The following computation procedure are for determining the gross

efficiency of a steam generating unit by both the input-output and the heat

loss methods for the actual operating conditions of the test. Where a

comparison is to be mode between test efficiency and a standard of

guaranteed efficiency, adjustments should be made in cumputations for

deviation of test conditions from the standard or guaranteed conditions for

certain heat credits and heat loss. Each computation subject to

adjustments is so noted in the following section, and the procedure for

adjusting is as described under corrections to standard or guarantee

conditions. Pars. 7.4 to 7.6 inc lusive

Efficiency by input-output method

output
η δ=
input

Where

Output is defined as the heat absorbed by the working fluid

Input is defined as chemical heat in the fuel plus heat credits

added to the working fluid, air, gas and other fluid circuits which

cross the envelope boundary, see fig 1

η δ=¿

w se 33 ( hs 34−h s 33 )+ w we26 ( h s 34−h w26 ) + wwe 35 (hw 35−h w 24)

¿ Χ 100
H f X w fe +B e
Where

η δ= percent=gross efficiency

lb steam
W se 31= =steam flow entering superheater
hr

lb steam
W se 32= =reheat steam flow
hr

Btu
h s 32 , hs 33 , hs 34= =enthalpy of steam at superheater outlet , reherater inlet
lb steam

¿ reheater outlet

Btu
h w24 . hw 25 . h w26 . hw 35 . hw 47 . hw 48= =enthalpy of feedwater entering unit ,enthalpy o
lb water

spray water , enthalpy of spray water , enthalpy of blowdown,

enthalpy of injection water ,.∧enthalpy of leak off

lb water
W we25 .W we 26 . W we35 .W we 47 . W we 48= =superheater spray water flow ,reheat spray
hr

blowdown flow , injection flow , k∧leak off flow

Btu
Hf = =heating value of fuel ¿ be obtained by labolatory analysis∧¿
lb . A . F fuel

adjusted ¿ an as fired basis ¿ labolatory determination of

moisture ∈fuel . for gase ous fuels , theuse of continuous recording

calorimeter is permitted , see ASTM D1826

Adjustment for moisture will be as follows.

100−mf
H f =H f x 1
100

Where

Btu
Hf =
1 =labolatory determinationby fuel analysis a dry basis
lb fuel ( dry basis )
Mf = percent moisture in fuel as determined by analysis moisture sample

When the heating value is determined at constant volume (see

pars. 4.05 and 4.08) It must be converted to a constant pressure value as

follows.

Δ ψRu T 1545 x 537

H f =H fv =H fv + =H fv +∆ ψ
778.2 778.2

1066
H f =H fv + Δ ψ 1066=H fv + H = H fv +264.4 H
4.032

Btu
H fv = =high−heat value of fuel at constant pressure
lb. A . F fuel

Btu
H fv = =high−heat value of fuel at constant volume
lb. A . F fuel

lb moles
Δψ =
lb . A . F fuel

¿ lb moles of oxygen removed ∈the reactionby thecondensing

water vapor formed

lb moles H
Δψ = =
2 x 2.016 4.032

lb
H=
lb . A . F fuel

¿ pounds of hydrogen exclusive of that ∈moisture per pound of

as fired fuel ¿ laboratorianalysis

ft −lb
Ru=1545 =universal ga s constant
lb mole R

T =537 R=standard calorimeter temperature

778.2 ft−lb=1 Btu=mechanical equivalent of heat

See appendix for complete derivation of above formula for conversion of

high-heat value at constant volume as obtained with the bomb calorimeter

to the high-heat value at constant pressure.

lb. A . F . fuel
W fe= =measured fuel rate
hr

If solid or liquid fuels are used the weught is determined by direct

measurement. If gaseous fuel is used, the measured volume must be

converted to a weight basis as follows:

W fe=Q fe x γ f

Where

lb. A . F . fuel
W fe= =measured fuel rate
hr

cu ft
Q fe = =quantity of gaseous fuel fir ed
hr

lb
γf =
cu ft

¿ fuel gas specific weight at the primari measuring element .

this valuemay be obtained ¿ standard American Gas Asso ciation

table , ¿ corrected ¿ 68 F .

