8/10/2010 Space Launchers - Ariane

Ariane
Clic k Here for Drawing

THE ARIANE FAMILY

Veronique: French Veronique sounding rocket launc hed from Columb Bec har to an altitude of 104
km.
Europa I: (1964) Europe's first space launcher. First stage British Blue Streak IRBM, second stage
French, third stage German. All orbital launc h attempts failed due to unreliability of third stage.
Projec t c anc elled after withdrawal of British support and replac ed by Ariane.
Europa II: (1971) As Europa I but with solid propellant fourth stage.
Diamant A: (1965) First French indigenous satellite launch vehicle.
Diamant B: (1970) Upgraded Diamant with liquid stage; antecedent of Ariane.
Ariane 1: (1979) First successful European c ommerc ial launc h vehicle, developed from L3S Europa
launc h vehicle replacement design.
Ariane 2: (1983) As Ariane 1 but with stretched third stage.
Ariane 3: (1984) As Ariane 2 but with solid rocket motor strap-ons.
Ariane 4: As Ariane 2 with stretched first and third stages. See Ariane 40, 42L, 44L, 42P, 44P, 44LP
for figures on varous c ombinations of solid and liquid propellant strap-on motors.
Ariane 44LP: (1988) Ariane 4 with 2 liquid rocket + 2 solid rocket strap-ons.
Ariane 44L: (1989) Ariane 4 with 4 liquid rocket strap-ons.
Ariane 40: (1989) Ariane 4 with no strap-on motors. A fully fueled Ariane c ore cannot lift off the
ground without strap-on liquid or solid motors. When Ariane 4 is launched in this c onfiguration, the
propellant tanks of the first and second stages are not completely filled.
Ariane 42P: (1990) Ariane 4 with 2 solid rocket strap-ons.
Ariane 44P: (1991) Ariane 4 with 4 solid rocket strap-ons.
Ariane 42L: (1993) Ariane 4 with 2 liquid rocket strap-ons.
Ariane 5: (1996) Completely new design.

ARIANE FAMILY RECORD

First launch: 24-Dec-1979
Number launched: 83 thru Feb-1996
Launch sites: Kourou, French Guiana; ELA-1 (Ariane 1-3; site c losed Dec-1989), ELA-2 (Ariane 2-4),
and ELA-3 (c ompleted 1995 for Ariane 5)
Vehicle success rate: 91.57% thru Feb-1996
Success rate, past 25 launches: 92.0% thru Feb-1996

ARIANE 4 SPECIFICATIONS
First launch: 15-Jun-1988
Number launched 55 thru Feb-1996
Launch sites: Kourou ELA-2
Principal uses: delivery of 1,900-4,800 kg payloads into GTO for apogee kick motor insertion into
GEO
Vehicle success rate: 94.55% thru Feb-1996
Performance:
Dedicated 7o GTO: 1,900 kg (A40; H10+ 2,020; H10-3 2,105), 2,600 kg (A42P; H10+ 2,740; H10-3
2,930), 3,000 kg (A44P; H10+ 3,290; H10-3 3,465), 3,200 kg (A42L; H10+ 3,350; H10-3 3,480),
3,700 kg (A44LP; H10+ 4,030; H10-3 4,220), 4,200 kg (A44L; H10+ 4,460; H10-3 4,820)

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Dual 7o GTO: 1,700 kg (A40), 2,400 kg (A42P), 2,600 kg (A44P), 2,800 kg (A42L), 3,300 kg (A44LP),
3,800 kg (A44L)
Sun-sync honous: 2,740 kg (A40), 3,400 kg (A42P), 4,100 kg (A44P), 4,500 kg (A42L), 5,000 kg
(A44LP), 6,000 kg (A44L)
LEO 7o: 4,600 kg (A40), 6,000 kg (A42P), 6,500 kg (A44P), 7,000 kg (A42L, 44LP, 44L - struc turally
limited)
Esc ape: 2,600 kg for 5 km2/s2 missions
Availability: 12 launc hes per year
Cost: $40-50 million for 1,200-1,600 kg (A40), $55-65 million for 2,000-2,500 kg (A42P), $65-80
million for 2,500-3,000 kg (A44P), $90-110 million for &gt3,000 kg (A42L and above)
Number of stages: 3 + up to 4 strap-ons
Overall length: 56.35-60.13 m depending on fairing/payloads
Principal diameter: 3.80 m
Launch mass: 245,000 kg (A40), 324,000 kg (A42P), 356,000 kg (A44P), 363,000 kg (A42L),
421,000 kg (A44LP), 484,000 kg (A44L)
Launch thrust: 2,720 kN (A40), 3,944 kN (A42P), 4,060 kN (A42L), 5,140 kN (A44P), 5,270 kN
(A44LP), 5,400 kN (A44L)
Guidance: Matra Marconi Space inertial in stage 3 Vehicle Equipment Bay, with Sextant laser gyro
providing attitude data from stage 1 separation. Some 600 parameters are telemetered on 2.1 GHz.
Ariane follows pre-programmed attitude profile during first stage burn.

