Study Questions Chapter Ten

1. Compare, and contrast, the origins, and durability, of sub-national governments in

unitary states and in federal states.

Unitary – derived from the Latin words unitas (unity) – unus – “one”. Emphasizes the
oneness of a state and implies a high degree of international homogeneity and
cohesiveness. Unitary state has one strong focus.
Federal – origins in the Latin word foederis meaning “league”. implies alliance, contact,
and coexistence of the state’s internal diverse regions and people.

2. List, and discuss, the four geographic characteristics of unitary states.

Size – should not be too big. Larger states tend to straddle more than one cultural region,
intensifying centrifugal forces.
Compact Shape – fragmented, prorupt, and elongated states give way to more obstacles
including unity, and cohesion. More likely to have racial, religious, and linguistic
differences
Dense Population – no vast territory with separate concentrations of population
interspersed with empty and unproductive areas. Should come close to representing a
nation state.
Only One Core Area – theoretically one core area in the middle of the compact state,
that way peripheral areas are always the shortest distance away from the main core area.
Multicore areas reflect strong regionalism, which is undesirable in a unitary state.

3. Why is France often cited as the best example of a unitary state? Why is a unitary
system of government probably a bad choice for the United Kingdom?

France is relatively compact – one core area (Paris) with long history in the Paris basin –
at France’s core is a large, politically conscious population with much historical
momentum and strong traditions.

UK – multinational country consisting of England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland

4. What are the only Latin American nations to have federal systems of government?

Venezuela, Brazil, Mexico, Argentina

5. What are the only Asian nations to have federal systems of government?

India, Malaysia
6. It is important to stress that few unitary states approach the ideal. List, and discuss, the
two geographic factors which demonstrate this.

Territorially fragmented – archipelagos – Japan, Indonesia, Philippines.

Too large to display the internal homogeneity and unity – China, Sudan

7. List, and discuss, the two basic types of unitary states.

Centralized – stability by virtue of the homogeneity of the population and the binding
elements of culture and traditions. Usually possess one core area, and are generally older
and in Europe. Ie – Denmark, Sweden, Netherlands
Highly Centralized – internal dissention/diversity, ethnic heterogeneity, that threaten to
disrupt state system are countered by tight and omnipotent control. Leader usually
represents a minority group within a country, or one party system. Ie – former communist
sphere, dictatorships.

8. “Federal states evolve and change over time.” Discuss this statement while comparing,
and contrasting, the development of the balance of powers in The United States of
America, Canada, and Australia.

USA – intended: strong state govt, weak fed – Actual: weak state, strong fed
Canada – intended: strong fed, weak prov – Actual: weak fed, strong prov
Australia – intended: strong state, weak fed – Actual: weak state, strong fed

9. “Theoretically, the federal framework is especially suitable for states in the large and
very large categories.” Discuss.

Poor communications and ineffective occupation of large areas within the country are
impediments to contact and control, which may disrupt a unitary state – federal
framework may be more accommodative of such centrifugal forces
Elongated states possessing more than one core area may also turn to a federal system.
Federal states can adjust to the presence of more than one core area more easily than
unitary.

10. What types of territorial morphology are highly conducive to the adoption of
federalism?

11. Why are states with multiple cores highly conducive to the adoption of federalism?

12. Why are states with multiple ethnic highly conducive to the adoption of federalism?
13. What three characteristics make Quebec a “nation within a nation” and how do these
characteristics make Quebec’s presence in Canada highly conducive to the adoption of
federalism?

Language, legal system, religion.

- French vs English
- Civil law vs common law
- Roman catholic vs protestant
Able to accommodate - flexible

14. Federal states such as Australia, Brazil, and the United States of America often have
their capital city located in an area of federal territory set off within the state for the
specific purpose of administration. For what two reasons is this done?

15. List, and discuss, the three different types of federal states.

16. Increasingly, states around the world have approached a mid-way area between
federalism and Unitarianism referred to as the _Regional State_ state. What factors are
conducive to this? How has this happened in the United Kingdom?

17. The following questions are based upon Holden, W.N. (2006). "One
Concept and Two Countries: Federal Government Jurisdiction to Make
Environmental Law in Australia and Canada." Australian Canadian
Studies. 24 (1): 51-81.

a).What is the most important source of federal government authority

to make environmental law in Australia? Why?