Btu
Be =
hr

¿ total heat credits∧isdefined as those amounts of heat added

¿ the envelope of the steam generator other than thechemical heat

¿ the fuel as fired

Be =B Ae + B ze +B fe + B xe + BmAe
 Btu
B Ae =
hr

¿ heat s uplied by entering air ¿ such sources as steam

air heaater

B Ae =( W A −W A ) x W fe x C p [ t A 7 , A 8−t RA ] +W A x W fe x c p A1 [ t A −t RA ]
1 1s A
1
1s 1s

Where

lb
WA =1 = pounds of dry air per pound of as fired fuel
lb . A . F . fuel

Where

W G N −N
1

WA =1
2

0.7685

Where

lb nitrogen∈dry gas lb dry gas lbnitrogen∈dry gas

WG N =
1 = x
2
lb A . F . fuel lb A . F . fuel lbdry gas

W G x 28.0 N 2
1

WG N =
1
2
44.01CO 2+ 32.00O 2 +28.01 CO

lb
WG =1 = pounds of dry gas per pound of as fired
lb . A . F . fuel

44.01CO 2 +32.00 O2+28.01 CO 12.01 S

WG =1
12.01(CO2 +CO)
Cb+ (
32.07 )
28.0 N 2 12.01 S
WG N =
1
2
12.01(CO 2+CO )
+ Cb+ (
32.07 )
W G N −N
1

WG =1
2

0.7685

For complete fundamental derivation, see appendix

The preceding formula is based on molecural weight accurate to

four significant figures, but it is not to be implied that the weight of dry air
has this degree of accurate. The four digit molecular weights are used to

hold errors from calculation procedures to a minimum. The value used are

from the national burean of standard circular 564, dated 11/1/55.

CO2,O2 and CO = percent by volume of dry flue gas. (location

12,14, or 15 fig 1). N2 being determined by subtracting the total of CO2.O2

and CO from 100 percent.

Wd p x Hd
1 1 1
p1
C b=C−
14500

Where

lb
C b= =pounds of carbon burned per pound of as fired fuel
lb A . F fuel

lb
c= = pounds of carbon∈as fired fuel by laboratory analisis
lb A . F fuel

lb
Wd p =
1 1 = pounds oftotal dry refuse per pound ofas fired fuel
lb A . F fuel

Btu
Hd p =
1 1
lb dry refuse

¿ heat value for total dry refuse¿ laboratory determination

Btu
14500= =heat value of 1lb of carbon as it occurs∈refuse
lb

lb
S=
l b . A . F . fuel

¿ pounds sulpur per pound of as fired fuel as determined for

laboratory analysis.

lb
N= = pounds of nitrogen per pound of as fired fuel
lb . A . F . fuel
For those who wish to know the theoretical air and excess air, the

equations are given in the appendix.

lb. A . F . fuel
W fe=
hr

¿ fuel rate as determined by weighing proceduresoutlined

¿ section 4.

c p A 1=¿ mean specific heat of dry air at inlet temperature, as obtained

from curve sheet. See fig. 3. It is determined from the

instantaneous values over the range between inlet air

temperature and the reference temperatures.

tA7 or tAs = inlet air temperature. If the unit is equipped with a steam or

water coil air heater before the main air heater and it is

supplied with heat from a source external to the unit being

tested ( as defined by fig. 1), the inlet air temperature t As shall

be measured in the air stream after this heater and in this

case the heat added to the inlet air is heat credit. If the coil

above or recirculated hot air is being supplied by heat direct

from the unit being tested, inlet air temperature t A7 shall be

measured in the air stream ahead of the heater and there is

not heat credit.

tRA = F = reference air terperature. This is the base temperature to which

sensible heat losses and credits are compared for efficiency

cumputations. When heat is added to the combustion air

before the forced draft fan, corrections must be made to the

 measured temperature at location 7 on fig .1. where

adjustment is to be for deviation from standard or guarantee

conditions, see par. 7.4.1.

Btu
Bze = =¿ heat supplied by atomizing steam when the source is external
hr

to the unit being tested.

Bze =W ze x ( hZ 42−h Rv )

Where

lb
Bze = =metered atomizing steam flow
hr

Hz42 = enthalpy of atomizing steam at pressure and temperature at

metering point

hRv = enthalpy of saturated vapor at reference temperature.

Btu
Bfe = =heat supplied by sensible heat∈ fuel
hr

Bfe =W fe x c p ( t f 1,3,4 −t RA )
f

Where

lb A . F fuel
W fe= =measured fuel rate
hr

Btu
c pf = =¿ mean specific heat of fuel. Used 0.3 Btu/lb/F for coal. See fig 4
lb F

for fuel oil. See fig 5. For gas. It is determined from the

instantaneous value over the range between inlet fuel

terperature and the reference temperature.