ARIANE 4 SOLID STRAP-ONS

Pairs of PAP strap-ons are carried by the 42P/44P/44LP variants (44P two pairs).
Length: 12.05 m
Diameter: 1.07 m
Mass at ignition: each 12,660 kg
Propellant: CTPB 1613
Propellant mass: each 9,500 kg
Thrust: each 650 kN SL average
Burn time: 33 s (igniting at launc h, 4.2 s after the main engines)
Separation: two spring pairs (66 kN forward, 59 kN aft) ensure 6o/s rotation away from base at 5
m/s separation rate. Separation in pairs 89 s after launc h (42P), 80 + 70.3 s (PAP 1/3 + 2/4, 44P)
and 67 s (44LP)

ARIANE 4 LIQUID STRAP-ONS

Pairs of PAL strap-ons are c arried by the 42L/44L/44LP variants (44L two pairs).
Engine: single SEP Viking 6, canted at fixed 10o
Length: 18.60 m
Diameter 2.22 m
Dry mass: eac h 4,550 kg
Oxidiser: nitrogen tetroxide
Fuel: UH25 (UDMH + 25% hydrazine)
Propellant mass: each 39,000 kg (A44L/44LP), 37,000 kg (A42L)
Thrust: each 670 kN SL at launch, 753 kN vac average
Burn time: 142 s (igniting with main engines, 3.4 s before launc h)
Separation: the PALs are pyrotechnic ally released at 149.1 s/37.5 km after burnout at 143.6 s and
separated by six solid BPD motors identical to the stage 1 retrorockets

ARIANE 4 STAGE 1
Designation: L220
Engine: four SEP Viking 5, c anted at fixed 3.8o
Length: 28.39 m (including 3.31 m interstage 1/2)
Diameter: 3.80 m
Dry mass: 17,515 kg
Oxidizer: nitrogen tetroxide
Fuel: UH25 (UDMH + 25% hydrazine)

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Propellant mass: 167,500 kg (A40), 217,200 kg (A42P), 201,000 kg (A42L), 227,100 kg
(A44P/44LP/44L)
Thrust: 2,718 kN SL
Burn time: 150 s (A40), 196 s (A42P), 181 s (A42L), 205 s (A44P/44LP/44L)
Attitude control: engine gimballing
Separation: stage 1/2 separation is commanded by the VEB when stage 1 thrust dec ays to 50%.
The four stage 2 ac celeration solids fire, followed 2 s later by the interstage explosive cord + stage
1's eight BPF solid retros. Stage 2's Viking 4 ignites after a further 1 s, its solids burn out 4 s later
and are jettisoned with a 4 s delay

ARIANE 4 STAGE 2
Designation: L33
Engine: single SEP Viking 4
Length: 11.61 m
Diameter: 2.60 m
Dry mass: 3,400 kg
Oxidizer: nitrogen tetroxide
Fuel: UH25 (UDMH + 25% hydrazine)
Propellant mass: 34,600 kg
Thrust: 798 kN vac
Burn time: 125 s
Attitude control: pitch/yaw by engine gimballing; roll by two sets of 50 kN thrusters mounted on
rear skirt fed from Viking's gas generator. Guidance begins about 10 s after stage 1 separation (stage
1 exec utes pre-programmed profile)
Separation: at about 344 s, 147.4 km, 5,379 m/s, assisted by two solid deceleration roc kets;
sequence begins when stage 2 has added required delta V