Section 51 of the Australian Constitution. Allows for laws to prevent

environmental degradation.

b).Please list, and discuss, six sources of federal government authority

to make environmental law in Canada.

Section 91(2). This subsection gives it authority to pass laws pertaining

to the regulation of trade and commerce.
Section 91(10) entrusts the federal government with legislative
authority over navigation and shipping.
Section 91(12). This gives the federal government authority over
seacoast and inland fisheries
Section 36(3) of the Fisheries Act prohibits the deposition of any
deleterious substances into water where fish live.
Section 91(24) of the constitution provides the federal government
with jurisdiction over “Indians, and Lands reserved for the Indians.”
Section 91(27) gives the federal government the exclusive authority to
make criminal law.
c).What segment of Canadian society was instrumental in endowing
the Canadian federal government with expanded authority to make
environmental law? How did this segment of Canadian society ensure
the expanded authority of the Canadian federal government to make
environmental law?

The involvement of indigenous peoples in the Grand Council of the

Crees case demonstrates another important impetus encouraging a
reluctant Canadian federal government to take action: the political
power of Canada’s indigenous peoples. In Canada, the inclusion of
aboriginal and treaty rights in the Canadian constitution, and
subsequent court cases on those rights, have given indigenous peoples
a substantial “role in the resource and environmental policy arena”

d).Compare, and contrast, the effectiveness of the Australian

Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act with the
Canadian Species at Risk Act as vehicles for federal protection of
endangered species.

Species at Risk Act - This statute is designed to operate as a vehicle for

protecting endangered species in Canada, much like the Endangered
Species Act. The Species at Risk Act is, however, extremely limited in
its scope; this statute only protects species if they are aquatic species,
migratory birds, or species on federal land other than federal land in
the three northern territories. This statute has no applicability to
species on privately owned, provincial or territorial lands; this means
that this Act only applies to approximately five percent of Canada’s
land area.

The EPBCA is an omnibus Commonwealth environmental statute that

lists “triggers” that will initiate Commonwealth involvement. Michael
Kennedy, the Director of the Humane Society International, called the
EPBCA “one of the most progressive pieces of environmental law in the
world”. The key to the EPBCA’s widespread applicability was its
reliance upon Australia’s international environmental responsibilities.
“Throughout the Act appear direct and indirect references to a
significant number of international treaties and conventions to which
Australia is a party”

e).What two things have made the Canadian federal government so

reluctant to assert its environmental jurisdiction?

the federal government has been reluctant to assert its environmental

jurisdiction because of fears that doing so would cause serious political
ramifications.
 - The first possible source of serious political repercussions is
Quebec. In Canada, the unique nature of Quebec (an enclave of
the French language, Roman Catholicism, and civil law
contained within an English speaking, Protestant, and common
law country) has, essentially, created a nation within a nation
that has been on the brink of separation for much of the last
thirty years.

- The second possible source of political ramifications emanates

from a desire to avoid conflict with provincial governments over
natural resources.

f).List, and discuss, four things that make federal jurisdiction to pass
environmental law important.

The first reason for its necessity is that federal environmental law can
prevent a “race to the bottom” scenario wherein a regional
government reduces its environmental protection requirements in an
effort to attract pollution-intensive industries into its jurisdiction and
out of jurisdictions with more stringent and, presumably more
expensive, environmental protection regimes.

The second reason why federal environmental law is necessary has to

do with the fact that environmental protection has concentrated costs
and widespread benefits.

The third reason why federal environmental law is desirous is the

added assurance many environmentalists find from having two
governments regulating this area.

The fourth and final reason why federal governments should have the
jurisdiction to implement environmental law is the increasing
importance of international agreements as a basis for environmental
law.

g).Why has the Canadian Federal government been unable to use

Section 132 of the Canadian constitution as a basis for making
environmental law by being a signatory to an international treaty?