If liquid fuel is heated by a source external to the unit being tested, the

inlet temperature shall be measured after this heater, but if heated directly
 from the unit being tested temperature shall be measured before the

heater.

tf1, tf3, tf4 = F = fuel inlet temperature

tRA = reference air temperature

btu
Bxe = =¿ heat supplied by auxiliary drives within the envelope
hr

Bxe =W sxe x ( h sx−hix ) η x

Where

lb
W sxe = =¿ steam flow rate
hr

Btu
h sx= =¿ enthalpy of the steam supplied to drive the auxiliaries
lb

Btu
hix = =¿ enthalpy at the exhaust pressure and the initial
lb

entropy of steam supplied to drive the auxiliaries

η x =¿ over all drive efficiency – includes turbine and gear

efficiency

For electric auxiliaries the heat su[llied is :

Bxe = 3413 (kwh) η x

ηx = over all drive efficiency – includes such item as motor

efficiency, ..electric and hydraulic coupling efficiency and gear

efficiency

Btu
BmAe = =¿ heat supplied from the moisture entering with the inlet air.
hr

BmAe =W mA x W A x c ps x ( t A 7 . t A 8−t RA )
1 1e
Where

Ib
W ma 1=
Ib dry air

¿ Ponuap air per ponudara kering. Refer ¿ Par . 5.20.

W A e = W A x W fe
1 1

Where

Ib
WA¹e   Pound of dry air supplied per hour.
hr

Ib
WA¹   Pounds of dry air supplied per pound
Ib A . F . fuel

of ……………..“as fired” fuel. Refer toar Par. 7.2.8.1

Ib A . F . fuel
Wƒe   Measured fuel rate.
hr

Btu
cps  Ib F  Mean spesific heat of steam from curve

on Fig. 6. It is determined from the instantane ous

values over the range between inlet steam

temperature and reference temperature.

tA7 or tA8  F  Inlet air temperature.

tRA  F  Reference air temperature.

The fore going heat credits are to be summarized into total heat credits

and used as the value of e in the equation in Par. 7.2 for solving for gross

efficiency by the input-output method.

Efficiency by Heat Loss Method

η L
δ=100− =100
H f +B

Derivation of this formula is as follows :

η output
δ= x 100
input

Where

ηg  Per cent  Gross efficiency

Output  Input  L as defined in Par. 1.04.4.

Input  Hƒ + B as defined in Par. 1.04.3

Then

Input L H ƒ+ B L L
ηg  H ƒ+ B  H ƒ+ B    H ƒ+ B

Converting to per cent :

L
ηg    × 
Hf + B

Where

ηg  Per cent  Gross efficiency

Btu lose
L   Total heat lose from the steam generator.
Ib A . F . fuel

L  LUC + LC + Lmƒ + LA + LmA + L + LCO + LUHC + Lβ + L * + L *d

+ L *p + L *w

 fuel rate is used is the calculation of these losses.

Btu lose
LUC = = Heat loss due to unburned carbon in total
Ib A . F . fuel

dry refuse

LUC = Wd1 p1 x Hd1p1

Where

  W d 1 p1 e
W d p 
W fe

Where

Ib
Wdp = = Pounds of total dry refuse per pound of
Ib A . F . fuel

“as fired” fuel.

Where refuse rate at various collection points, such as ashpit, dust

collector and boiler hoppers is not actually determined it my be estimated.

See Par. 3.01.14.

Ib
Wdpe = = Pounds of total dry refuse rate.
hr

Ib
W fe = = Measured fuel rate.
Ib A . F . fuel

If fuel rate is not measured, the expected rate for the test my be used, and

considered sufficiently accurate for this calculation. Iteration well be

required for more accurate results.

Btu
Hd1p1 = = Laboratory determination of per cent …
Ib dry refuse
combustible × 14,500 Btu/Ib
Or

Btu
Hd1p1 = = Laboratory determination of heating value.
Ib dry refuse

If it is possible and desirable to measure the refuse collection rate all

collection points, then the following calculation procedure will be used to

determine unburned carbon lose.

