Pete Mertz

From Last Time: We got the results for semiconductors that

2V −EgaP /2kT
nc = e
VQ
And for blackbody radiation, we got
hc
E= |m|
~
2L
Fo the state m, then for the sum of modes we get
Z   
1 2 hc 1
t=2 4πm dm m
8 2L eβhcm/2L − 1
1
Where we get 8 because m > 0 and the factor of 2 from the polarization of the
light.
∞
E 3 dE
Z
8πV
t=
(hc)3 0 eβE − 1
Z ∞ 3
t 8π x dx
= (kt)4
V (hc)3 0 e x−1

We apslo defined the spectrum, which is

8π E3 t
U(E) = 3 E/kT
=
(hc) E −1 V ∆E

VII.

D. Blackbody Radiation So where is the spectrum peaked?

δ δ δ x3 3x2 x3
0= U(E) = U(x) = = − ex
δE δx δx ex − 1 ex − 1 (ex − 1)2

x2 x
= x 2
[3(ex − 1) − xex ] → ex − 1 = ex
(e − 1) 3
So the crossing point happens at ≈ 2.82. So,

Epeak = hfpeak = 2.82kT

Let’s talk about the Energy Flux Density, J = Energy per area time. Or,
Energy
J = [Geometric Factor] speed
Volume
1
Our geometric factor ends up being 4 and so our power emitted goes as

Power Emitted = σB AT 4 e

1
 5
Where σB = 15h2π
3 c3 k
4
= 5.67 × 10−8 W/m2 k 4 and e, the emissivity is 1 for black
bodies and 0 for reflecting. Now we think of Radiation Pressure,
Force Energy t 1t
[P ] = = = [geom] =
Area Volume V 3V
Example, Incandescent lamps, 3000k for Tungsten Filament, so

kT = .26eV

Epeak = hfpeak = 2.83kT = .73eV

So, λ = 1.7µm. We get also that
hc
Ered = = 1.77eV
700nm
hv
Eblue = = 3.1eV
400nm
We substitute for x, so we get that xred = E/kT = 6.8 and xblue = 11.9, we get
R 11.9 x3 dx
ex −1
V is = R6.8
∞ x3 dx
0 ex −1

Where the visible fraction is 0.083.

E. Debye theory for heat cap of solids: Recall that Einstein said
En = hf · n,
∞
X 1
Z1 = e−βhf n = −βhf
n=0
1 − e

−δ hf e−βhf
hE1 i = ln Z1 = = hf n̄BE
δβ 1 − e−βhf − 1
3N hf
t = 3N hE1 i =
eβhf − 1
2
−3N hf eβhf 3N keβhf
  
δt hf hf
C= = βhf = βhf
dT (e − 1)2 kT 2 (e − 1)2 kT
As T → 0, we end up getting 3N k(hf /kT )2 e−hf /kT → 0. This is all well and
good for Einstein’s approximation, but experiments have showed that

C = γT + kT 3

Where the T 3 comes from the vibration from the atoms, whereas the linear T
comes from the electronic degrees of freedom, e.g. the free electrons.
Debye says vibrations for whole crystal ⇒ phonons. Where cs is the speed
of sound
hcs hcs
E= = m
λ 2L

2
Where we have 1 longitudinal and 2 transverse polarizations.
L/a0
X X X
tphonons = 3 Enx ,ny ,nz n̄pl (E)
nx=1 ny=1 nz=1

Where L is the lenght of the crystal and a0 is the lattice spacing.

Z Emax
=3 g(E)dE n̄pl (E)
0

1 4π 3 π
N= n = n3max
8 3 max 6
So,
  13
hc hcs 6N
Emax = nmax =
2L 2L π
dn
g(E) = g(n)
dE
 
1 2 2L
= 4πn
8 hcs
 2    3
π 2L 2L π 2L
= E = E2
2 hc2 hcs 2 hcs
 3
Z Emax π 2L E 3 3 Z Emax
E 3 dE

2 hcs π 2L
tphonons =3 = 3
0 eE/kT − 1 2 hcs 0 eE/kT − 1