The potential of this section to serve as a basis for federal jurisdiction

was largely eliminated by A.G. Canada v. A.G. Ontario. In this 1937
Privy Council decision (referred to as the “Labour Conventions case”),
the Privy Council held that Section 132 “does not provide federal
authority to implement international treaties negotiated by Canada as
a sovereign country”. The Labour Conventions case laid down a strict
rule that “if the legislation necessary to implement a treaty obligation
would normally fall under provincial legislation, then Ottawa must
request such legislation from all ten provinces”

Study Questions Chapter Eleven

1. The invasion of Iraq by the United States of America in 2003 is an excellent example
of how states can acquire territory, but not sovereignty, through _conquest_.

2. On occasion _partition_ of a dependent territory has been used as a method of dealing

with otherwise intractable problems resulting from cultural heterogeneity. Discuss this
with respect to Ireland and India.

Ireland partitioned in 1922 into the Republic of Ireland (a sovereign country) and
Northern Ireland (remained part of UK)
India, a British colony, was partitioned in 1947 into Pakistan and India.

3. From 1867 until 1931, the Dominion of Canada was a _territory of intermediate
status_. Why did the Dominion of Canada automatically go to war with Germany in 1914
when the British Empire declared war on Germany?

Canada had no foreign affairs – as Britain went to war with Germany, Canada went to
war as “part of the empire” of Britain.

4. Why is Antarctica considered to be a region of uncertain status?

Most of the continent has been formally claimed by a number of different countries. All
claims are, however, frozen by the 1959 Antarctica Treaty.

5. What are the two types of organizations which lead to “insurgent states?” In the
Philippine context, how do the National Democratic Front of the Philippines and the
Moro Islamic Liberation Front demonstrate these two types of organizations which lead
to “insurgent states?” What will make one of these organizations constitute an “insurgent
state?”

National Democratic Front, Moro Islamic Liberation Front

Organizations that seek to overthrow a government, or to secede from a state.
Should these groups gain de facto control over territory, and begin to take on the
trappings of government, they may be referred to as insurgent state.

6. List, and discuss, the two types of “binational territories?”

Condominiums – where two states jointly administer a territory

Neutral Zones – an empty area separating two states

7. What are the two examples of territories having been placed under international
supervision and/or control?

German South West Africa (Namibia) was assigned to South Africa by the League of
Nations after WWI.
UN administered East Timor between 1999-2002 while Indonesia was relinquishing it

8. List, and discuss, the eleven trends which are leading to an erosion of “state
sovereignty” and “state power?”

Internationalization of Illegal Activities

- international gangs control crime, are able to evade or even ignore authorities of
states
Global Health Problems
- diseases are spreading at an increased rate because of the mobility of people,
drug resistance stains, and the breakdown of national health programs
The Global Economy
- many transnational corporations have grown larger, richer, and more powerful
than many governments and make decisions independently of governmental
 policies. The relatively free flow of investment capital is weakening
government control over their own economies
Devolution of Internal Power
- counties decentralizing their government powers, and granting more authority
to local governments in response to the agitation of ethnic minorities, pressure
from growing business interests, and the sheer burden of managing states in an
increasingly complex and costly world
Cultural Globalism
- rapid penetration of Western cultural elements into nearly every crevice of
every state and territory = degrading and smothering local cultures and reducing
differences among them
Environmental Degradation
- many environmental problems can profoundly alter conditions of life on the
planet. Transborder pollution of all kinds and international movements of toxic
and other types of waste materials have become serious problems beyond
individual states to manage
International Intervention into the Internal Affairs of States
- began with arms controls on countries during WWII, spread to attacking
apartheid, and other human rights violations, and now includes a variety of
international sanctions directed at “rogue” states.
Science and Technology
- inproved transportations and communication networks makes it easier for
individuals and groups to bypass governments.
The Growth of NGO’s
- has begun to influence national and international developments, reducing
government powers to some degree
Growth of IGO’s
- assignment of some decision making and functions to IGO’s, especially at the
regional and subregional levels
The Spread of Democracy
- Democracies tend to be less inclined towards bellicosity than dictatorships.
More willing to cooperate with other states. Leads to strengthening of
international law and international organizations and to greater regard for
human rights.
Study Questions Chapter Fifteen

1. Define “electoral geography?” Is electoral geography a new field in geography? What

is electoral geography’s status within political geography?

The technique of comparing maps of electoral results with maps of geographic and other
factors.

