriation and indigenous
reparations upon doing so (Which we call Dissolution & Liquidation).

This is done by way of Civil Death upon membership entrance into a Murakush Temple. Upon request, a
Civil Death will be issued to said member, which will certify that the Chattel Property Colonial
Assimilated Corporate straw person of Indigenous person is no longer and will never contract in such
capacity, and is civilly dead.

Currently we are seeking out potential Ministers for the Murakush Caliphate, as well as general
membership. We require all New Members to take the MSU Civics 101 and Ministers Express Courses so
that we qualify all members to potentially become ministers and receive charters from the Murakush
Caliphate of Amexem to establish indigenous ecclesiastical jurisdictions.

The Murakush Caliphate of Amexem Constitution is below:

MURAKUSH CALIPHATE OF AMEXEM

DIVINE CONSTITUTION & BY-LAWS.

The Murakush Caliphate of Amexem whose congregation consists of Moors (Aboriginal Indigenous
Peoples), whose religion is Peace & Laws of Nature. Hereby adopts the first 7 Acts of the Moorish
Science Temple of America given to us by our Holy Prophet Noble Drew Ali (PBUH).

Act 1. The Khaliph and the chairman of the Murakush Caliphate of Amexem is in power to make law and
enforce laws with the assistance of the Prophet and the Grand Body of the Murakush Caliphate of
Amexem The assistant Khaliph is to assist the Khaliph in all affairs if he lives according to Love, Truth,
Peace, Freedom, and Justice and it is known before the members of the Murakush Caliphate of Amexem

Act 2. All meetings are to be opened and closed promptly according to the Circle Seven and Love, Truth,
Peace, Freedom, and Justice. Friday is our Holy Day of rest, because it is on a Friday that the first man was
formed in flesh and on a Friday the first man departed out of flesh and ascended unto the Supreme being;
for that cause Friday is the Holy day of all Moors all over the world.

Act 3. Love, Truth, Peace, Freedom, and Justice must be proclaimed and practiced by all members of the
Murakush Caliphate of Amexem No member is to put in danger or accuse falsely his brother or sister on
any occasion at all that may harm his brother or sister, because Supreme Being is Love.

Act 4. All members must preserve these Holy and Divine laws, and all members must obey the laws of the
government, because by being a Moorish American (Murakushite), you are a part and partial of the
government, and must live the life accordingly.

Act 5. This organization of the Murakush Caliphate of Amexem is not to cause any confusion or to
overthrow the laws and constitution of any said Government but to obey hereby, pursuant to any Moorish
Treaties made with said Governments or its predecessors and successors.

Act 6. With us all members must proclaim their nationality and we are teaching our people their nationality
and their divine creed that they may know that they are a part and a partial of this said government, and
know that they are not Negroes, Colored Folks, Black People, or Ethiopians, because these names were
given to slaves by slave holders in 1779 and lasted until 1865 during the time of slavery, but this is a new
era of time now, and all men now must proclaim their free national name to be recognized by the
government in which they live and the nations of the earth, this is the reason why Supreme Being the of the
universe ordained Noble Drew Ali, the Prophet to redeem his people from their sinful ways. The Moorish
Americans are the descendants of the ancient Moabites (Murabits) who inhabited the North Western and
South Western shores of Africa.

Act 7. All members must promptly attend their meetings and become a part and a partial of all uplifting
acts of the Murakush Caliphate of Amexem Members must pay their dues (Zakat), and keep in line with all
necessities of the Murakush Caliphate of Amexem then you are entitled to the name of “Faithful.”
Husband, you must support your wife and children; wife, you must obey your husband and take care of
your children and look after the duties of your household. Sons and daughters must obey fathers and
mothers must be industrious and become a part of the uplifting of fallen humanity. All Moorish Americans
(Murakushites) must keep their hearts and minds pure with love, and their bodies clean with water. This
Divine Covenant is from your Holy Prophet Noble Drew Ali, through the guidance of his Father God
Supreme Being.

CONSTITUTIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE AMENDMENTS

24th Rajab 1431

ARTICLE 1 -- Offices

Section 1. The registered office of the Murakush Caliphate of Amexem

shall be at:

36 South 8th Avenue Suite D

Brighton Co, 80601
Usinnewechyu

The registered agent in charge thereof shall be: “InCorp Services,

Section 2. The Temple may also have offices at such other places as it
may from time to time appoint or the business of the Temple may
require.

