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Acknowledgments
I would like to acknowledge Lilian Katz and Sylvia Chard for their inspiring work
on the Project Approach that has greatly advanced our thinking about quality
curriculum for young children. Thanks also to my Teaching Strategies team who
worked hard to conceptualize and bring to fruition this Teacher’s Guide and the
series of Study Starters. Special thanks to Cate Heroman as lead writer and Toni
Bickart for managing the project; Charlotte Stetson and Candy Jones for writing;
Carla Uriona for editing, design, and production; Laurie Taub for careful editing;
and Larry Bram for helping us to craft the idea. Thanks to Sarah Bickart and her
kindergarten class for testing our ideas as we wrote.
Study Starters are not prepackaged, prescriptive units or themes that tell you
what to do and when to do it. You can pick any topic that appeals to you and
try it with your class. Each Study Starter outlines a coherent process that is
based on how children construct understandings in science and social studies.
The process includes
1. exploring
2. formulating questions
3. finding answers to the questions through investigations
4. celebrating learning through culminating activities
Process Skills
Observing and exploring are skills children use to notice objects, events, or
conditions in the environment and to consider how and when they change. These
skills also include manipulating objects to understand their properties and how
they work. A study always begins with observing and exploring.
Problem solving involves identifying a problem, thinking of ways to solve it, and
trying solutions. Problem solving requires generating new ideas, using materials in
different ways, and taking risks to try something new. Studies can provide many
opportunities for children to apply problem-solving strategies.
Science Content
The following list shows some of the important science concepts that children can
learn as they explore different Study Starters. Each Study Starter topic was chosen
because of the science learning opportunities it offers.
Physical Science
• Objects have observable features (e.g., color, shape, size, temperature) that can
be examined, described, and measured.
• Objects are made of one or more materials, such as metal, wood, or paper.
• Physical properties of objects and materials can change (e.g., when ice melts it
becomes liquid).
• There are different forces in nature (e.g., wind, gravity).
• Objects can move or be moved in space in various ways (e.g., pushing, pulling,
rising, sinking).
• There are different kinds of weather, and weather changes from day to day and,
in some places, over seasons.
• Weather can be described and measured.
• The environment changes from one season to another in some places.
• The Earth’s surface is made of different materials (e.g., rocks, sand, dirt, water),
and each material has properties that can be described.
• The surface of the Earth changes, sometimes slowly (e.g., erosion), and
sometimes suddenly (e.g., earthquake or volcano).
• Different objects can be seen in the sky.
• We can affect the world around us in positive and negative ways.
• The places where each of us lives have geographical features (e.g., mountains,
deserts, lakes, rivers).
• We each have personal geographic information (e.g., where we live,
our address).
• Our location tells us where we are in relation to other people and objects.
• Regardless of where we live, we depend on people far away for many
necessities and information.
• Maps are tools that help us determine location through the use of symbols.
The following section illustrates how one teacher built a study around children’s
wonder and curiosity about an elevator that was in their school building. Process
skills—observing and exploring, connecting, problem solving, organizing
information, and communicating and representing—are highlighted as well as the
particular concepts in science and social studies that apply. As you read the elevator
study, think about the skills children are learning in other content areas as well:
literacy, math, the arts, and technology.
Organizing Information The children also wanted to know where the B button on
• Recording measurements the elevator was supposed to take us, since nothing
of the elevator happened when we pressed that button. We asked the
• Drawing parts of the custodian if he could take us to the B floor. He used a special Communicating and
elevator and referring to Representing
them in representations key to take us there. What a surprise! It took us to the
• Sketching the elevator’s
basement of the building, where we went on a spontaneous features
field trip. We saw an exercise room and examined the • Making signs in Braille
weights. Then we saw the furnace room and found out how • Writing in journals
our classroom stayed warm when it was so cold outside. • Creating models
• Constructing elevators
Later, children made elevators with large cardboard blocks, with blocks
taping on a B button to take them to the basement, where • Working cooperatively and
they got off and exercised. The photos, journal pages, making plans to complete
a model of an elevator
Physical Science
drawings, and models were displayed for the children to
• Talking about our elevator
• Objects have observable reflect upon their learning and share with their families experiences with families
features (e.g., color, shape, and visitors. and visitors
size, temperature) that can
be examined, described, — Mary Lockhart-Findling,
and measured. Heartland Community Action Agency Head Start
• Objects are made of one
or more materials, such as People and How They Live
metal, wood, or paper. • People everywhere communicate verbally and
• Objects can move or be nonverbally.
moved in space in various • People use a variety of means of transportation
ways (e.g., pushing, pulling, to move goods and go from place to place.
rising, sinking). • People have different jobs in the community.