2. List, and discuss the four major themes in electoral geography?

Geography of Voting: try to explain the patterns of voting after an election

Geographic Influences of Voting: voting on issues, voting on candidates, the effects of
election campaigns, the neighborhood effect.

Geography of Representation: effects of number of districts, composition of legislature

Geography of Political Parties: relationships between the geography of electoral

performance and the geography of organization and mobilization by political parties

3. List, and discuss the four aspects of voting which can be explained in part by
examining the geographic background of an election.

4. What is “gerrymandering?” List, and discuss, the four different types of

“gerrymandering.”

Gerrymandering is a device designed to give an advantage to a particular party by

drawing district boundaries in advantageous shapes.

Rotten borough – refuse to make a borough smaller, even though it has a smaller
population if it has a history of supporting a party

Excess vote technique – drawing boundaries to concentrate one group of voters in the
fewest districts

Wasted vote – drawing lines in such a way to break up a concentration of voters so their
votes become diluted

Stacked – enclose pockets of strength of the group in power

Study Questions Chapter Sixteen

1. List, and discuss, the five major ways by which indigenous peoples have been abused.

- Forced assimilation into the dominant society

- Population control, including involuntary sterilizations
- Forced migrations away from their ancestral lands to far less desirable land to make
way for new settlers
- Involuntary inclusion in, or exclusion from, national economic development programs

2. List, and discuss, the major international agreements affecting the rights of indigenous
peoples.
United Nations Declaration of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
Provides substantial rights for indigenous peoples which are binding upon all
signatories to it.

3. The following question is based upon Davis, W. (2002) “The Naked Geography of
Hope: Death and Life in the Ethnosphere.” Whole Earth Spring (2002): 57- 61.

a). Much is made about the erosion of biodiversity in our world today. However,
according to Davis, the ethnodiversity of the world is being eroded, and at a much greater
rate. Accurately define the ethnosphere.

4. The following questions are based upon Holden, W.N., and A.A. Ingelson (2007)
“Disconnect between Philippine Mining Investment Policy and Indigenous Peoples’
Rights.” Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law. 25 (4):375-391.

a). How does the Mining, Minerals, and Sustainable Development report define
“indigenous peoples?”

people who have ‘a historical continuity with pre-invasion and pre-

colonial societies that developed on their territories and that consider
themselves distinct from other sectors of the societies now prevailing
in those territories or in parts of them’.

b). In the Philippine context, what is it that gives a group of people the characteristic of
being “indigenous?”

In the Philippines, the indigenous peoples have a historical continuity

with the pre-Islamic and pre-Hispanic society in that country.

c). Explain the spatial distribution of (and the colloquial monikers used to describe) the
two major broad groups of indigenous people in the Philippine archipelago.

approximately two-thirds of which live on the island of Mindanao,

where they are referred to as ‘Lumads’, while the remaining one-third
live in the Cordillera of the island of Luzon, where they are referred to
as ‘Igorots’.

d). What statute governs the affairs of indigenous peoples in the Philippines? Did Isagani
Cruz and Cesar Europa v. Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources et al
conclusively uphold this statute? Why? What is, arguably, the biggest problem with this
statute?

Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA) is a powerful statute that

provides for a wide range of indigenous peoples’ rights such as the
right to ancestral domain, the right to self- governance and the right to
cultural integrity.

Did not uphold – split decision – the IPRA is a landmark piece of legislation. It
is, however, poorly implemented because indigenous people are not a
high priority of the government.

e). What government agency is responsible for administering the affairs of indigenous
peoples in the Philippines?

National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP), which is the

‘primary government agency responsible for the formulation and
implementation of policies, plans, and programs to recognize, protect,
and promote, the rights of ICCs/IPs’.

f). In the Philippines, what is the “Regalian Doctrine”? What court case abolished the
“Regalian Doctrine”?

Provides the Philippine State with the right to all land that is not
privately owned.
The Valenton decision was overturned by the United States Supreme
Court in the 1909 decision Carino v Insular Government, wherein a
unanimous ruling of that court, written by Oliver Wendell Holmes,
overruled the Regalian Doctrine with respect to lands continuously
occupied by indigenous peoples.

g). Why is it problematic to say that the plight of indigenous peoples in the Philippines
could be improved by an endorsement of the United Nations Declaration on the rights of
indigenous Peoples?