ARTICLE 2-- Seal

Section 1. We shall have a seal that contains 3 Pyramids with a Rising

Sun and a Crescent with 5 pointed Star shall be the official seal of
the Murakush Caliphate of Amexem

ARTICLE 3– Grand Body Meetings

Section 1. Murakush Nobility Order: Meetings of the Murakush Imperial

Nobility Order shall be held at the place designated by the Temple in
these Dominions or at such place, either within or without this
Khalifate, Sultanate, or Amerate, as may be selected from time to time
by the Grand Body.

Section 2. Annual Conventions: The annual convention of the Grand Body

shall be Held on the 10th of Rabi II in each year if not a Murakush Holy
Day, and if an Murakush Holy Day, then on the next day following at
0900 Hours, when they shall elect a Chamber of Ministers, Chamber of
Nobles, Chamber of Officers and transact such other business as may
properly be brought before the meeting.

If the annual meeting for election of Chamber of Nobles, Chamber of

Ministers, & Chamber of Officers is not held on the date designated
thereof, the Chamber of Nobles, Chamber of Ministers, & Chamber of
Officers shall cause the meeting to be Held as soon thereafter as
convenient.

Every 5th Annual Convention starting from the initial date, a Khalif
must be elected, by the Grand Body at the recommendations of Murakush
Nationals, & Citizens. Recommendation from Murakush Nationals &
Citizens is not the sole basis or foundation for the determination or
decision of who the Grand Body should elect.

Section 3. Election of Nobles, Ministers, & Officers: Elections of the

Chamber of Nobles, Chamber of Ministers, & Chamber of Officers of the
Temple shall be written by ballot.

Section 4. Special Meetings: Special meetings of the Grand Body may

be called at any time by The Kaliph or any Noble of the Chamber of
Nobles, any Minister from the Chamber of Ministers, or any Officer from
the Chamber of Officers in the Murakush Caliphate of Amexem, and the
Sheiks thereof, or Grand Body entitled to vote, cast at least one-fifth
of the votes which all Grand Body are entitled to cast at the
particular meeting.

At any time, upon written request of any person or persons who have
duly called a special meeting, it shall be the duty of any Temple
Noble, Minister, or Officer able in the capacity to fix the date of the
meeting, to be held not more than sixty days after receipt of the
request, and to give due notice thereof. If any head from the Chambers
shall neglect or refuse to fix the date of the meeting and give notice
thereof, the person or persons calling the meeting may do so.

Business transacted at all special meetings shall be confined to the

objects stated in the call and matters germane thereto, unless all
Grand Body entitled to vote are present and consent. Written notice of
a special meeting of Grand Body stating the time and place and object
thereof, shall be given to each member of the Grand Body entitled to
vote at least 30 days before such meeting, unless a greater period of
notice is required by law in a particular case.

Section 5. Quorum: A majority of the outstanding certificates of the

Temple entitled to vote, represented in person or by proxy, shall
constitute a quorum at a meeting of Grand Body. If less than a majority
of the outstanding certificates entitled to vote is represented at a
meeting, a majority of the certificates represented may adjourn the
meeting from time to time without further notice. At such an adjourned
meeting at which a quorum shall be presented or represented, any
business may be transacted which might have been transacted at the
meeting as originally noticed. The Grand Body present at a duly
organized meeting may continue to transact business until adjournment,
notwithstanding the withdrawal of enough Grand Body to leave less than
a quorum.

Section 6. Proxies: Each Chamber entitled to vote at a meeting of

Grand Body, or to express consent or dissent to Temple action in
writing without a meeting may authorize another person or persons to
act for him by proxy, but no such proxy shall be voted or acted upon
after three years from its date, unless the proxy provides for a longer
period.

A duly executed proxy shall be irrevocable if it states that it is

irrevocable and if, and only as long as it is coupled with an interest
sufficient in law to support an irrevocable power. A proxy may be made
irrevocable regardless of whether the interest with which it is coupled
is an interest in the Murakush Imperial Trust itself or an interest in
the Temple generally. All proxies shall be filed with the M.I.T.A.
Treasurer of the meeting before being voted upon.