 Btu lose
Luc = =a+b+c+d+e
Ib A . F . fuel

Btu Ib dry refuse∈ashpit Btu

(a ) ∈ashpit = ×
lb Ib A . F . fuel Ib ashpit refuse

Btu Ib dry refuse ∈boiler hopper Btu

(b ) ∈boiler hopper= ×
lb Ib A . F . fuel Ib boiler hopper refus 9 e

Btu Ib dry refuse ∈economizer hopper

(c ) ∈econ . hopper = ×
lb Ib A . F . fuel

Btu
Ib econ . hopper refuse

Btu Ib dry refuse∈air heater hopper

(d ) ∈air heater hopper = ×
lb Ib A . F . fuel

Btu
Ib air heater hopper refuse

Btu Ib dry refuse∈ dust c .h Btu

(e ) ∈ dust collector hopper= ×
lb Ib A . F . fuel Ib dust collector refuse

If the flue is sampled prior to all collection points, with the exception

of the ashpit, and all parties agree ashpit combustible is negligible, flue

dust rate may be estimated or determined by dust concentration

measurement. Then the loss due to unburned combustible will become:

Btu
LUCd = =heat loss due ¿unburned carbon ∈flue dust
lb . A . F . fuel

LUCd =W d x H d
1 1

Where
 Btu
Wd = 1 = pounds of dry dust per pounds of as fired fuel
lb . A . F . fuel

Btu
Hd = 1 =he at value of flue dust
lb of dust

Btu loss
LG =
1 =heat loss due ¿ heat ∈dry flue gas
lb . A . F . fuel

LG =W G x c pG (t G −t RA )
1 1 1

where

lb
WG = 1 = pounds of dry gas per pounds of as fired fuel
lb . A . F . fuel

44.01CO 2 +32.00 O 2+28.02 N 2 +28.01CO 12.01 S

WG =1
12.01(CO 2+CO )
x Cb+
32.07 [ ]
The preceding formula is based on molecular weight accurate to four

significant figures, but it is not to be implied that the dry gas loss has this

degree of accuracy. The four digit molecular weights are used to hold

errors from calculation procedures to a minimum. The values used are

from the national bureau of standards circular 564, date 11/1/55.

CO2,O2 and CO = percent by volume of dry flue gas ( location 12, 14 or

15, fig 1)

N2 being determined by subtracting the total of CO2, O2 and CO from 100

percent.

Wd p x Hd1 1 1
p1
C b=C−
14500

Where

lb
C b= =pounds of carbo n burned per pound of as fired fuel
lb A . F fuel
 lb
c=
lb A . F fuel

¿ pounds of carbon∈as fired fuel by laboratory analisis

lb
Wd p =
1 1 = pounds oftotal dry refuse per pound ofas fired fuel
lb A . F fuel

Btu
Hd p =
1 1
lb dry refuse

¿ heat value for total dry refuse¿ laboratory determination

Btu
14500= =heat value of 1lb of carbon as it occurs∈refuse
lb

LB
S=
lb A . F fuel

¿ pounds sulfur per pounds of as fired fuel as determined

by laboratory analysis

Btu
c p G 1= =¿ mean specific heat of the dry flue gas as obtained from
lb F

curve on fig . 7. It is determined from the instantaneous

value over the range between gas temperature leaving the

unit and the reference temperature.

tG = gas temperature leaving the unit, such as t G12, tG14 or tG15 .if this

…….temperature is to be corrected because of deviation from standard or

…….guarantee air heater inlet temperature see par. 7.5.2.

tRA = F= reference air temperature. If this temperature is to be corrected

…….because of deviation from standard or guarantee inlet air temperature

…….see par. 7.4.1.

Btu loss
Lmf = = heat loss due moisture in the as fired fuel
lb A . F fuel
Lmf =mf ( h12,14,15 −h Rw )

Where

lb
mf = = pounds moisture per lb of as fired fuel by laboratory
lb A . F fuel

analysis.

h12,14,15 = enthalphy of vapor at partial pressure, and exit gas temperature t G

12,14,15, to be determined from steam tables.

