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COMPENDIUM
PHYSICS
General
1. If x = ambnco, then
2. For vernier calipers, least count = s-v
(s=length of one division on main scale, v=length of one division on vernier scale)
3. Length measured by vernier caliper = reading of main scale + reading of vernier scale ×
least count.
4. For screw gauge, least count =
where, Pitch =
5. Length measured by screw gauge = Reading of main scale + Reading of circular scale ×
least count.
6. Time period for a simple pendulum =
Mechanics
Vectors
a1 = b1 a2= b2 and a3 = b3
2.Instantaneous speed, 5. a= =v =
v= u +at
3. Displacement =
s= ut + at2 = vt - at2
v2 = u2+2as
Projectile motion
1. Time of flight , t0 =
Range , R=
2. Maximum height H=
3. (x,y)=(ucos )
Forces
1. F - R=ma
3. =F
Circular Motion
3. R at (x,y) =
Rotational Mechanics
3.
4. (i) Pure translation
1. Moment of inertia,
(ii) Rotation 0
I= = dm
(iii) Pure rotation 0
(iv) Translation
2. Angular momentum,
(v) Rolling
(vi) Sliding or sliding
L=Iω
Gravitation
1. F = G (attraction force)
2. Gravitational potential energy, U = -G
3.
4. Gravitational potential, V =
5. Gravitational field, E =
6. Escape velocity, u
1. + =0 4. Physical Pendulum
2.
T= =
3. Angular simple harmonic motion,
T= 2 , =
5. Simple Pendulum,
T= 2 , =
Fluid Mechanics
P= pressure =density V=volume of solid v=volume immersed D= density of solid
d=density of liquid A=cross section area U=upthrust
1) p=
Surface tension
T = surface tension Θ = angle of contact R = radius of the bubble/drop R = radius of the tube
Viscosity
Wave Motion
A = Amplitude y = Displacement ΔФ = Phase Difference γ = Frequency λ = wavelength
L = Length of the wire Μ = Mass per unit length ω = Angular frequency Δx = Path difference
1. Equation of a wave, y=
3.
4.
Resultant Wave, y = y1 + y2
Constructive interference, Δθ = 2nπ Or Δx = nλ
Destructive interference, Δθ = (2n-1)π Or Δx = (n-1/2)λ
Fundamental Frequency, γ0 =
Sound Waves
1. Speed of sound in :
1)Fluids = (b: Bulk Modulus, ρ: Density 2)Solids = (Y: Young’s Modulus, ρ:
Density 3) Gas =
Thermal Physics
P=pressure V=volume n= no. of moles T=temperature R= universal gas constant
co-efficient of linear thermal expansion β=co-efficient of superficial themal expansion
=coefficient of volume thermal expansion
= p; =
Calorimetry
Q=heat taken /supplied ; s=specific heat; m=mass; =change in temperature; L=latent heat of
state change per mass
1. Q=ms 2.Q=mL
Laws of Thermodynamics
W=work done by gas , U=internal energy =initial volume =final pressure =initial pressure
=final pressure
Adiabatic process, W=
5)Entropy, 6). = 7)
Heat Transfer
Optics :
u=dist. Of the object from the lens/mirror v=dist. Of the image from the lens/mirror
m= magnification i= angle of incidence r=angle of reflection/ refraction
n=refractive index θc=critical angle δ=angle of deviation R= radius of
curvature
P=power
5. Prism r + r’ =A , δ = i + i’ – A n=
Electricity and Magnetism :
Electric field: =q
Gauss law: Net electric flux through any closed surface is equal to the net charge enclosed
by the surface divided by ε0. =
(f) Facts:
1. In an isolated capacitor, charge does not change.
2. Capacitors in series have equal amt of charges
3. The voltage across 2 capacitors connected in parallel is same.
4. In steady state, no current flows through a capacitor.
5. Sum of currents into a node is zero.
6. Sum of voltages around a closed loop is zero.
7. The temperature coefficient of resistivity is negative for semiconductor.
(g) Electric potential due to various charge distributions
2
Charged ring – V = q/( + x2))
Spherical shell -
(h) Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor, C = ε0A/d
(i) Ohm’s Law, E = ρJ
(j) Force between the plates of a capacitor – Q2/2ε0A
(k) Capacitance of a spherical capacitor, C = ab/(b-a)
(l) Wheatstone Bridge : R1/R2 = R3/R4 , where R1 and R3, R2 and R4 are part of the same
bridges respectively.
