Development and Validation of a CFD Technique for the Aerodynamic Analysis of HAWT-S.

Gómez-Iradi
The paper gives the details of the compressible Navier–Stokes CFD method in which the
analysis of horizontal axis wind turbines has been carried out. The validation of numerical and
experimental results were obtained for the various flow angles of the wind turbine blades

.[1].Ve rmeer, L . J., Sørensen, J. N., and Crespo, A., 2003, “Wind Turbine Wake
Aerodynamics,” Prog. Aerosp. Sci., 39(6–7), pp. 467–510.

[2 ]Hand, M. M., S imms, D. A., F ingersh, L . J ., Jager, D . W., Cotrell, J. R., Schreck, S.,
and Larwood, S. M., 2001, “Unsteady Aerodynamics Experiment Phase, VI: Wind Tunnel
Test Configurations and Available Data Campaigns,” NREL, Technical Report No. TP-500-
29955.

The work of Vermeer et al describes the concerned experiment confined to wind turbine
measurements.[1] It proves a convincing validation experiment on CFD for the NASA-Ames wind
tunnels as part of the NREL campaign which stands as an proof for research works.
The approach dealt an convincing experiment for CFD validation.[2]

[5] Duque, E. P. N., Burklund, M. D., and Johnson, W., 2003, “Navier-Stokes and
Comprehensive Analysis Performance Predictions of the NREL Phase V I Experiment,”
ASME J. Sol. Energy Eng., 125(4), pp. 457– 467
.
Duque et al [5] gives a good argument of both numerical and experimental results on
OVERFLOW -D2 V1.5D solver, developed by NASA, and the Baldwin–Barth turbulence model.

[4 ]Sørensen, N. N., M ichelsen, J. A., and Schreck, S., 2002, “Navier-Stokes Predictions of
the NREL Phase V I Rotor in the NASA Ames 80 ft  1 20 ft Wind Tunnel,” Wind Energy,
5 (2–3), pp. 151–169.

The Characteristics of ELLIPSYS3D incompressible solver and the k –w shear stress turbulence
model was obtained Sørensen et al [4] work. The prediction of thrust for the sonic region along
with the torque estimation were done.

[13LePape, A., and Gleize, V., 2006, “Improved Navier-Stokes Computations of a Stall-
Regulated Wind Tu rbine U sing Low Mach Number Preconditioning,” 44th Aerospace
Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV, Jan. 9–12, AIAA Paper No. 2006-1502.

Le Pape and Gleize [13] made detailed study over low-Mach number preconditioning technique,
the ELSA solver, and the k- SST turbulence model.and obtained the results for the thrust as well
as torque to be developed .

[17]Eppler, R ., 1990, Airfoil Design and Data, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

A better argument of the Eppler transition model behavior at low wind speed was formulated [17]

[3] Schmitz, S ., and Chattot, J.-J., 2005, “A Parallelized Coupled Navier-Stokes/ Vortex-
Panel Solver,” ASME J. Sol. Energy Eng., 127(4 ), pp. 475– 487.

Schmitz and Chattot [3] made a numerical study over the the k ε and k-w turbulence models at
low wind speeds. The argument of the measurements in contrast to assumptions was not acceptable
since the wind harnessing on the lower side of the section was not captured properly.

[18] Wang, T., and Coton, F. N., 2000, “Numerical Simulation o f Wind Tunnel Wall
Effects o n Wind Turbine Flows,” Wind Energy, 3 3 , pp. 135–148.
[19 ]Grant, I., Mo, M., Parking, P., Powell, J., Reineche, H., Shuang, K., Coton, F.,
and Lee, F., 1998, “Optical Evaluation o f the Wake Characteristics o f a Wind Turbine and
a P rescribed Wake Model,” Fifth International Symposium o n Flow Visualization,
Sorrento, Italy, Sept. 1 – 4 , pp. 132.1–132.15, Paper No. 132.

Wang and Coton [18] employs experimental validation of the turbulence models using laser
sheet visualization [LSV] and PIV and performance effects were found. The comparison of the
employed model was carried out experimentally and study over the wake structure [19] .

[20]Simms, D., Schreck, S., Hand, M., and Fingersh, L . J., 2001, “NREL Unsteady
Aerodynamics Experiment in the NASA-Ames Wind Tunnel: A Comparison o f Predictions
to Measurements,” NREL, Technical Report No. TP-500-29494.