Pa
PmG =
100 x 1.5 C b
1+
mG( CO2 +Co)

Where

lb
PmG =
sq∈.|¿|¿

¿ partial pressure of the moisture in the flue gas

The above formula is a rigorous treatment. For practical use PmG

approximates one psia for the partial pressure existing at the steam

generator exit.

lb
PA = atmospheric pressure
sq∈.|¿|=¿ ¿

lb
C b= =¿pounds carbon burned per lb A.F fuel
lb A . F f uel

mG=8.936 H + ( W mA )( W A ) +mf +w Z +m P
1 1

Where

lb
mG= =¿ pounds of moisture In the flue gas per pound of as
lb A . F fuel

fired fuel.
8.936 = 8.936 pounds of water produced from burning one pound of

hydrogen.

lb
H= =¿ pounds of hydrogen exclusive of that in moisture from an
lb A . F fuel

as fired fuel by laboratory analysis.

lb
W mA = 1 =¿ pounds of moisture per pound of dry air at boiler inlet.
lb dry air

lb
WA =
1 =¿ pounds of dry air per pound of as fired fuel
lb A . F fuel

lb
mf = =¿ pounds of moisture per pound of as fired fuel
lb A . F fuel

lb
W x= =¿ pounds of atomizing steam per pound of as fired fuel
lb A . F fuel

lb
m p= =¿ pounds of moisture evaporated in ashpit per pound of
lb A . F fuel

. .as fired fuel

CO2,CO = percent by volume of dry flue gas

hRW = enthalpy of saturated liquid aq t RA is used for solid and liquid fuels.

Where moisture loss is to be adjusted for deviation from standard of

guarantee conditions see par 7.5.4.

7.3.2.04

Btu loss
LH= =¿ heat loss due to moisture from burning of hydrogen.
lb A . F fuel

L H =8.936 × H ( h12,14,15−h Rw )

Where

8.936 = 8.936 pounds of water produced from burning one pound of

hydrogen.
 lb
H= =¿pounds of hydrogen exclusive of that in moisture in as
lb A . F fuel

fired fuel by laboratory analysis.

Remaining items will be identical with par 7.3.2..03. where hydrogen loss

is to be adjusted for deviation from standard of guaranteed condition see

par 7.5.4.

7.3.2.05

Btu loss
LmA = =¿ heat loss due to moisture in the air
lb A . F fuel

LmA =W mA ×W A ( h12,14,15−h Rv )
1 1

Where

lb
W mA = 1 =¿pounds of water vapor per pound of dry air obtained
lb dry air

from par 5.20

lb
WA =1 =¿ pounds of dry air supplied per lb of as fired fuel. Refer
lb A . F fuel

to per 7.2.8.1

h12,14,15 =¿will be identical with par. 7.3.2.03

Btu
h Rv = =¿ enthalpy of the saturated vapor at tRA. Refer to par 7.2.8.1
lb H 2 O

7.3.2.06

Btu loss
L z= =¿ heat loss due to heat in atomizing steam.
lb A . F fuel

W ze
L z= (h −h )
W fe 12,14,15 Rv

Where
 lb
W ze= =¿ pounds of metered or estimated atomizing steam as agreed to
hr

by all parties

lb A . F fuel
W fe= =¿ measured fuel rate as in par 7.3.2.01.
hr

Btu loss
h12,14,15= will be identical with par 7.3.2.03
lb steam

Btu
h Rv = =¿ enthalpy of saturated vapor at reference temperature at t RA.
lb H 2 O

Refer to par 7.2.8.1

7.3.2 07

Btu loss
LCO = =¿ heat loss due to formation of carbon monoxide
lb A . F . fuel

Where it is established that CO is present and carnot be eliminated by

operating adjustments.

CO
LCo = × 10160× Cb
Co2 +Co

Where

CO and CO2 percent by volume of flue gas

10160 = btu generated burning 1 lb of carbon in CO to CO2 and represent

the difference between the burning carbon as it occurs in fuel to CO2

(14540 Btu), and burning carbon as it occurs in fuel to CO (4380 Btu) ; that

is 14540 – 4380 = 10160 Btu ( fuels & combustion hand book – Johnson &

Auth, published by McGraw-hill book Company)

lb
C b= =¿ pounds of carbon burned per lb of as fired fuel.
lb A . F . fuel
7.3.2.08

Btu loss
LUH = =¿ heat loss due to unburned hydrogen.
lb A . F . fuel

Where it is established that unburned hydrogen id present and cannot be

eliminated by operating adjustment:

H 2 (cu ft)
×W G ×318.9
1
cu ft dry gas
LUH =
flue gas specific weight

Where

H 2 (cu ft )
=¿ laboratory determination of H 2 content of flue gas in par
cu ft dry gas

5.06

lb
WG =
1 =¿ pounds of dry gas per lb of as fired fuel as
lb A . F . fuel

determined ……………………in par 318.9 = Btu/cu ft of hydrogen at 14.7

psia and ……………………68 F.