• There are rules in our home, school, and
community; each rule has a purpose.
Literacy Math
Language and literacy skills are used to gain Math skills are used to quantify information
information and communicate findings: and draw conclusions:
• Listening • Using number concepts (e.g.,
counting, tallying, quantifying,
• Learning and using new vocabulary
estimating, comparing)
• Expressing ideas orally; participating
• Finding patterns
in conversations
• Exploring 2- and 3-dimensional shapes
• Following directions; asking and
answering questions • Measuring
• Reading for information • Collecting, organizing, and representing
data (sorting, classifying, graphing)
• Using print and book concepts
• Making meaning from print
• Using writing for a purpose
• Writing letters and words
• What Children Already Know balls that are not used for play such as:
Exploratory Investigations
Children have a natural, spontaneous curiosity that drives them to
investigate. Your first step is to give children time to explore. This
section shows you how to set up initial exploratory investigations.
Exploration is an important step. Children are not ready for formal
investigations until they have become familiar with the objects or
materials. As children explore, teachers question, probe, and draw
children’s attention to the characteristics of the objects or materials
being studied.
When you are asked a question, lead children to research the answers
by asking, What do you think? and How can we find out together?
Your own curiosity and sense of wonder will be a model to encourage
children to investigate.
Teacher: Yes, it is hollow, but there is air inside that we can’t see.
We have also left space for you to record questions you wish to explore.
If you can answer yes to most of the questions on this list, you have found a topic
worthy of your valuable time and your children’s effort. Since the topics have been
selected for you, the Pause and Reflect section shows you a justification for their
selection. However, to complete the topic-selection process, space is left for you to
raise any other questions you may have.
Use your weekly planning form as a tool to organize your study on a weekly basis.
Record any materials you want to add to the interest areas. Enhancements to
interest areas are suggested in each Study Starter. You may choose from the
suggestions or add your own ideas. List only those materials that will help the
children gain a deeper understanding about the topic. For example, in a study of
insects, an art activity encouraging children to create a paper plate caterpillar may
not help children learn more about a caterpillar’s characteristics. However,
observing a caterpillar and then sketching one or modeling one with clay might
encourage children to pay close attention to its features.
The materials you place in the interest areas may either be part of a particular
investigation or be designed to encourage children to explore and develop new
questions. Keep in mind that it is not necessary to add materials related to the topic
to each interest area. Do so only when it seems logical and makes sense.
Make notes about your focused, planned experiences as well. For each day of the
week, record large-group activities, books to read, small-group activities, and any
special activities.
Large-Group Time – Use group time to introduce the topic to the entire class.
Watch children’s faces and listen to their questions to learn their degree of interest.
Group meetings are also a good time to discuss what you are learning throughout
the study and to make plans about what to do next. Because all children may not
be involved in every aspect of the study, it is a time to communicate with others
about study events.
Story or Book Time – Include informational books as well as fiction related to the
topic. Informational books are those that provide factual, real-world information.
Some of these books are written in ways that are ideal for reading aloud. Others
may be more appropriate to use as a resource for locating particular facts.
Special Activities – Add special events that you plan in relation to your study, such
as site visits or having an expert visit the class.
At the end of this Guide you will also find a Studies Planning Form that you can
attach to your weekly planning form. Here is an example of how you might
complete this form if you were studying wildflowers.
You may also notice that some questions are abstract and rather difficult for young
children to investigate on their own, such as, Why does the wind blow? or How
many stars are in the sky? Those questions may best be answered by reading books
or consulting experts. The sample investigations respond to questions children
might ask by suggesting activities that you can do with children to find answers.
Here are a few tips for using the sample investigations:
• Feel free to adapt the investigation based on the children in the class and the
materials you have available. You may find that you have a better way to
investigate the question.
• Be flexible and open to children’s ideas. If a new question
emerges, follow their lead in exploring.