Section 7. Notice of Meetings: Whenever Grand Body are required or

permitted to take any action at a meeting, a written notice of the
meeting shall be given which shall state the place, date and hour of
the meeting. And in the case of a special meeting, the purpose or
purposes for which the meeting is called, unless otherwise provided by
law. Written notice of any meeting shall be given not less than ten nor
more than sixty days before the date of the meeting to each Member of
the Grand Body entitled to vote at such meeting.

Section 8. Consent in Lieu of Meetings: Any action required to be

taken at any annual or special meeting of Grand Body or any action
which may be taken at any annual or special meeting of such Grand Body,
may be taken without a meeting, without prior notice and without a
vote, if consent in writing, setting forth the action so taken, shall
be signed by the holders of outstanding primary certificate having not
less than the minimum number of votes that would be necessary to
authorize or take such action at a meeting at which all certificates
entitled to vote thereon were present and voted. Prompt notice of the
taking of the Temple action without a meeting by less than unanimous
written consent shall be given to that Grand Body who has not consented
in writing.

Section 9 List of Grand Body: The M.I.T.A. Temple who has charge of
the M.I.T.A. Book of Commerce shall prepare and make, at least ten days
before every meeting of Grand Body, a complete list of the Grand Body
entitled to vote at the meeting, arranged in alphabetical order, and
showing the current geographical location of each member of the Grand
Body and the number of Trust Certificates registered in the Nomen
Substantivum of each. No certificate of secured interest note upon
which any installment is due and unpaid shall be voted at any meeting.
The list shall be open to the examination of any member of the Grand
Body, for any purpose germane to the meeting, during ordinary business
hours, for a period of at least ten days prior to the meeting, either
at a place within the city where the meeting is to be Held, which place
shall be specified in the notice of the meeting, or, if not so
specified, at the place where the meeting is to be Held. The list
shall also be produced and kept at the time and place of the meeting
during the whole time thereof, and may be inspected by any SIN holder
who is present.

ARTICLE 4 – Kaliph, & The Chamber of Nobles, Ministers, Officers

Section 1. The Kaliph: The Kaliph shall be present at all meetings of

the Grand Body. Nobles, Ministers, Officers, and The Kaliph shall see
that all orders and resolutions of the “Chambers of” are carried into
effect, subject, however, to the right of the Nobles, Minister, &
Officers, to delegate any specific powers, except such as may be by the
nature of their position within the Temple exclusively conferred on The
Kaliph, to any other manager Ministers, Nobles, & Officers of the
Temple. The Kaliph shall have sole authority execute exclusively all
Negotiations, Treaties, & Agreements with any foreign entities
security, securities, (negotiable) instruments and other contracts
requiring a seal, under the seal of the Temple, upon consultation with
the “Chambers of” . They shall be a certified official member of all
Chambers, committees, groups, organizations, and entities of the
M.I.T.A.

Section 2. The business and affairs of this Temple shall be managed by

the Chamber of Nobles, 8 in number, The Chamber of Ministers 8 in
number, The Chamber of Officers 8 in number. All “Chambers of” shall
have a Sheik as the Head of “The Chambers of”. The Kaliphs, Chamber of
Nobles, Chamber of Ministers, & Chamber of Officers must be Organs of
the M.I.T.A. Grand Body in the Temple. They shall be elected by the
Grand Body at the annual meeting of Grand Body of the Temple, and each
director shall be elected for the term of three years, and until his
successor shall be elected and shall qualify or until his earlier
resignation or removal.

Section 3. Regular Meetings: Regular meetings of the Chambers shall

be Held without notice, at least quarterly, at the registered office of
the Temple, or at such other time and place as shall be determined by
the Chamber.

Section 4. Special Meetings: Special Meetings of the Chambers may be

called by The Kaliph’ on two days notice to each Sheik of “The Chamber
of”, either personally or by mail, fax or by email; special meetings
shall be called by the Sheik Temple Operator, Director, Manager, &
Financier in like manner and on like notice on the written request of a
majority of the Nobles, Ministers, & Officers.

Section 5. Quorum: A majority of the total number of Nobles,

Ministers, & Officers shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of
business.

