Minor Project Synopsis

On

Perfect Wheels

Submitted by:

Anmoldeep Singh Chadha (0411322807)

Divya Kalsi (0581322807)
Jasmine Kaur (0591322807)
Richa Sikka (0551322807)

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Guru Tegh Bahadur Institute of Technology
G-8 Area, Rajouri Garden
Batch: 2007-2011
 INTRODUCTION

Imagine a bus that wouldn’t have people overflowing from it and go about at a break
neck speed causing countless accidents. Imagine a bus that has not a single person more
than the prescribed number and traveling without a ticket. Imagine a mode of public
transport that is safe, reliable and free of pick pocketing and any form of crowd
harassment.

Based on the severity of the problems faced by road transport in the past, we have
devised this project. Taking the ideas of visitor counters, unique ID operated gate handle
locks and real time logistics to a new level and applying them in a bus, in order to ensure
safety, reliability, transparency and versatility.

On that note, we introduce “Perfect Wheels”. A bus with visitor counters, IR sensors,
LEDs, alarms and 7 segment displays attached on both doors to ensure that the prescribed
capacity is never exceeded. Next is feature of the automation of the seat lock handles by
punching of a unique identification number for every ticket, which is valid strictly up to
the destination stop. This feature ensures that no seat is overcrowded; no person travels
without a ticket and no one over travels or interferes with the seats of the others.

As the name suggest “Perfect Wheels” will synchronize the overall logistics of all the
proposed operations and implement it in real time thereby giving a new dimension to
road transport, making it every bit safe, customer friendly, convenient and transparent as
any real time environment would permit.
 BRIEF HISTORY

The overflowing DTC buses, the lethal blue lines, crowd crimes and ticket less travel.
The buses that roll on the Indian roads are far from convenient let alone safe and reliable.
Not a week passes without another increment of the death toll, crimes like pick
pocketing, eve teasing or ticket less travelling due to the crowd.

In spite of the innumerable efforts of the past, in trying to make bus travel well, with low
floored buses, air conditioners, printed tickets etc. the problems still remain unsolved to a
large extent.

With our project we hope to solve all these problems to the maximum possible extent.
The visitor counter and exact display of the capacity (including the standing slots)
ensures not even a single extra person on board. The punching of certain unique
electronic seat numbers, valid only up to the destination stop, into the keypads interfaced
with every seat and accordingly automatic operation of the gate handle will make sure
that seats are filled strictly as per their capacity and the rent paid.

Based on the severity of the problems faced by road transport in the past, we have
devised this project. Taking the ideas of visitor counters, unique ID operated gate handle
locks and real time logistics to a new level and applying them in a bus, in order to ensure
safety, reliability, transparency and versatility.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
 MODULES

• AT89S52 Microcontroller IC: The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance

CMOS 8-bit microcontroller Features: 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable
(ISP) Flash Memory, Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles. 4.0V to 5.5V
Operating Range, 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM, 32 Programmable I/O Lines, Full
Duplex UART Serial Channel, Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz.

• Power supply: The microcontroller and other devices get power supply from AC
to Dc adapter through 7805, 5 volts regulator. The adapter output voltage will be
12V DC non-regulated. The 7805/7812 voltage regulators are used to convert 12
V to 5V/12V DC.

• Relays: A relay is an electrically operated switch. Current flowing through the

coil of the relay creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the
switch contacts. The coil current can be on or off so relays have two switch
positions and they are double throw (changeover) switches.

• Resistances
• Capacitors
• Connectors
• Connecting wires
• Power LEDs
• Infra Red sensors
• Transistors
• Diode 4007
• 7 Segment Display
• Matrix Keypad
 • Motor

TECHNOLOGIES USED

HARDWARE:

Microcontroller

Microcontrollers are hidden inside a surprising number of products these days. If your
microwave oven has an LED or LCD screen and a keypad, it contains a microcontroller.
All modern automobiles contain at least one microcontroller, and can have as many as six
or seven: The engine is controlled by a microcontroller, as are the anti-lock brakes, the
cruise control and so on. Any device that has a remote control almost certainly contains a
microcontroller: TVs, VCRs and high-end stereo systems all fall into this category. Nice
SLR and digital cameras, cell phones, camcorders, answering machines, laser printers,
telephones (the ones with caller ID, 20-number memory, etc.), pagers, and feature-laden
refrigerators, dishwashers, washers and dryers (the ones with displays and keypads)...
You get the idea. Basically, any product or device that interacts with its user has a
microcontroller buried inside.