The analysis of variation in blade pitch and its influences were predicted by NASA-Ames Phase
VI experiments Simms et al [20]. the data was analyzed of the NASA-Ames Phase VI
experiments, the estimation of the wake region over the test section boundaries was performed .

[21]Sørensen, J. N., Shen, W. Z., and Mikkelsen, R., 2006, “Wall Correction Model for Wind
Tunnels With Open Te st Section,” A IAA J ., 44(8), pp. 1890– 1894.

Sørensen et al [21] validation was obtained for the different sections (open and closed) which is ,
based on Glauert’s idea of equivalent inflow velocity, with a one dimensional momentum
approach. The methodology has been carried out on various assumption that the flow is
incompressible and axisymmetric and the flow takes the path towards the inner region influenced
by the flow through a rotor actuator disk and the flow takes the path towards the outer region
influenced by the flow between the limiting tip stream-surface and the wind-tunnel. The CFD
results are validated with experimental by accounting the effect of the blade/tower interaction.
The methodology for aerodynamic study on a small domestic wind turbine with scoop
F. Wang, L . Baia, J . Fletcherb, J . Whitefordc, D . Cullenc

This work is been focused to carry out the validation study over the wind turbine to enhance the
performance by scoop design. The methodology formulated would be validated for the future work
over a new rotor blade system along with scoop. The modified design results in the increase of
power generation with respect to the varying wind speed conditions .

Ackermann, T., Soder, L., 2002. An overview of wind energy-Status 2002.

The detailed study over global warming effect and wind turbine influence to reduce its effect were
obtained.
(Ackermann and Soder, 2002).

Renew. Sustain Energy Rev. 6, 67–128. American Wind Energy Association (AWEA), 2002.
The wind turbine rating with respect to on shore and off shore has been proved with an average of
40% per year ( AWEA , 2002 ).

Gilbert, B.L., Foreman, K.M., 1983. Experiments with a diffuser-augmented model wind
turbine. Trans. ASME J. Energy Res. Technol. 105, 46–53.
Hansen, M.O.L., Sorensen, N.N., Flay, R.G.J., 2000. Effect of placing a diffuser around a
wind turbine. Wind Energy 3, 207–213.
Frandsen, P., et al., 2000. Redefinition power curve for more accurate performance
assessment o f wind farms. Wind Energy 3, 81–111.

A certain work was concentrated to increase the wind speed in order to yield the higher energy
output. . To obtain a appreciable power output for a small-scale wind turbine situated around the
turbulent environment, and to gave the verdict of the cost benefited installation ,improvisation of
the energy capture. The results also have the argument that the output power is proportional to the
cubic power of the incident Airspeed.
( Gilbert and Foreman, 1983 ) ( Phillips et a l., 2000 )(Hansen e t al., 2000 ).

Ohya, Y., Karasudani, T., Sakurai, A., 2002. Development of high-performance wind turbine
with brimmed diffuser. J. Jpn. Soc. Aeronaut. Space Sci. 50, 477–482 (in Japanese).
Ohya, Y., Karasudani, T., Sakurai, A., Inoue, M., 2004. Development of high-performance
wind turbine with a brimmed-diffuser: Part 2. J. Jpn. Soc. Aeronaut. Space Sci. 52, 210–213
(in Japanese).

The paper presents the model of large diffuser along with a flange creating a large separation of
the flow with low pressure generation region and also with higher wind energy capturing . this
model consists of a large diffuser with a flange creating a large separation in the flow
Ohya et al. (2002, 2004)

Abe, K., Nishida, M., Sakurai, A., Ohya, Y., Kihara, H., Wada, E., Sato, K., 2004.
Experimental and numerical investigations of flow fields behind a small wind turbine with a
flanged diffuser. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 92, 315–330.

Abe, K., Nishidab, M., Sakuraia, A., Ohyac, Y., Kiharaa, H., Wadad, E., Satod, K., 2005.
Experimental and numerical investigations of flow fields behind a small wind turbine with a
flanged diffuser. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 93, 951–970.

The experimental research has been made to prove that the model (diffuser–shrouded wind
turbine) will result in more power generation with four times higher power co-efficient and also
gave a verdict of the vortex form in the downstream wind turbine (Abe et al., 2005)

Matsushima, T., Takagi, S., Muroyama, S., 2006. Characteristics of a highly efficient
propeller type small wind turbine with a diffuser. Renew. Energy 31 (9), 1343–1354.