Section 6. Consent in Lieu of Meeting: Any action required or

permitted to be taken at any meeting of the Chamber of Nobles, Chamber
of Ministers, & Chamber of Officers or of any committee thereof, may be
taken without a meeting if all members of the Chamber of committee, as
the case may be, consent thereto in writing, and the writing or
writings are filed with the minutes of proceedings of the Chamber or
committee. The Chamber of Nobles, The Chamber of Ministers, & The
Chamber of Officers may hold its meetings, and have an office or
offices, outside of this Dominion.

Section 7. Conference Telephone: The Kaliph, one or more Nobles,

Ministers, & Officers may participate in a meeting of the Chamber or a
committee of the Chamber or of the Grand Body, by means of conference
telephone or similar communications equipment by means of which all
organs, & persons participating in the meeting can; participation in
this manner shall constitute presence in person at such meeting.
Section 8. Compensation: Chamber of Nobles, Chamber of Ministers, &
Chamber of Officers as such, shall not receive any stated salary for
their services, but by resolution of the Chamber, a fixed sum and
expenses of attendance at each regular or special meeting of the
Chamber PROVIDED, that nothing therein contained shall be construed to
preclude any director, operator, manager, & financier from serving the
Temple in any other capacity and receiving compensation therefore.

Section 9. Removal: The Kaliph, any Noble, Minister, and Officer, or

the entire “Chamber of” may be removed, with or without cause, by the
holders of a majority of the superior certificates entitled to vote at
an election of Chamber of Nobles, Chamber of Ministers, & Chamber of
Officers except that when cumulative voting is permitted, if less than
the entire Chamber is to be removed, no Noble, Minister, Officer may be
removed without cause if the votes cast against his removal would be
sufficient to elect him if then cumulatively voted at an election of
the entire Grand Body of the Chamber of Nobles, Chamber of Ministers, &
Chamber of Officers or, if there be classes of Nobles, Ministers,
managers, & Officers at an election of the class of Chamber of Nobles,
Chamber of Ministers, & Chamber of Officers of which he/she is a part.

ARTICLE 5 – Nobles, Ministers, Officers

Section 1. The Sheiks of the Temple shall be chosen by the Chamber of
Nobles, Ministers, and Officers, shall be a Sultan, Prime Minister, and
Sheik Executive Officer. The Chamber of Nobles, Ministers, & Officers
may also choose one or more Officers as they deem necessary to create
and such other Officers as it shall deem necessary. Any number of
offices may be held by the same person if deemed necessary by the
“Chambers of”’.

Section 2. Salaries: Compensation of all managers and agents of the

Temple shall be fixed by the Chamber of Officers.

Section 3. Term of Office: The Kaliph, Nobles, Ministers, & Officers

of the Temple shall hold positions for 3 years and until their
successors are chosen and have qualified. Any manager or agent elected
or appointed by the “Chambers of” may be removed by the Chamber of
Nobles, Ministers, and Officers whenever in its judgment the best
interest of the Temple will be served thereby.

Section 4. Sultan: The Sultan shall attend all sessions of the

“Chambers of”. Sultan shall be the Sultan of the Temple. They shall
have the general and active duty to manage the business of the Temple,
subject, however, to the right of the Chamber of Nobles to delegate any
specific powers, except such as may be by Laws of Nature exclusively
conferred on the Sultan, to any other Nobles of the Temple. They shall
have the general power and duties of supervision and management usually
vested in the position of Sultan of the Temple.

Other Noble Positions:

Hajib-Keeper of The Door-Awakner

Amer-Commander-Leader
Seyaraha Wa Khateed Al'Majlis-Pilot & Speaker Of The Parliament-
Navigator
Qazi- Magistrate-Executor
Shariff-Noble Man-Enforcer

Section 6. Wazir Al'Rais-Prime Minister: The Wazir Al'Rais- shall

attend all sessions of the Chamber of Ministers, and all meetings of
the Grand Body and act as clerk thereof, and record all the votes of
the Temple and the minutes of all its transactions in a book to be kept
for that purpose, and shall perform like duties for all committees of
the “Chambers of” required. They shall give, or cause to be given,
notice of all meetings of the Grand body and of the Chamber of
Ministers, and shall perform such other duties as may be prescribed by
the Chamber of Nobles, and under whose supervision