What is a Microcontroller?

A microcontroller is a computer. All computers -- whether we are talking about a

personal desktop computer or a large mainframe computer or a microcontroller -- have
several things in common:

• All computers have a CPU (central processing unit) that executes programs. If
you are sitting at a desktop computer right now reading this article, the CPU in
that machine is executing a program that implements the Web browser that is
displaying this page.
• The CPU loads the program from somewhere. On your desktop machine, the
browser program is loaded from the hard disk.
• The computer has some RAM (random-access memory) where it can store
"variables."
• And the computer has some input and output devices so it can talk to people. On
your desktop machine, the keyboard and mouse are input devices and the monitor
and printer are output devices. A hard disk is an I/O device -- it handles both input
and output.
7 Segment Display

There are two types of LED 7-segment displays: common cathode (CC) and common
anode (CA). The difference between the two displays is the common cathode has all the
cathodes of the 7-segments connected directly together and the common anode has all the
anodes of the 7-segments connected together. Shown below is a common anode seven
segment.

When working with a CA seven segment display, power must be applied externally to the
anode connection that is common to all the segments. Then by applying a ground to a
particular segment connection (a-g), the appropriate segment will light up. An additional
resistor must be added to the circuit to limit the amount of current flowing thru each LED
segment.
SOFTWARE:

KEIL µVISION

The µVision IDE from Keil combines project management, make facilities, source code
editing, program debugging, and complete simulation in one powerful environment. The
µVision development platform is easy-to-use and it helps us to quickly create embedded
programs. The µVision editor and debugger are integrated in a single application that
provides a seamless embedded project development environment.
µVision3 provides unique features like:

• The Device Database which automatically sets the assembler, compiler, and linker
options for the chip we select. This prevents us from wasting our time configuring the
tools and helps us to get started and to write code faster.

• A robust Project Manager which helps to create several different configurations of

our target from a single project file. Only the Keil µVision3 IDE allows us to create an
output file for simulating, an output file for debugging with an emulator, and an output
file for programming an EPROM--all from the same Project file.

• An integrated Make facility with automatic dependency generation. We don't

have to figure out which header files and include files are used by which source files.
The Keil compilers and assemblers do that automatically.

• Interactive error correction. As your project compiles, errors and warnings appear
in an output window. We may make corrections to the files in your project while
µVision3 continues to compile in the background. Line numbers associated with each
error or warning are automatically resynchronised when we make changes to the source.
µVision3 Debugger

The µVision Debugger from Keil supports simulation using only our PC or laptop, and
debugging using our target system and a debugger interface. µVision includes traditional
features like simple and complex breakpoints, watch windows, and execution control as
well as sophisticated features like trace capture, execution profiler, code coverage, and
logic analyzer.
 PROJECT OBJECTIVES

1. To incorporate visitor counters with 7 segment displays and LEDs, on both the
doors of the bus.

2. To create an algorithm for generating, storing and limiting the validity of unique
Identification numbers for the Tickets.

3. To interface keypads with every seat.

4. To affix an automatic gate handle on each seat and control its operation with the
keypad and microcontroller.

5. To synchronize the overall logistics of operation and implement it in real time.

 REFERENCES

1. http://www.atmel.com/dyn/resources/prod_documents/doc2669.pdf

2. http://www.electro-tech-online.com/microcontrollers/16629-how-does-4x4-
keypad-work.html

3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven-segment_display
.
4. The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems, by Muhammad Ali Mazidi,
Janice Mazidi
.
5. Microcontroller:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontroller/ (August 2010)