IPRA is based on the same principles as the UN declaration. IPRA, as a

piece of legislation, does describe indigenous peoples’ rights; however,
the problem lies not with the law, but with the government’s
reluctance to enforce the law.

Study Questions Chapter Seventeen

1. _Imperialism_ occurs when some countries seek to acquire the territories of other
states and nations.

2. How did Saul Cohen define “colonialism?” To Cohen, how was “colonialism”
different from “imperialism?”

“Process involving the settlement from a mother country generally into empty lands and
bringing into these lands the previous culture and organization of the parent society.”
- Imperialism as “rule over indigenous people, transforming their ideas, institutions and
goods”.

3. What, according to Frankel, was the difference between primary colonization and
secondary colonization?

Primary – the occupation of the lands and the domination of indigenous peoples
Secondary – the acquisition by colonial power of virtually empty territory

4. List, and discuss, the three categories of the modern colonial empire.

The empire resulting from the overland expansion of a state, conquering/acquiring

territories occupied by peoples of different cultures

The empire built up primarily of overseas territories by the states of Europe during the
Age of Exploration from C15 to C19

The empires built up after the Napoleonic Wars, which were based on nationalism,
geopolitics, and religious proselytization.

5. What happened in the “first wave of colonialism,” and when did this occur? What
happened in the “inter-colonial interlude,” and when did this occur? What happened in
the “second wave of colonialism,” and when did this occur? Who were the dominant
colonial powers in these two different colonial periods?

First wave – 1500 to 1774

Mercantilism, justified as necessary for national well being. Spain and Portugal

Intercolonial Interlude – 1774 to 1825

Following Napoleonic wars, the European powers too weak. Opened an opportunity
for Latin American Nationalists to break away and become independent countries.

Second Wave of Colonialism – 1825 to 1945

Industrialization, free trade, technology. Britain and France dominant colonizers of
Africa and Asia

6. The location of many British colonies were often determined by their proximity to
numerous strategic “choke points” on the world’s oceans. Discuss this with respect to the
Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Egypt, Aden, South Africa, and Singapore taking care to
indicate the particular “choke point” and which oceans were involved.

Falkland Islands – straits of Magellan – Pacific & Atlantic

Gibralter – Straits of Gibralter – Atlantic & Mediterranean
Egypt – Suez Canal – Mediterranean & Red
Aden – Babel Mandeb – Red & Indian
South Africa – Cape of Good Hope – Atlantic and Indian
Singapore – Straits of Malacca – Indian & Pacific

7. What geopolitical factor was instrumental in the decision of the United States of
America to keep the Philippines as a colony?

The position between Singapore and Japan. Japan’s emerging dominance became a
“threat”

8. One of the most important events in the history of colonialism was the 1494 Treaty of
Tordesillas. What did this do? To what extent did the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas
determine the spatial distribution of the Spanish and Portuguese languages in Latin
America? How did the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas impact the Spanish administration of
the Philippines?

Divided the world in half at 50˚W

Everything West of 50˚ Spanish, East = Portuguese
Administered as part of the vice royalty of New Spain in Mexico since they belonged to
the Portuguese half of the world.

9. How does colonialism explain the continuing prevalence of the Russian Orthodox
Church in the American state of Alaska?

It is an artifact of previous Russian occupation of Alaska before the USA acquired it from
the Russians in 1867.

10. What is “military imperialism?” What is “economic imperialism?” What is “cultural

imperialism?”

military imperialism – results in a radical change in the political and military status quo
by the extension of a state’s sovereignty over territory that is either empty or occupied by
peoples of different cultures.

Economic imperialism – tie country to another so tightly through economic means that
one becomes a de facto colony of the other

Cultural imperialism – doesn’t control territory of economies, but minds. Cultural

influence.

11. List, and discuss, the three main motives behind colonialism? Using the retention of
the Philippines by the United States of America, explain how these three motives
overlapped.

Economic reasons – a source of raw materials or as a market for manufactured products

Extreme nationalism – keeping up with the Jones’
The missionary drive – spreading the word of the Lord
On one hand it provided raw materials and was an outlet for American manufactured
products; on another level it was a source of American pride to have an overseas colony;
also, American missionaries could spread fundamentalist Christianity among the
Catholic, Muslim, and indigenous inhabitants of the islands.