Wazir-Minister-Implementer
Sutrah-Shield-Protector

Section 7. Rasm- Sealer, Recorder-Keeper: The Rasm shall have custody

of Temple funds and securities and shall keep full and accurate
accounts of receipts and disbursements in books belonging to the
Temple, and shall keep the monies of the Temple in separate account to
the source of the Temple. They shall disburse the funds of The Temple
as may be ordered by the “Chamber of Officers”, taking proper vouchers
for Such disbursements, and shall render to the Nobles, Ministers, &
Officers at the Regular meetings of the “Chambers of”, or whenever they
may require it, an account of all his/her transactions as Rasm of the
financial Condition of the Temple. They shall be. They shall keep in
safe custody the seal of the Temple, and when authorized by the
Chamber, affix the same to any instrument requiring it.

Wali-Advisor Investigator
Mufti-Man at Arms-Troop

ARTICLE 6 -- Vacancies

Section 1. Any vacancy occurring in any office of the Temple by death,

resignation, removal, or otherwise, shall be filled by the Chamber of
Nobles, Ministers, Officers, & Vacancies and newly created Sheikships
resulting from any increase in the authorized number of Nobles,
Ministers, & Officers may be filled by a majority of the Nobles,
Ministers, managers, & Officers then in office, although not less than
a quorum, or by a Sole remaining director. If at any time, by reason
of death or resignation or other cause, the Temple should have no
Nobles, Ministers, managers, & Officers in position, then any Manager
or any M.I.T.A. Grand body, or an executor, administrator, trustee or
Guardian of an M.I.T.A. Grand Body or other fiduciary agent entrusted
with like responsibility for the person, may call a special Meeting of
Grand Body in accordance with the provisions of these By-Laws. If there
is any vacancy at any time, with a Sheik temple position, The Kaliph
shall fulfill the vacant positions, and may appoint such a position to
one qualified by the laws of nature.

Section 2. Resignations Effective at Future Date: When one or more

Nobles, Ministers, & Officers shall resign from the “Chambers of”,
effective at a future date, a majority of the Nobles, Ministers &
Officers then in office, including those who have so resigned, shall
have power to fill such vacancy or vacancies, the vote thereon to take
effect when such resignation or resignations shall become Effective.

ARTICLE 7– Temple Records

Section 1. Any M.I.T.A. Trust holder in due course of record, in

person or by representative, or other agent, shall, upon written demand
under oath stating the purpose thereof, have the right during the usual
hours for business to inspect for any proper purpose the Temple's
M.I.T.A. Trust ledger, a list of its Grand Body, and its other books
and records, and to make copies or extracts therefore. A proper purpose
shall mean a purpose reasonably related to such person's interest as an
M.I.T.A. Trust holder. In every instance where a representative or
other agent shall be the person who seeks the right to inspection, the
demand under oath shall be accompanied by a power of attorney or such
other writing which authorizes the representative or other agent to so
act on behalf of The M.I.T.A. Trust holder. The demand under oath
shall be directed to the Temple at its registered office in this
territory or at its principal place of business. M.I.T.A. shall also
create & destroy entities at will & discretion, to store, house,
secure, & protect all records of M.I.T.A.

ARTICLE 8 – Trust Certificates: Superior Certificates, Re-turns, ect.

Section 1. Superior-Inferior Certificates of the Temple shall be

numbered and registered in the SIN ledger and transfer books of the
Temple as they are issued. They shall bear the Temple Seal and shall
be signed by The Kaliph. Primary Trust Superior Certificates are
accompanied with voting rights, & exclusively available to “Man or
Woman” and/or Murakush (Aboriginal Indigenous) Organ-Cells of The
M.I.T.A. Trust Inferior Certificates are exclusively available to non-
Organ-Cells of The M.I.T.A., & non-Aboriginal Indigenous peoples

Section 2. Transfers: Transfers of certificates shall be made on the

books of the Temple upon surrender of the certificates therefore,
endorsed by the person named in the certificate or by a representative,
lawfully constituted in writing. No transfer shall be made which is
inconsistent with Natural Law. Primary Security Interest Notes/Superior
Certificates cannot be transferred to Non-Moorish Aboriginal Indigenous
Peoples/Natural Persons. (Man or Woman)

Section 3. Lost Certificate: The Temple may issue a new Certificate

of Trust in the place of any certificate theretofore signed by it,
alleged To have been lost, stolen or destroyed, and the Temple may
require the owner of the lost, stolen or destroyed certificate, or his
lawful/legal representative to give the Temple a bond sufficient to
indemnify it against any claim that may be made against it on account
of the alleged Loss, 'theft or destruction of any such certificate or
the issuance of such new certificate.