The optimum design of the diffuser with modification in the length wise and angle wise has been
provided to improvise the wind harnessing . ( Matsus hima et al., 2006 ).

A blade element estimation o f the cut-in wind speed of a small turbine. Wind Energy 25
(4),249–255. Wright, A.K., Wood, D.H., 2004.
The starting and low wind speed behaviour of a small horizontal axis wind
turbine. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 92, 1265–1279.
A model for unsteady rotor aerodynamics using CFD. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 92, 315–
330. Swift Wind, 2006. Product Specifications, S Wood, D.H., 2001.
Mayer, C., Bechly, M.E., Hampsey, M., Wood, D.H., 2001. The starting behaviour of a small
horizontal-axis wind turbine. Renew. Energy 22, 411–417.

Wind turbines of small blade radius will experiences micro level aerodynamic starting torque,
which is expected to overcome the brush friction torque with DC generators or cogging torques
related with permanent magnet (PM ) generators. Starting can be improved by accelerating the
airspeed through the blade system. The research has been done on HAWT for measuring its
starting performance in which the acceleration of the wind speed through blades . the work also
concentrated in obtaining the equations for the lift and drag co-Efficient. (W right an d Wood,
2004 ; Mayer et al., 2001 ; Wood, 2001 ; Ebert and Wood, 1997 ; Clausen and Wood , 2000 ). W
right a n d Wood (2004)
Measurement M ethod to VerifyWind Turbine Performance Characteristics, Riso-R-
1209(EN). Sorensen, J.N., Kock, C.W., 2004.
Kume, H., Ohya, Y., Karasudani, T., Watanabe, K., 2003. Design of a shrouded wind turbine
with brimmed diffuser using CFD. In: Proceedings of the Annual Conference of JSAS, The
West Side Division. pp. 51–54.
Mandas, N., Carcangiu, C.E., Cambuli, F., 2005. Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Universita ` degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Fluent NEWS, Summer 2005.

The model of the rotor which uses a disk loading method, have represented a real three-
dimensional large -scale wind turbine using Fluent, and the results were compared with the
obtained model from the BEM theory.
( Sorensen and Kock, 2004 ; Kume et al., 2003 ). Mandas et al. (2005)

PROVEN, 2006. WT600, Product Specifications,

Riso, 2001. European Wind Turbine Testing Procedure Developments
Wind Turbine Performance Characteristics, Riso-R-1209(EN).

The assessment models was developed for both the large and small wind turbines in suiting the
environment with its performance . ( PROVEN, 2006 ) ( SWIFT , 2006 ).
The certain works focused to yield a technique for predicting the accuracy of power performance
significantly .Riso (2001) Fra ndsen et al. (2000)

Imamura, H., Matsumiya, H., Yamada, S., 1999. Method of performance evaluation of a W
TGS in Complex Terrain. In: Proceedings of the third Joints Fluids Engineering Conference
July 1999, San Fransisco.

The performance analysis over terrain were taken into account in the research to calculate the
performance . Imamura et al. (1999)

Beattie, A., 2001. Wind turbine power performance assessment under real conditions.
Dissertation,Loughborouth University.

The influence of various factors such as turbulence intensity, seasonal variation, and wind
directional variation were done along with the power curves Beattie (2001)

Fabiano, D.A., Gustavo de Marsillac, P., Villar Ale ´ , G.A., Simioni, G.S., 2003. Power Curve
of Small Wind Turbine Generators—Laboratory and Field Testing. World Climate &
Energy Event, 1–5 December 2003, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
 The experimental investigation over the wind turbines in predicting the power curves were done .
Fabiano et al. (2003)

Corbus, D., Link, H., Butterfield, S., Stork, C., Newcomb, C., Sasseen, T., 1999. Certification
testing for small wind turbines. In: Proceedings of Windpower ‘99 Burlington, Vermont,
June 20–23, 1999.

The testing procedure over the small wind turbines were done and approved by NREL. The other
approach is CFD,in which Navier–Stoke s equations are solved together with some turbulence
models obtaining the wind turbulence to reveal the global flows. The results explored along with
these models are good with large amounts of information describing the flow domain. The
awkward involed in these work was economical aspects
Corbus et al. (1999)