12. How did colonialism have profound implications for both the colonizers and the
colonized?

13. Discuss the spatial distribution of the colonies of the major colonial powers.

14. Discuss the major implications of colonialism on the “developing nations” of the
modern world.

15. In the cases of Peru, Indonesia, India, Burma, and Vietnam, explain how colonialism
led to a change in the capital cities of these countries.

Peru –Cuzco – Lima

Indonesia – Yogyakarta – Jakarta
India – Delhi – Mumbai
Burma – Mandalay – Rangoon
Vietnam – Hue - Saigon

16. What impact did colonialism have on the transportation systems of the “developing
nations” of the modern world.

17. Many African nations are notorious for internal strife between different ethnic groups.
How was this a legacy of European Colonialism?

The way in which colonists drew political borders without taking into consideration the
different tribe territories

18. Why did the Latin American nations break away from their Spanish and Portuguese
colonial masters during the early nineteenth century? What was the essential impetus for
the end of European colonialism in Southeast Asia?

Following the Napoleonic Wars, the colonial powers were weak, giving Latin America a
chance to gain independence.
The international environment following WWII provided an ideal opening for nationalists
and independence movements to arise in SE Asia.

Study Questions Chapter Eighteen

1. What was one of the most subtle, yet critical factors in the end of colonization?

The evolution of democracy in western Europe

2. What was demonstrated by the spectacular success of the Japanese in crushing the
British (Burma, Malaysia, and Hong Kong), Americans (Philippines), French (French
Indochina), and Dutch (Indonesia)?

Independence, industrialization, wealth, and power were not reserved for Europeans.

3. How did World War I mark the “beginning of the end” of European Colonialism?
What two things after World War I reinforced and actually intensified these trends?

Trading patterns were disrupted during WWI, colonies began to understand their
dependence on Europe, and stimulated new interest in self-determination.
WWII and the Great Depression reinforced these trends (and intensified them)

4. List, and discuss, the three essential features of the League of Nations Mandate system.

- Mandate territories were divided into three classes based on their degree of
development
- it actually laid out the responsibilities of the mandatory powers
- had an unqualified right to supervise the mandates to be certain that their terms and
conditions were being carried out faithfully

5. What were the Class A League of Nations Mandates? What were the Class B League
of Nations Mandates? What were the Class C League of Nations Mandates?

A – former Turkish provinces whose independence would provisionally be recognized

until they could sustain independence on their own
B – German colonies in Africa
C – those that could best be administered under the laws of the mandatory as integral
portions of its territories subject to the safeguards in the interests of the indigenous
population that were specified in the mandates

6. List, and discuss, the three categories of the responsibility of the mandatory powers
under the League of Nations Mandate system?

The trusteeship system may apply to thee categories of territories

- Under league of nations mandates
- Territories which may be detached from enemy states as a result of WWII
- Territories voluntarily placed under the system by states responsible for their
administration

Petitioners from the trust territories were permitted to testify in person before the
trusteeship council or the UN General Assembly in addition to submitting written
petitions

The Charter provided for periodic visits by UN missions to the trust territories in addition
to written annual reports from the administering power

7. What caused Marxist ideology to become more attractive as a discourse for change in
the colonies?

8. How did World War II effectively destroy colonialism?

9. List, and discuss, the three important differences between the League of Nations
Mandate system and the United Nations International Trusteeship system?

10. Taking care to list the important events in chronological order, discuss how South-
West Africa constituted a failure of the United Nations International Trusteeship system?

11. List, and discuss, the four things which keep the “Evil Empire” of the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics intact? What was the crucial event which loosened the centrifugal
forces which held the “Evil Empire” of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics together?

The red army, the communist party, the KGB, Settlement of ethnic Russians in nearly all
of the other nationality areas.
Humiliation in Afghanistan, communist party exposed as corrupt and inefficient.

Study Questions Chapter Nineteen

1. List, and discuss, six activities which have been typical of new governments in recent
decades.

- resurrecting or fabricating a glorious precolonial history

- initiating a new educational system in which new national values are stressed
- building the military in a highly visible national symbol
- instituting a natianal information service to carry the governments message through
every possible medium to the people
- the iconography, or symbolism, of national distinctiveness

2. List, and discuss, four unfortunate side effects emanating from the heavy emphasis
placed upon fostering national unity in many newly independent nations.