Section 4. Record Date: In order that the Temple may determine the
Grand Body entitled to notice of or to vote at any meeting of Grand
Body or any adjournment thereof, or the express consent to Temple
action in writing without a meeting, or entitled to receive Payment of
any Re-Turn or other distribution or allotment of any rights, or
entitled to exercise any rights in respect of any change, conversion or
exchange of SIN or for the purpose of any other lawful action, the
Chamber of Officers may fix, in advance, a record date, which shall not
be more Than sixty nor less than ten days before the date of such
meeting, nor more Than sixty days prior to any other action.

If no record date is fixed:

§ (a) The record date for determining Grand Body entitled to notice of
or to vote at a meeting of Grand Body shall be at the close of business
on the next day preceding the day on which notice is given, or if
notice is waived, at the close of business on the net day preceding the
day on which the meeting is held.

§ (b) The record date for determining GRAND BODY entitled to express
Consent to Temple action in writing without a meeting, when no prior
action by the Chamber of Nobles, Ministers, & or Officers is necessary,
shall be the day on which The first written consent is expressed.

§ (c) The record date for determining GRAND BODY for any other purpose
Shall be at the close of business on the day in which the Chamber of
Nobles adopt the resolution relating thereto.

§ (d) A determination of GRAND BODY of record entitled to notice of or

to vote at a meeting of GRAND BODY shall apply to any adjournment of
the meeting; provided, however, that the Chamber of Nobles may fix a
new Record date for the adjourned meeting.

Section 5. Re-Turns: The Chamber of Officers may declare and pay Re-
Turns upon the outstanding certificates of the Temple from time to time
And to such extent as they deem advisable, in the manner and upon the
terms And conditions provided by the Laws of Nature and the Certificate
of the Temple.

Section 6. Reserves: Before payment of any Re-Turn there may be set

aside out of the net profits of the Temple such sum or sums as the
Officers, from time to time, in their absolute discretion, think proper
as a reserve fund to meet contingencies, or for equalizing Re-Turns, or
for Repairing or maintaining any property of the Temple, or for such
other Purpose as the Officers shall think conducive to the interests of
the Temple and the Officers may abolish any such reserve in the manner
in which it was created.

ARTICLE 9 – Ministries

Section 1. Ministers: Ministers to hold rank and position within the

Murakush Caliphate of Amexem Shall be appointed by the Murakush
Imperial Nobility Order of the Murakush Caliphate of Amexem., and must
be at least 25 Years of Age, Male or Female to qualify for Title &
Position of Minister. Ministers Shall be charged with the duty and
obligations of Ministering to the members & non members of the Murakush
Caliphate of Amexem, and shall be charged with the duty & obligation of
the administration for each Ministry of the Murakush Caliphate of
Amexem.

Section 2. Ministries: All Ministries shall be charged with the duty

and obligation to administer the Ecclesiastical Governmental functions
of the Murakush Caliphate of Amexem.

The Ministries of the Murakush Caliphate of Amexem shall be:

a) Ethereal Ministry
b) Law Ministry
c) Political Ministry
d) Security Ministry
e) Commerce Ministry
f) Education Ministry
g) Health Ministry
h) Entertainment Ministry
i) Agricultural Ministry
j) Fashion Ministry
k) Housing Ministry
l) Transportation Ministry
m) Communication Ministry
n) Energy Ministry
o) Technology Ministry

ARTICLE 10 – Entities

Section 1: The Murakush Caliphate of Amexem hereby creates the

foregoing entities for the commercial interest of the Murakush
Caliphate of Amexem shall be:
a) Murakush Law Firm LLC.
b) Moorish American Party
c) Murakush Imperial Royal Guards LLC.
d) Murakush Investment Firm LLC.
e) Murakush Science University Inc
f) Imhotep LLC.
g) Last Generation Media LLC.
h) Kush Krops LLC.
i) True Culture LLC.
j) Master Builders LLC.
k) Ethereal Motors LLC.
l) Ra Technology LLC.
m) 9 Ether Energy LLC.
n) Murakush Express LLC.
o) Murakush Imperial Properties LLC.