ARIANE 4 STAGE 3
Specifications are given in H10/H10+/H10-3 order.
Designation: H10/H10+/H10-3
Engine: single cryogenic open cyc le SEP HM-7B
Length: 10.73 m/11.05 m/11.05 m
Diameter: 2.60 m
Dry mass: 1,200 kg/1,240 kg/1,240 kg, excluding interstage 2/3
Oxidizer: liquid oxygen
Fuel: liquid hydrogen
Propellant mass: 10,800 kg/11,140 kg/11,860 kg
Thrust: 63 kN vac/63.2 kN vac /64.8 kN vac
Burn time: 720 s/750 s/780 s, until desired GTO has been ac hieved in single direc t asc ent burn
beginning about 347 s after launc h
Attitude control: the Roll & Attitude Control System (SCAR) maintains roll control during main engine
burn (engine gimballing provides pitc h/yaw) and 3-axis following c ut-off. SCAR consists of two sets
of diametric ally opposed triple thrusters fed with gaseous hydrogen; total impulse >15 kNs. Two aft-
facing nozzles depressurize the LOX tank after c ut-off and are sequenc ed as part of the attitude
c ontrol system and collision avoidanc e maneurver following payload separation. Spin stabilization of
about 10 rpm is provided for payload deployment

ARIANE 4 VEHICLE EQUIPMENT BAY

Matra Marc oni Spac e's 520 kg 1.037 m high VEB performs guidanc e, data processing, sequencing,
telemetry, tracking and destruc tion function. A digital flight control system replaced Ariane 2/3's
analog equipment.

PAYLOAD FAIRING/CARRIER
Three basic lengths of Contraves' 25 mm-thick aluminum alloy honeycomb two-piec e fairings are
available: 8.6 m (type 01, 740 kg, 60 m3), 9.6 m (type 02, 800 kg, 70 m3) and 11.1 m (type 03, 86
m3, available on special request). The fairing halves are separated by pyrotec hnic cord and piston
when the heating flux has reduced to 1,135 W/m2, at about 285 s/115.3 km during stage 2's burn.

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The base clampband is released first. Several standard payload adapters are available.
Acceleration load: 4.0 g at end stage 1 burn, 4.1 g at end stage 2, 1.6 g end stage 3 (for A40);
7.3 g rms max vibration
Acoustic load: 142 dB integration at launch + transonic
Thermal load: max 500 W/m2 radiated by fairing/Spelda
Ariane 3 used the Sylda for dual launches, encapsulating the lower satellite and mounting the forward
payload on its front fac e. Ariane 4 introduced the larger aluminum honeycomb Spelda as part of the
fairing assembly. The lower 3.97 m diameter, 2.78 m high cylinder (Short Spelda) is attached to the
VEB and topped by an interface for the upper payload. Short Spelda masses 408 kg, provides a 34 m3
payload envelope, and c an carry a 2,800 kg forward load. Separation is achieved by pyrotechnic line
c harge around the c ircumference and six springs. The 458 kg Long Spelda adds a further 1 m
c ylindric al sec tion, provides 42 m3 payload envelope, and c an carry a 1,900 kg upper load. The 1.78
m-long Mini-Spelda can c arry 24 m3 payloads of 400-1,000 kg. This 337 kg unit can handle a 3,200
kg forward load. The 350 kg Mini-Spelda+300 version stretc hes Mini-Spelda's c ylinder by 300 mm for
26 m3 payloads.

ARIANE 5 SPECIFICATIONS
First launch: 4-Jun-1996
Number launched 2 thru end-1997
Launch sites: Kourou ELA-3
Vehicle success rate: 50% thru end-1997
Performance:
GTO (7o): 6,800 kg single or 5,970 kg double payload version
Sun-sync hronous (800 km, 98.6o): 10,000 kg
Space Station transfer (70 x 300 km, 51.6o): 18,000 kg
Lunar transfer: 4,450 kg dedic ated
Shared GTO mission: 400 kg lunar orbiter + 200 kg-payload lunar lander
Number of stages: 2 + 2 strap-ons
Overall length: 45.71-51.37 m
Principal diameter: 5.40 m
Launch mass: 746,000 kg
Launch thrust: 11.4 MN sea level
Guidance: provided by the Vehic le Equipment Bay enc ircling stage 2