• It is not necessary for all children to be involved in an Are bigger balls better for rolling, kicking, and thro
done in a whole group, in small groups, or Balls, yarn, or string (preferably two different colors)
independently. Groups of children can also conduct Where This Might Take Place
Discovery Area, Outdoors, Toys and Games Area, Small-Grou
investigations during choice time. Time Area
What to Do
• Observe and document what you see children doing • Hold up a flat, circular object such as a CD, a Frisbee, or
cut from paper. Ask children to name the shape. Then hol
and saying. Use this information in your assessment. ball and ask about its shape. How are they the same and d
Explain to children that a ball is a sphere and that no mat
you look at it, it still looks like a circle.
• A single investigation may take several days to complete.
• Ask: Do you think that bigger balls are better than smalle
rolling, kicking, and throwing?
Materials—This is a list of easily found or inexpensive Notes Are bigger balls better for rolling, kicking, and throwing?
Materials
materials necessary to complete the investigation. Balls, yarn, or string (preferably two different colors)
What to Do
• Hold up a flat, circular object such as a CD, a Frisbee, or a circle
Where This Might Take Place—These are suggestions cut from paper. Ask children to name the shape. Then hold up a
ball and ask about its shape. How are they the same and different?
Explain to children that a ball is a sphere and that no matter how
you look at it, it still looks like a circle.
•
Ask: Do you think that bigger balls are better than smaller balls for
rolling, kicking, and throwing?
Ask the children for ideas about how to measure a ball. Discuss
their ideas.
• Ask each child to predict (guess) how big around his/her ball is by
cutting a piece of string or yarn. Use one color of yarn for these
predictions.
directions to guide children through the study. • Invite the children to test their predictions by wrapping the pieces of
yarn that they cut around the balls.
you ask, the comments you make, and your • Have pairs of children take a large ball and a small ball and make
predictions about which one they will be able roll, kick, or throw
the fastest or farthest.
in the investigation.
families and others outside of the classroom to Indicate on the display which balls are best for rolling,
throwing.
demonstrate children’s learning. Learning Goals or Standards Addressed:
Science: Predicting, testing hypothesis, exploring
properties of objects; learning concepts
Learning Goals or Content Standards Addressed—Know air
which learning goals you are addressing as children work Social studies: Working collaboratively
through an investigation. This will also help you if you Literacy: Engaging in conversations; learning new
asking and answering questions
are required to document the learning objectives or Math: Sorting and classifying, representing da
standards in your plans. Technology: Understanding how things work
This section lists questions that may arise and has space to record others.
Following a similar format to that of the investigations offered in Study Starters,
think of how you might help children find the answers to the questions.
3. Celebrate Learning
When most of the children’s questions have been answered or when they are
losing interest, it is time to end the study. Review and evaluate what children
have learned. Bring closure by organizing a
celebration or classroom event to share the Celebrate Learning
• Set up stations for children to show visitors the various ways they
investigated the balls.
•
using balls.
decorations, and prepare refreshments.
Host an Olympics featuring events for visitors and children to play
Have the children plan a meal including only those foods shaped
like balls: oranges, cheese balls, sherbet balls, olives, meatballs,
matzah balls. Invite family members to participate.
• Invent a new ball game and teach it to the children in another class.
What were the most engaging parts of the study? Did you discover any new
topics that might be worthy of investigation? If you had to change any part of
the study, what would it be? Do you have other thoughts and ideas?
took place. Encourage children to share what they
have learned with guests. Invite guests to ask
children questions about the study. This culminating
Balls 25
event shows that children’s work is valued and
important and that their efforts are noticed.
• dramatization
• class-made museum display
• open house with demonstrations or interactive experiences for families
• video or slide show of the study
• sharing of study-related dramatic play setting (e.g., a flower shop after
a study on flowers)
This section also encourages you to think about the study experience. Use the
questions to guide your reflection process. Learn from your experiences with this
Study Starter and think about how you might approach it when you try it again
with a different group of children.
Resources
The resource pages in each Study Starter are divided into two parts: resources for
children and resources for teachers. For easy reference in the future, be sure to
record any additional resources you found helpful.
A Letter to Families
Involve families early in the study by sending home a
letter such as this one. Family members may have Letter to Families
to share, or the ability to connect you with valuable A Letter to Families About Our Study of Balls
We want to learn more about balls—the different kinds of balls, how people use balls, what they
resources in the community. are made of, what is inside of them, how high they can bounce, and their uses. We need your
help in finding as many different types of balls as we can. Here are just a few examples:
Helm, J. H., Berg, S., & Scranton, P. (2004). Teaching your child
to love learning: A guide to doing projects at home. New York:
Teachers College Press.
ISBN 1-933021-10-1