HC
¿ 0.0401 [
CO 2
+
O2
+
CO
+
N2
+
SO2
+
H2
+
1545
35.11 48.28 55.16 55.14 24.12 766.36 M HC ]
Where

CO2, O2, CO, etc = percent = percent by volume constituents as

determined by laboratory analysis of flue gas.

MHC = molecular weight of hydrocarbon in flue gas.

For derivation of flue gas specific weight, see appendix.

7.3.2.09

Btu loss
LUHC = =¿ heat loss due to unburned hydrogen
lb A . F . fuel
Where it is established that unburned hydrocarbons are present and

cannot be aliminated by operating adjustment:

UHC (cu ft)

× W G × K UHC
1
cu ft dry gas
LUHC =
100× flue gas specific weight

Where

UHC (cu ft )
=¿laboratory determination of flue gas constituents as in par.
cu ft dry gas

5.06.

lb
WG =
1 =¿ pounds of dry gas per lb of as fired fuel, as
lb A . F . fuel

determined …………………….in par 7.3.2.02

K UHC =¿ Btu/cu ft ofnunburned hydrocarbons as determined by laboratory

………..analysis

Flue gas specific weight at 68 F and 14.7 psia determination in par

7.3.2.08

7.3.2.10

Lβ = loss due to surface radiation and convection.

This loss may be obtained from ABMA radiation loss chart, see fig. 8 and

correction for air velocities, see fig. 9 by taking the radiation loss percent

and multiplying it by the chemical heat in one pound of as fired fuel (hf)

7.3.2.11
 Btu loss
L℗ = =¿ heat loss due to radiation to ashpit, sensible heat in
lb A . F . fuel

slag, ………………… and if applicable the latent heat of fusion of slag.

Where measure by procedures outlined in par 5.22 and 5.23 will be:

L℗ =¿ heat loss to increasing temperature of pit water + heat loss to

evaporation of pit water + sensible heat loss in the refuse as it leave the

pit.

W we 38 ×(t w 39−t w 38)

Heat loss to increasing temperature of pit water =
W fe

Where

lb
W we38= =¿ pounds of water per hour metered to pit
hr

t w 39 =F=¿ water temperature leaving pit

t w 38=F=¿ water temperature entering pit

lb A . F . fuel
W fe= =¿ measured fuel rate as in par 7.3.2.01.
hr

………………………Heat loss to evaporation of pit water

P specific weight of water h −h

[ (
¿ W we 38+ W fe × ×
100 specific weight of refuse ) ][
−W we 39 × v 12,14,15 w 39
w fe ]
Where

lb
W we38= =¿ pounds of water per hour metered to pit
hr

lb
W we39= =¿ pounds of water per hour metered from pit
hr

lb A . F . fuel
w fe = =¿measured fuel rate as in par 7.3.2.01
hr
P = pit refuse = in this case expressed as percent of as fired fuel to

……………………….pit.

Specific weight of water = lb/cu ft at tw39

Specific weight of refuse = lb/cu ft pit refuse by actual dry weight or as

agreed to by participating parties.

hv12,14,15 = enthalpy of vapor as in par 7.3.2.03

hw39 = enthalpy of outlet water.

Heat loss due to the sensible heat in the refuse as it leaves

W pe
The pit = C pp (t −t )
W fe w 39 RA

Where

Btu
C pp= =¿ specific heat of wet refuse
lb F

lb
W pe = =¿ pounds of wet refuse per hour
hr

lb A . F . feul
W fe= =¿ measured fuel rate as in par 7,3,2,01
hr

tw39 = F = water temperature leaving the pit

tRA = F = reference temperature as in par 7,2,8,1

where refuse is removed in the dry state from the pit this loss may be

measured as follows:

btu loss
LP =1 =¿ heat loss due to sensible heat in the dry ashpit refuse
lb A . F . fuel

C pp ( t p −t RA ) × W p
1 1 37 1e

LP =1
W fe

Where
 Btu
C pp = 1 =¿ specific heat of dry ashpit refuse at average refuse
lb F

temperature. Use 0.25

t p =F=¿ temperature of ashpit refuse as indicated in fig. 1.