ARIANE 5 BOOSTERS
Designation: P230
Length: 31.16 m
Diameter: 3.05 m
Empty mass: each 40,000 kg
Propellant: PCA + HTPB + aluminum solid
Propellant mass: each 237,700 kg
Thrust: each 5,250 kN SL at launc h
Burn time: 132 s
Separation: at about 55 km

ARIANE 5 CORE STAGE 1

Designation: H155
Engine: single cryogenic gas generator cycle SEP Vulcain
Length: 30.7 m
Diameter: 5.40 m
Dry mass: 12,600 kg
Oxidizer: liquid oxygen
Fuel: liquid hydrogen
Propellant mass: 156,200 kg max
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Thrust: 900 kN SL at launch, 1,145 kN vac
Burn time: 580 s
Attitude control: engine gimbaled ±6o for pitch/yaw control

ARIANE 5 STAGE 2
Designation: L9-7
Engine: single DASA Aestus storable propellant, open c ycle, pressure-fed, reignitable
Length: 3.3 m
Diameter: 3.94 m
Dry mass: 1,190 kg
Oxidizer: nitrogen tetroxide
Fuel: monomethyl hydrazine
Propellant mass: 9,700 kg
Thrust: 27.5 kN vac
Burn time: 1,100 s
Attitude control: engine gimbaled ±6o for pitch/yaw control

ARIANE 5 VEHICLE EQUIPMENT BAY

Matra Marc oni Spac e's VEB commands missions from its position encircling stage 2 and incorporates
an attitude c ontrol system, providing roll c ontrol during stage 1/2 burns and 3-axis c ontrol after
burnout. The 5.4 m diameter, 1.56 m high, 1,400 kg unit carries 70 kg of hydrazine.

PAYLOAD FAIRING/CARRIER
Contraves provides two standard 5.40 m diameter fairings to accommodate 4.57 m diameter
payloads: 12.70m/2.3 t short and 17 m long units. The fairing jettisons at about 191 s/106 km during
stage 1 burn when aerodynamic heating has reduced to 1,135 W/m2. The 880 kg Speltra, the
equivalent of Ariane 4's Spelda, increases the length of the upper c omposite by 5.66 m and permits
the launch of double payloads. Standard payload adapters are available.
Acceleration load: 4.2 g at end P230 burn, 3.4 g at end EPC burn, 0.4 g at end EPS burn; lateral
acceleration does not exceed 0.25 g
Acoustic load: 142 dB at launch/transonic
Thermal load: max 1,000 W/m2 radiated by fairing + VEB

EUROPROPULSION / P230
Application: Ariane 5 strap-on boosters
First flown: 4-Jun-1996
Length: 26.77 m (stage 31.16 m)
Diameter: 3.05 m
Mass at ignition: 268,700 kg
Propellant
type: HTPB 68% ammonium perc hlorate, 18% aluminum, 14% PBHT liner
shape: main section cylindrical, forward segment 15 rec tangular slots
mass fraction: 0.884 for 237.7 t loading
Propellant mass: 237,700 kg
Burn time: 132 s
Thrust: 5,250 kN SL at launch; 4,931 kN vac average, 6,637 kN vac max
Specific impulse: 271 s vac
Total impulse: better than 630 MNs
Pressure: 59.9 atm max

