Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Waves
Transverse Waves
Longitudinal Waves
Ripple Tank
Phase
Wavelength, λ
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• The distance between two successive particles which
are at the same phase
Wavefronts
Oscillating Systems
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• Equilibrium position → zero resultant force
• Complete oscillation
Displacement-Time Graph
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o Amplitude
o Period
o Frequency
Displacement-Distance Graph
o Amplitude
o Wavelengths
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Wave Speed
Damping
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Natural Frequency
Forced Oscillation
Resonance
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• Pendulum X and D have equal length and consequently
equal natural frequency
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Reflection of Waves
• Direction changes
• λ is the same
• f is the same
• v is the same
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Refraction of Waves
• Direction changes
• f is the same
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increases
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Diffraction of Waves
• Direction
changes
• λ is the same
• f is the same
• v is the same
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i. Wavelength
wavelength
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1.5 Interference
Principle of Superposition
at that point
Interference
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• Formula:
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Coherent Waves
• Two wave sources which are coherent have the same
frequency (therefore same wavelength) and in phase
or constant phase difference
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1.6 Sound Wave
Sound Wave
• Sound wave is a mechanical wave that requires a
medium for its propagation, therefore sound wave
cannot propagate in vacuum
• Sound waves propagate fastest in solid and slowest
in gas
• Amplitude depends on loudness
• Frequency depends on the pitch
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Electromagnetic Waves
• Can travel in free space,
without medium
the polaroid
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Violet Red
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2.1 Electric Fields and Charge Flow
Electric Current
Electric Charges
• ,
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2.1 Electric Fields and Charge Flow
• This is because:
Electric Field
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2.1 Electric Fields and Charge Flow
Application Explanation
• When the ping
pong ball touches
the (-) plate, it will
be negatively
charged and move
away from the (-)
plate
• When the ping
Ping pong ball coated with pong ball touches
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conducting material
2.1 Electric Fields and Charge Flow the (+) plate, it will
be positively
charged and move
away from the (+)
plate
• This cycle is
repeated until
voltage supply is
turned off
• When the EHT
power supply is
switched on, the
candle flame
divided into two
portions in opposite
directions
• This is because the
Candle flame
flame ionises the
air molecules to (+)
and (-) ions
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2.2 Relationship between Electric Current and Potential
Difference
Potential Difference
Ohm’s Law
• Hence,
Ohmic Conductor
Resistance
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2.2 Relationship between Electric Current and Potential
Difference
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Temperature,
2.2 Relationship between Electric Current and Potential
Difference
Metal
Semiconductor
Superconductor
• a material whose
resistance becomes zero
when its temperature drops
to a certain value called
the critical temperature
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2.2 Relationship between Electric Current and Potential
Difference
• Advantages:
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2.3 Series and Parallel Circuits
Series Parallel
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2.3 Series and Parallel Circuits
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2.4 Electromotive Force and Internal Resistance
Electromotive Force
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2.4 Electromotive Force and Internal Resistance
Measured in JC-1 or volts, V Measured in JC-1 or volts, V
Internal Resistance
• Hence,
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2.5 Electrical Energy and Power
Electrical Energy
• or
Electrical Power
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3.1 The Magnetic Effect of Current-Carrying Conductor
Electromagnets
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3.1 The Magnetic Effect of Current-Carrying Conductor
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3.1 The Magnetic Effect of Current-Carrying Conductor
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3.1 The Magnetic Effect of Current-Carrying Conductor
• Turns of wire are pushed closer so that the solenoid
becomes shorter
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3.2 Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic
Field
Fleming’s Left Hand Rule
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3.2 Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic
Field
Factors Affecting the Magnitude of Catapult Force
• Magnitude of current
• Length of conductor
• Angle
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3.2 Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic
Field
DC Motor
Component Function
Commutator reverse the direction of
current in the coil every half
rotation so that the coil
continues to turn in same
direction
Carbon brush to be in contact with the
commutator so the current
from the battery always
enters the coil
Spring push the brush so it will
always be in contact with the
commutator
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3.3 Electromagnetic Induction
Electromagnetic Induction
• Produced when :
Faraday’s Law
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3.3 Electromagnetic Induction
• The size of the induced e.m.f is directly proportional to
the rate at which the conductor cuts through the
magnetic field lines
Lenz’s Law
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3.3 Electromagnetic Induction
DC Generator
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3.3 Electromagnetic Induction
AC Generator
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3.3 Electromagnetic Induction
DC AC
One direction Direction changes every cycle
Constant magnitude Magnitude always change
Cannot flow through capacitor Can flow through capacitor
Cannot flow through Can flow through transformer
transformer
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3.4 Transformers
Transformers
• Step-up transformer,
• Step-down transformer,
Ideal Transformers
• Efficiency 100%
Improvements Explanation
Use thick wires To lower the
resistance, hence
reducing heat loss
Use a laminated core Prevent eddy currents
(currents that are
induced in the soft iron
core) to flow, hence
reducing heat loss
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3.4 Transformers
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3.5 Generation and Transmission of Electricity
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3.5 Generation and Transmission of Electricity
• As the magnet turns inside a coil of wire, electricity is
produced by electromagnetic induction
Transmission of Electricity
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3.5 Generation and Transmission of Electricity
• ,
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4.1 Cathode-Ray Oscilloscope
Thermionic Emission
• Process:
Cathode Ray
• Properties :
Negatively charged
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4.1 Cathode-Ray Oscilloscope