137

tRA = reference air temperature as in par 7.2.8.1

lb
Wp = 1e =¿ weight or estimated dry ashpit refuse leaving pit
hr

lb A . F . feul
W fe= =¿ measured fuel rate as given in par 7.3.2.01.
hr

7.3.2.12.

btu loss
Ld =
1 =¿ heat loss due to sensible heat in fuel dust
lb A . F . fuel

cd 1(t G 12,14,15 −t RA )×W d 1e

Ld =
1
W fe

Where

Btu
cd 1= =¿ specific heat of flue dust at average flue dust temperature.
lb F

Use. 0,20.

t G 12,14,15 =F=¿ temperature of flue gas at each collection point as indicated

in fig. 1.

lb
Wd = 1e =¿ weight or estimated dust at each collection points.
hr

lb A . F . fuel
W fe= =¿measured fuel rate as given in par 7.3.2.01.
hr

7.3.2.13.

btu loss
Lr = =¿ heat loss due to heat in pulverizer rejects
lb A . F . fuel
 W ℜ× Hr
Lr =
W fe

Where

lb
W ℜ= =¿ pounds of pulverizer rejects, preferably weighed
hr

Btu
Hr= =¿ heating value of refects from laboratory analysis of
lb

representative sample.

lb A . F . fuel
W fe= =¿measured fuel rate as given in par 7.3.2.01
hr

7.3.2.14

btu loss
Lw = =¿heat loss due to heat pick-up by cooling water entering
lb A . F . fuel

envelope ( fig.1)

W we (t w outlet −t w inlet )
Lw =
W fe

where

lb
W we= =¿pounds of cooling water flow
hr

lb A . F . fuel
W fe= =¿ measured fuel rate as given in par 7.3.2.01
hr

7.3.2.15

Summarizing losses

L=LUC + LG + LmF + L H + LmA + L x + LCO + LUH + LUHC + L β + L℗ + Ld

1

= L r + Lw

Where
 Btu loss
L= =¿total heat loss. Par 7.3.2
lb A . F . fuel

Btu loss
LUC = =¿ heat loss due to unburned carbon in refuse.
lb A . F . fuel

Par7.3.2.01.

Btu loss
LG =
1 =¿ heat loss due to heat in dry flue gas. 7.3.2.02
lb A . F . fuel

Btu loss
Lmf = =¿ heat loss due to moisture in the as fired fuel. Par
lb A . F . fuel

7.3.2.03

Btu loss
LH= =¿ heat loss due to moisture from burning of hydrogen par
lb A . F . fuel

7.3.2,04

Btu loss
LmA = =¿ heat loss due to moisture in the air. Par 7.3.2.05
lb A . F . fuel

Btu loss
L x= =¿ heat loss due to heat in atomizing steam par 7.3.2.06
lb A . F . fuel

Btu loss
LCO = =¿ heat loss due to formation of carbon monoxide. Par
lb A . F . fuel

7.3.2.07

Btu loss
LUH = =¿ heat loss due to unburned hydrogen. Par 7.3.2. 08
lb A . F . fuel

Btu loss
LUHC = =¿ heat loss due to unburned hydrocarbons. Par
lb A . F . fuel

7.3.2.09

Btu loss
L β= =¿ heat loss due to surface radiation and convection. Par
lb A . F . fuel

7.3.2.10
 Btu loss
L℗ = =¿ heat loss due to radiation to ashpit, sensible heat in
lb A . F . fuel

slag and, if applicable, latent heat of fusion of slag. Par.7.3.2. 11

Btu loss
Ld = =¿ heat loss due to sensible heat in flue dust. Par 7.3.2.12
lb A . F . fuel

Btu loss
Lr = =¿ heat loss due to heat in pulverizer rejects. Par 7.3.2.13.
lb A . F . fuel

Btu loss
Lw = =¿ heat loss due to heat pick up by cooling water entering
lb A . F . fuel

envelope, fig. 1, par. 7.3.2.14.

7.3.3

Btu
Hf = =¿ chemical heat in fuel to be obtained as in par. 7.2.6.
lb A . F . fuel

7.3.4

Btu credit
B = = Total heat credits per pound of “as fired” fuel
Ib A . F . fuel
added to the steam generator in the from of
sensible heat.

BAe+ BZe+ Bfe+ Bze+ BmAe

B =
Wfe

Where

Btu credit
BAe = = Heat credit supplied by entering air. Par. 7.2.8.1
hr

Btu credit
Bze = = Heat credit supplied by etomizing steam. Par.
hr
7.2.8.2
 Btu credit
Bfe = = Heat credit supplied by sensible heat in fuel.
hr
Par. 7.2.8.3

Btu credit
Bxe = = Heat credit supplied by auxiliary drives. Par.
hr
7.2.8.4.