SEP / VIKING 5C & 6

Application: Ariane 4 stage 1 (four Viking 5C), Ariane 4 PAL liquid strap-on (single Viking 6,
specific ations as for Viking 5C but with different layout for PAL acc ommodation)
First flown: 15-Jun-1988
Number flown: 212 x Viking 5C, 106 x Viking 6 to end-1995
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Number flown: 212 x Viking 5C, 106 x Viking Launchers - Ariane
to end-1995
Dry mass: 826 kg
Length: 2.87 m
Maximum diameter: 0.99 m
Mounting: gimbaled for pitch/yaw/roll control
Engine cycle: open gas generator
Oxidizer: nitrogen tetroxide, delivered at 173.3 kg/s (Viking 6 173.7 kg/s)
Fuel: UH25, delivered at 101.9 kg/s (Viking 6 101.5 kg/s)
Mixture ratio: 1.70 (Viking 6 1.71)
Turbopump: 10,000 rpm, 2,500 kW power rating. Single-shaft turbopump driven by gas generator
c onsuming 1.2 kg/s propellants
Thrust: 752 kN vac, 678 kN SL
Specific impulse: 278.4 s vac
Expansion ratio: 10.5:1
Combustion chamber pressure: 58 atm
Combustion chamber temperature: about 3,000oC
Burn time: 209 s Viking 5C, 143 s Viking 6

SEP / VIKING 4B
Application: Ariane 2-4 stage 2
First flown: 4-Aug-1984
Number flown: 75 to end-1995
Dry mass: 826 kg
Length: 3.51 m
Maximum diameter: 1.70 m
Mounting: gimbaled for pitch/yaw c ontrol
Oxidizer: nitrogen tetroxide, delivered at 175.0 kg/s
Fuel: UH25, delivered at 103.0 kg/s
Mixture ratio: 1.70
Turbopump: as Viking 5C/6
Thrust: 805 kN vac
Specific impulse: 295.5 s vac
Expansion ratio: 30.8:1
Combustion chamber pressure: 58.5 atm
Burn time: 125 s

SEP / HM-7B
Application: Ariane stage 3
First flown: 4-Aug-1984
Number flown: 79 HM-7/7B to end-1995
Dry mass: 155 kg
Length: 2.01 m
Maximum diameter: 0.99 m
Mounting: gimbaled for pitch/yaw c ontrol
Oxidizer: liquid oxygen
Fuel: liquid hydrogen
Mixture ratio: 4.76 for H10 stage, 4.66 H10+, 5.04 H10-3
Turbopump: 60,500 rpm, 380 kW single turbine powered by gas generator requiring 0.25 kg/s
propellants
Thrust: 62.3 kN vac H10/H10+, 63.8 kN vac H10-3
Specific impulse: 446 s vac H10, 446.1 s vac H10+, 445 s vac H10-3
Expansion ratio: 83.1:1
Combustion chamber pressure: 35.5 atm
Burn time: 735 s H10, 760 s H10+, 790 s H10-3

SEP / VULCAIN
Application: Ariane 5 core stage

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First flown: 4-Jun-1996
Number flown: 1 to end-1996
Dry mass: 1,475 kg
Length: 3.00 m
Maximum diameter: 1.76 m
Mounting: gimbaled ±6o for pitc h/yaw control
Engine cycle: open gas generator
Oxidizer: liquid oxygen, delivered at 225.6 kg/s
Fuel: liquid hydrogen, delivered at 36.4 kg/s (+9 kg/s LOX/LH2 for gas generator, attitude control
thrusters, nozzle dump cooling and pressurization)
Mixture ratio: 6.2 in c hamber, 0.94 gas generator
Oxidizer turbopump: 130 kg mass, 13,700 rpm, 3.3 MW, 150 atm discharge pressure
Fuel turbopump: 240 kg mass, 34,500 rpm, 11.9 MW, 160 atm discharge pressure
Thrust: 1,145 kN vac, 900 kN SL
Specific impulse: 431.2 s vac
Expansion ratio: 45:1
Combustion chamber pressure: 110 atm
Burn time: 580 s (design life: 6,000 s + 20 starts)

DASA / AESTUS L9
Application: Ariane 5 stage 2
First flown: 4-Jun-1996
Number flown: 1 (launcher failed during stage 1 burn)
Dry mass: 111 kg
Length: 2.20 m
Maximum diameter: 1.26 m
Mounting: gimbaled ±6o by elec tromec hanical actuators
Engine cycle: pump-fed
Oxidizer: nitrogen tetroxide, delivered at 5.89 kg/s
Fuel: MMH, delivered at 2.87 kg/s
Mixture ratio: 2.05
Thrust: 27.5 kN vac
Specific impulse: 324 s vac
Expansion ratio: 83.3:1
Combustion chamber pressure: 10.42 atm
Burn time: 1,100 s

Rocket & Spac e Technology

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