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INTRODUCTION

Traditionally sociologists interested in politics analyzed the rise and fall of

democratic government, the society-wide distribution of power, and individual political

participation and party choice. In the last few years however sociologists have focused

increasingly on public policy and how it is affected by private and public organizations,

including corporation interest groups, social movement organizations and government

agencies. In a phase sociologists have began to analyze policy domains. This review

present a framework for analyzing policy ; it assesses recent work on the determinants

of policy within domains, considering changes in the political agenda, the development

of policy option and legislative enactment and it describes how policy domains are

linked to the larger political system.

 Policy domains is a component of the political system that is organized around

substantive issues.( Rose 1985:9) studying policy domains define them in terms of three

sets of characteristic. The first and most obvious is u
u or functional. The issues

that define a domain are seen as sharing inherent substantive characteristic which

influence how they are framed and dealt with. Domain such as energy, health,

transportation or agriculture for example arguably have a certain logic and coherence

and most specific issues fit relatively un ambiguously into these or other domains. Scott

& Meyer 1983, Jan Kowski 1988 king don 1984. Sociologists and political scientists

have begun to place less emphasis on the inherent qualities of policy domains instead,

they argue the policy domains are largely socially constructed by those active in politics.

LAUMANN & KNOKE 1987:10- emphasize the organizational basis of such social

construction. They defined the national policy domains as set of organization concerned

about a set of substantive problem, which take each other into accounts as they

formulate policy options and works for their adoption.

March & Olson 1989:Bosso 1987,Clausen 1973

Rotto explain the policy outcomes it is therefore necessary to focus on policy

domains. The conclusion that politics proceeds within relatively self-contained policy

domains has two important implications for the analysis of policy charge. First, those

analyzing policy domains either hypothesize or assume that the domains are

characterized by ³Casual Autonomy ³. Policy outcomes one affected primarily by forces

within each domain. Second, assuming that policy processes within domains are indeed

casually autonomous, the general society wide conditions ±such as the level of
economic or the relative strength of difference political parties will have little direct effect

on policy through they may constrain policy developments or affect them indirectly by

influencing organizational or cultural development within domains. This is because

policy change is determined directly by forces with each domain: no single factor.

LAUMANN & KNOKE 1987:377,Wilson 1980- example class relations underlies policy

change across domains, nor is there a unified elite controlling most or all domains.

JACOB 1988, LAUMANN & KNOKE 1987, WARCH & OLSEN 1989, WILENSKY &

TURNER 1987 ± studying traditionally policy change devoted most their effort to

explaining the adoption of legislation. Beginning in the 1980s however, some political

scientist s arguing that the focus on the adoption led these studying policy to miss

article earlier stages of the policy process, what Polsby called ³ the politics of inventing,

winnowing, finding and gaining adherents for policy alternatives, before moving

alternatives from unlikely to possible to probable candidates for inclusion on agenda

for enactment.

King dou-sharing Polsby view of prior work developed a model of the policy

process based on Coher, March & Olsens 1972 garbage can model or organizational

choice. He argued that the policy process is made up of three ³stream ³ each largely

independent of the others: The stream of problem recognition, in which issues get onto

the agenda: The stream of alternatives, in which policy proposals are formulated ; and

the stream of ³ politics ³ in which choices are made among proposals.. P0licy change

occurs when the streams come together ±a problem is recognized, a solution is

available the political climate makes the right for change.

 The argumentation of the policy domain: organization, culture and policy

outcomes are logical because policy is an understanding by the members of the group

that makes the action of each is more predictable to one another. Because the

characteristics of policy are related to objectives of the organization it is stated in

understandable words to place in writing. And also it prescribes limits and for action to

change. And also the argument is to produce and transform policy relevant in

information in political setting to resolve policy problem. Because of the good policy has

a good purpose.