Btu credit
BmAe = = Heart credit supplied from the moisture entering
hr
with the inlet air. Par. 7.2.8.5.

Ib A . F . fuel
Wfe = = Measured fuel rate as given in Par. 7.3.2.01.
hr

For a more accurate calculation of gross steam generator

efficiency, the gross efficiency obtained from the initial calculation can be

used as the basis for determining a refined fuel rate. When this value is

substituted in formulas for determining heat losses and credits, a more

accurate calculated gross efficiency is obtained.

Corrections to standard or guarantee Conditions

7.4 Corrections to Heat Credits.

7.4.1 Corrections to the heat credits, “heat supplied by entering air,” and

“heat supplied by sensible heat in fuel” for changes from test reference air

temperature (see Par. 7.2.8.1) to a standard or guaranteed air inlet

temperature are made by substituting the standard or guaranteed

temperature for the test reference temperature in the hear credit formulas.

7.4.2 Corrections to the heat credits, “heat supplied by atomizing steam”

and “heat supplied by moisture in entering air” for changes from test
reference air temperature to a standard or guaranteed temperature air

inlet temperature are made by substituting the enthalpy corresponding to

the standard or guaranteed temperature for the enthalpy corresponding to

the test reference temperature in the heat credit formulas.

7.5 Corrections to Heat Losses.

7.5.1 Corrections to heat losses, besides including a correction for

changes from the test reference air temperature to standard or guaranteed

air inlet temperature as in the treatment of heat credit corrections, must

also include, when an air heater is used, a correction for the change in gas

exit temperature Resulting From the above change in air inlet

temperature. The corrected gas outlet temperature is given in the Test

Code for Air Heaters PTC 4.3 and uses the following formula :

t A s D ( t G 14 −t G 15) +t G 14 (t G 15−t As)

t G 15 δ=
(t G 14−t As)

Where

t G 15 δ = F = corrected air heater exit gas temperature.

t As D = F = Standard or guaranteed air heater inlet air
temperature.
t G 14 = F = air heater inlet gas test temperature.
t G 15 = F = air heater exit gas test temperature.
t As = F = air heater inlet air test temperature.
A further minor correction caused by leakage differences between test and

standard or guaranteed temperatures is being developed for the Test code

for air Heaters PTC 4.3. When this later code is issued, this fur ther

correction is to be considered a part of PTC 4.1.

7.5.2 Corrections to the heat losses, “Dry gas loss” and “Heat loss due to

sensible heat in the flue dust” for changes from test reference air

temperature to a standard or guaranteed air inlet temperature for the test

reference air temperature and also by substituting the corrected gas exit

temperature in the heat loss formulas.

7.5.3 Corrections to the heat losses, ’’Heat loss due to moisture in fuel,”

“Heat loss due to moisture in iar” and “Heat loss due to atomizing steam,”

for changes from the test reference air temperature to a standard or

guaranteed air inlet temperature are made by substituting the appropriate

enthalpy corres ponding to the standard or guaranteed air inlet

temperature for the enthalpy corresponding to the test reference air

temperature and also by substituting the enthalpy corresponding to the

corrected gas exit temperature for the enthalpy corresponding to the test

gas exit temperature, in the heat loss formulas. The “appropriate” inlet

enthalpy referred to above relates to the state of the entering moisture

(liquid or vapor).

7.5.4 Corrections to the heat losses, “Heat loss due to moisture in fuel”

and “Heat loss due to hydrogen in fuel” for changes of moisture and
hydrogen content from the test fuel to the fuel used for the standard or

guaranteed computations, are made by substituting the weight of moisture

or hydrogen per pound of fuel in the standard orguaranteed fuel for the

weight of moisture or hydrogen per pound of fuel, of the test fuel, in the

heat loss formulas.

7.5.5 Corrections to the heat loss “Loss due to moisture in air” for

changes of moisture content from the test air to the air used for standard

or guaranteed computations, are made by substituting the weight of

moisture in the standard or guaranteed air for the weight of the moisture in

the test air, in the heat loss formula. The magnitude of this correction in

most cases will be negligible.

7.5.6 Other heat losses listed in the computations are not considered in

these correction paragraphs either because they do not apply or the

magnitude of the correction is usually insignificant.

7.6 The corrected steam generator efficiency resulting from the

preceding adjustments of credits and losses to standard or guarantee

conditions can then be compared with standard or guarantee conditions,

respectively.