- neglect of rights and interests of minorities

- to the neglect of substance in favor of form or symbol
- investment in extravagant public works, elaborate ceremonies by the leadership
- xenophobia against foreign nationals
3. List, and discuss, five barriers to economic development faced by many newly
independent nations.

- economies geared toward former imperial rulers

- transportation systems designed to connect capital with administrative centers
- emphasis on export crops
- land tenure a serious problem – best land held in plantations
- foreign debt

4. Explain the genesis of the “debt crisis” during the 1970s. List, and discuss, three
reasons why the genesis of the “debt crisis” during the 1970s was not an immediate cause
for concern. What two events occurring in the early 1980s caused the “debt crisis” to
fully manifest itself? What was the most severe consequence of the “debt crisis?”

Oil shock of 1973 – gave OPEC nations lots and lots of petrodollars, which they invested
in banks in developed countries. The banks, now awash with petrodollars, began looking
to lend money to developing country’s governments. Second oilshock of 1979 –
developing countries began borrowing more money to pay for oil imports. Thus creating
a cycle.

- Many developing countries were oil exporters (mexico) so they did not have to borrow
for oil imports
- During the 1970s, almost all other commodities had high prices, so oil imports could
offset the effects of high oil prices with revenue from other commodities
- during the highly inflationary environment of the 1970s, the interest rates on these loans
were often lower than the rate of inflation so the real interest was often negative
-most of the loans made in the 1970’s were made on floating interest rates which shot up
-all commodities began to drop during the 1980’s during the global economy recession
via restrictive monetary policies

emergency measures to prevent debtor nations from defaulting on their loans contained
severe austerity measures

5. List, and discuss, four consequences of several small new countries choosing to keep
their foreign relations and economic activities to a minimum?

- membership in the UN and a few other organizations essential to the country

- diplomatic relations only with the former colonial ruler and perhaps one other great
power and one or two neighbors
- a few routine treaty relationships, and very little else
- some have no more than nominal diplomatic relations with other countries

6. Explain the origins of the term “Third World?”

non aligned countries during the cold war.

7. Why have nearly all new states experienced problems emanating from their
boundaries?

Boundaries were superimposed by colonial rulers with little regard for the interests of the
inhabitants

8. In the world today, one can see three broad bands of countries grouped together
according to their standard of living. List those three broad bands of countries according
to their geographic location in the world and their standard of living.

North stretching across NA, Euro, former USSR – high standard of living
Lower middle and lower latitudes, southern hemisphere – low middle class to desperately
poor
Far south – relatively rich and closely associated with the north

9. List, and discuss, three reasons why United States foreign aid is more political than
humanitarian.

Biggest receivers of foreign aid consist of former cold war adversaries, parties to us
sponsored efforts at conflict resolution, sources of illicit drugs consumed by americans

10. Using Indonesia and Colombia as examples, explain how the United States has few
problems with providing foreign aid to countries with dismal human rights records.

Indonesia – 1965-66, 1-2 million people killed in purge of the communist party
Columbia – people are routinely killed by paramilitary death squads

11. “The United States is asymmetric in granting refugee status to people from countries
with poor human rights records.” Discuss.

Easy for refugees from Cuba (“an oppressive communist country”)

Hard for refugees from Columbia (a US client state)

12. List, and discuss, six reasons why the campaign for a “new economic order” has
stalled out.

- benefits derived from this have not justified the efforts expended on it
- the end of the cold war led to lower levels of ODA due to reduced political needs for it
- the benefits of a healthy world economy are still unlikely to flow to the poorest
countries of the world
- other problems have come to the forefront since 1973
- the support of the members of defunct Warsaw Pact has been lost
- the widespread acceptance of neoliberalism (hyper-capitalist ideology) among many
developing countries
13. What is “neocolonialism?” What is the most obvious and important manifestation of
“neocolonialism?”

situation where former colonies, essentially become satellites of the great powers through
the pervasive influence of their former colonial masters in their affairs.
- the current pattern of international trade

14. What is “neoimperialism?”

imperialism practiced by states that may be neither capitalist nor rich