Section 2: These separately created entities (owned by the Murakush

Caliphate of Amexem ) shall be charged with the duties and obligations
of securing the commercial interest of the Murakush Caliphate of Amexem

ARTICLE 11— Jurisdictions

Sections 1: Kaliphates – Each Kaliphate shall be established for the

Ecclesiastical & Civil Jurisdictional protection of all members of the
Murakush Caliphate of Amexem. Each Kaliphate shall have the supreme
jurisdictional authority to execute law in accordance with the Laws of
the Murakush Caliphate of Amexem. Each Kaliphate shall have a Vice
Kaliph. Each Kaliphate shall have a Sultanate.

Section 2: Sultanates – Each Sultanate shall be established under the

Authority of the Kaliphate, and shall be charged with the
Responsibility and duties of executing all official laws, and business
of the Murakush Caliphate of Amexem. Each Sultanate shall have a Vice
Sultan. Each Sultanate shall have an Amerate.

Section 3: Amerate – Each Amerate shall be established under the

Authority of the Sultanate, and shall be charged with the duties and
responsibilities of administering services & safety functions for all
members of the Murakush Caliphate of Amexem. Each Amerate shall have a
Vice Amer. Each Amerate shall have a Murakush Caliphate to service each
community of the Amerate.

ARTICLE 12– Membership (Nobles, Ministers, Officers, Nationals &

Citizens)

Section 1: Nobles – Nobles of the Murakush Caliphate of Amexem shall be

responsible for all Men, Women, and Children who are members of the
Murakush Caliphate of Amexem. Nobles must ensure that all
Ecclesiastical and Civil Governmental Functions are executed & carried
our properly. Nobles shall have the same unalienable rights of every
man, woman and child who is a member of the Murakush Caliphate of
Amexem. Nobles also have the right to Life, right to maintain Property,
Liberty and pursuit of Happiness, and shall be exempt from unreasonable
search and seizures. Noble is the highest Honor bestowed upon a man,
woman, or child within the Murakush Society.

Section 2: Ministers - Ministers of the Murakush Caliphate of Amexem

shall be responsible for the administration of Ecclesiastical and Civil
Governmental functions and shall have the same unalienable rights of
every man, woman and child who is a member of the Murakush Caliphate of
Amexem. Ministers shall also have the right to Life, right to maintain
property, Liberty and pursuit of Happiness, and shall be exempt from
unreasonable search and seizures.

Section 3: Officers - Officers of the Murakush Caliphate shall be

responsible for the execution of Ecclesiastical Governmental Functions
and shall have the same unalienable Rights of every man, woman and
child who is a member of the Murakush Caliphate of Amexem. Officers
shall also have the right to Life, right to maintain Property, Liberty
and pursuit of Happiness, and shall be exempt from unreasonable search
and seizures.

Section 4: Nationals – Nationals of the Murakush Caliphate of Amexem

shall be responsible for the commercial vitality of the Murakush
Caliphate of Amexem and shall have the same unalienable Rights of every
man, woman and child who is a member of the Murakush Caliphate of
Amexem. Nationals shall also have the right to Life, right to maintain
Property, Liberty and pursuit of Happiness, and shall be exempt from
unreasonable search and seizures.

Section 5: Citizens – Citizens of the Murakush Caliphate of Amexem

shall be responsible for the commercial strength of the Murakush
Caliphate of Amexem and shall have the same unalienable Rights of every
man, woman and child who is a member of the Murakush Caliphate of
Amexem. Citizens shall also have the right to Life, right to maintain
Property, Liberty and pursuit of Happiness, and shall be exempt from
unreasonable search and seizures.
ARTICLE 13 – Tribunal & Courts

Section 1: The Murakush Caliphate of Amexem hereby creates and

Authorizes the Murakush Imperial Court For Justice a subsidiary
compartment of the Murakush Imperial Court For Justice.

Section 2: The Murakush Imperial Court for Justice shall have Original
and Supreme, Personam, and Subject Matter Jurisdiction over any matter
of controversy arising out of any matter involving any Member of the
Murakush Caliphate of Amexem.