Travel at a very high speed
Step Observation
Connect only the A dark shadow of the Maltese Cross is
6 V power supply formed on the screen.
to the filament
Connect the 6 V A darker shadow of the Maltese Cross is
and EHT to the seen on the screen. The shadow is
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4.1 Cathode-Ray Oscilloscope
electrodes surrounded by green light.
Bring a pole of a Two shadows are seen on the screen. The
bar magnet near light shadow remains at the centre of
to the neck of screen while the dark one is shifted.
the tube.
Reverse the pole The light shadow remains at the centre of
of the bar screen while the dark one is shifted to the
magnet opposite direction.
Deflection Tube
Step Observation
No voltage is connected to No deflection
the deflecting plates
Top plate is connected to EHT Deflected upward
(+) while the lower is
connected to EHT (-)
Top plate is connected to EHT Deflected downward
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4.1 Cathode-Ray Oscilloscope
(-) while the lower is
connected to EHT (+)
Cathode-Ray Oscilloscope
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4.1 Cathode-Ray Oscilloscope
Focusing To focus the electrons into a
anode beam and to attract electrons
from the area of the control grid.
Accelerating To accelerate the electron beam
anode towards the screen
Deflection Y-plate Move the electron vertically
system X-plate Move the electron horizontally
Fluorescent Inside surface Fluoresces when electron beam
screen coated with strikes it
zinc sulphide
Glass coated Channels the electrons striking
with graphite the screen to Earth
and
connected to
Earth
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4.2 Semiconductor Diodes
Conductors
Insulators
Semiconductors
Silicon
• Semiconductor
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4.2 Semiconductor Diodes
• Each electron in the outermost shell can form a
covalent bond with one electron in the outermost shell
of another atom
Doping
Semiconductor Diodes
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4.2 Semiconductor Diodes
• Forward-biased :
Reverse-biased :
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4.2 Semiconductor Diodes
Diodes as Rectifier
• Half-wave rectifier :
L = Load
• Full-wave rectifier
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4.2 Semiconductor Diodes
Smoothing
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4.3 Transistors
Transistors
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4.4 Logic Gates
Logic Gates
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
OR 0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
NOT 0 1
1 0
NAND 0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
NOR 0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
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5.1 Nucleus of an Atom
Composition of the Nucleus
Nuclide Notation
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5.1 Nucleus of an Atom
Isotopes
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5.2 Radioactive Decay
Radioactivity
Detectors of Radiation
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5.2 Radioactive Decay
Types of Radiation
Mass 4 1/2000 0
Charge +2e -e Neutral
Speed Slow, 10% of Fast 99% of Speed of light,
speed of light speed of light
Ionizing High Medium Low
ability
Tracks in
cloud
chamber
Penetrating
power
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5.2 Radioactive Decay
Effect of
electric field
Effect of
magnetic
field
Photographic Badge
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5.2 Radioactive Decay
Cloud chamber
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5.2 Radioactive Decay
Half-Life
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5.2 Radioactive Decay
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5.3 Uses of Radioisotopes
Radioisotopes
Application of Radioisotopes
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5.3 Uses of Radioisotopes
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5.4 Nuclear Energy
Atomic Mass Unit (a.m.u.)
• Unit : u
• Carbon-12
• kg
Nuclear Fission
Chain Reaction
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5.4 Nuclear Energy
Nuclear Fusion
Mass defect
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5.4 Nuclear Energy
• , m/s
Generation of Electricity
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5.4 Nuclear Energy
Coolant Take away the heat from the nuclear
reactor. Substances with high specific
heat capacity such as water and carbon
dioxide are used
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5.5 Proper Management of Radioactive Substances
Negative Effects of Radioactive Substances
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5.5 Proper Management of Radioactive Substances
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