ARTICLE 14 – Miscellaneous Provisions

Section 1. Checks: All checks or demands for money and notes of the
Temple shall be signed by such manager or managers as the Chamber of
Officers may from time to time designate.

Section 2. Fiscal Year: The fiscal year shall begin on the first day
of the Spring Season.

Section 3. Notice: Whenever written notice is required to be given to

any person, it may be given to such person, either personally or by
sending a copy thereof through the mail, by fax, or by e-mail, charges
prepaid, to His/Her mailing address appearing on the books of the
Temple, or supplied by him to the Temple for the purpose of notice. If
the notice is sent by mail, fax or by email, it shall be deemed to have
been given to the Person entitled thereto when deposited in the postal
mail, shipping service, faxed or with a telegraph office for
transmission to such person. Such notice shall specify the place, day
and hour of the meeting and, in the case of a Special Meeting of
M.I.T.A. Trust Holders in Due Course, the general nature of the
business to be transacted.

Section 4. Waiver of Notice: Whenever any written notice is required

by The Laws of the Murakush Society, or by the Certificate or the Laws
of this Temple a waiver Thereof in writing, signed by the person or
persons entitled to such Notice, whether before or after the time
stated therein, shall be deemed Equivalent to the giving of such
notice. Except in the case of a Special Meeting of Grand Body, neither
the business to be transacted at nor the purpose of the meeting need be
specified in the waiver of notice of such Meeting. attendance of a
person either in person or by proxy, at any meeting shall constitute a
waiver of notice of such meeting, except where a person attends a
meeting for the express purpose of objecting to the transaction of any
business because the meeting was not lawfully called or convened.

Section 5. Disallowed Compensation: Any payments made to a Member, or

Contractor of the Temple, such as a salary, commission, bonus,
interest, rent, travel or entertainment expense incurred by him. Which
shall be disallowed in whole or in part., as a necessary expense, be
reimbursed by such a member, or contractor to the Temple to the full
extent of such disallowance. It shall be the duty of the Nobles,
Ministers, & Officers as a Chamber, to enforce payment of each such
amount disallowed. In lieu of payment by the member or contractor,
subject to the determination of the Nobles, Ministers, & Officers
proportionate amounts may be withheld from His future compensation
payments until the amount owed to the Temple Has been recovered.

Section 6. Resignations: Any director, operator, financier or other

member may resign at anytime, such resignation to be in writing, and to
take effect from the time of its receipt by the Temple, unless some
time be fixed in the resignation and then from that date. The
acceptance of a resignation shall not be required to make it effective.

Section 7. Conflict of Interest: Any matter or situation involving any

member of the Murakush Caliphate of Amexem, or the Murakush Caliphate
of Amexem itself, that is in the nature of a conflict of interest with
the intentions and interest in the Murakush Caliphate of Amexem must be
brought to the Qazi of the Murakush Caliphate of Amexem, in which case
the Qazi shall make findings and rulings on such matters.

Section 8. Dissolution: Upon any time wherein which the Murakush

Caliphate of Amexem is to be dissolved. A Grand Body meeting shall be
held to determine all outstanding MITA Trust Certificate due for
redemption, and all remaining business be brought to a close at such
meeting, which shall be determined by the Grand Body.

ARTICLE 15 – Annual Provisions

Section 1. The Sheik Temple Director and Chamber of Nobles, and

Chamber of Ministers, and Chamber of Officers, The Sheik Temple
Managers and Chamber of Temple Managers shall present at each annual
meeting a full and complete statement of the business and affairs of
The Temple for the preceding year. Such statement shall be prepared
and presented in whatever manner the Chamber of Nobles, the Chamber of
Ministers, the Chamber of Officers shall deem advisable and need not be
verified by a certified public accountant.

ARTICLE 16 -- Amendments
Section 1. These By-Laws may be amended or repealed by the vote of
Grand Body entitled to cast at least a majority of the votes which all
Chambers in the Grand Body are entitled to cast thereon, at any regular
or Special Meeting of the Grand Body, duly convened after notice to the
Grand Body of that purpose.

ALWAYS IN HONOR!

Kaliph Shyaam Mutota Kushimir El – El Sanguine Amerate, Mauritius Islands Sultanate, North
Amexem Khalifates,