Grouping of cells:
a) Series combination
b) Parallel combination
c) Mixed combination
Facts:
2.Net magnetic force acting on any closed current loop in a uniform magnetic field is zero.
4.Parallel wires carrying current in the same direction attract each other.
When a particle enters into a perpendicular magnetic field,it describes a circle.Radius of the
circular path, r= = Time period, T=
Ampere’s Law : =
6) Along the axis of asolenoid Bc= where n=N/l (No.of turns per unit length )
7) For a very long solenoid Bc=µ0nI 8) At the end of a long solenoid, B= µ0nI/2
Electromagnetic – Induction
Induced emf ε=- N where A is the area of the loop . Induced current ,
Inducatance of a solenoid L=µ0 n2A l where ‘n’ is the number of turns per unit length
AC –Circuits
In LCR Circuits –
If 1/ c > ωL, current leads the voltage *If 1/ωc < ωL, current lags behind the voltage.
2
If 1 = ω LC, current is in phase with the voltage.
Power in A.C circuit, P = VrmsIrmscos Ѳ, where co Ѳ is the power factor.
For a purely resistive circuit, Ѳ = 0 * For a purely reactive circuit, Ѳ = 90 or 270. Thus, cosѲ = 0.
Modern Physics :
Problem solving technique ( for nuclear physics)
(a) Balance atomic number and mass number on both the sides.
(b) Calculate the total energy of the reactants and products individually and equate
them.
(c) Finally equate the momenta of reactants and products.
If a particle of mass ‘m’ and charge ‘q’ is accelerated through a potential difference ‘v’,
then wavelength associated with it is given by λ = (h/√(2mq)) x (1/√v))
The de-Broglie wavelength of a gas molecule of mass ‘m’ at temperature ‘T’(in Kelvin) is
given by λ = h/√(3mkt), where k = Blotzmann constant
Mass defect is given by ∆m = [Zmp + (A – Z) mn - mZA] where mp, mn and mZA be the
masses of proton, neutron and nucleus respectively. ‘Z’ is number of protons, (A-Z) is
number of neutrons.
When a radioactive material decays by simultaneous ‘ and ‘ ’ emission, then decay
constant ‘λ’ is given by λ = λ1 + λ2
CHEMISTRY
Organic Chemistry
Certain important named reactions
1. Beckmann rearrangement
This reaction results in the formation of an amide(rearrangement product)
3. Michael reaction
It’s a base catalysed addition of compounds having active methylene group to
an activated olefinic bond.
Addition reactions
1. Electrophilic addition
Markonikov’s rule
Addition to alkynes
2. Nucleophilic addition
3. Bisulphite addition
4. Carbanion addition
1 .Sn1 mechanism
Rate α [R3CX]
First order reaction and rate of hydrolysis of alkyl halides- allyl>benzyl>3⁰>2⁰>1⁰>CH3
2. Sn2 mechanism
Rate α [RX][Nu-] > Rate of hydrolysis-CH3>1⁰>2⁰>3⁰
Elimination Reaction mechanisms
2. E2 mechanism(second order)
Halogenation
Polymer classification
1.based on origin
Natural. Eg-silk, wool, starch etc
Semi-synthetic. Eg-nitrocellulose, cellulose xanthate etc
Synthetic. Eg-teflon, polythene
Physical Chemistry
1. BASIC CONCEPTS Vmp:Vavg:Vrms=1 : 1.128 : 1.224
Van der waal’s equation:
Average atomic mass =
Avogadro’s Law - V
Moles = For 1 molecule, the K.E = 1.5
Atomicity (γ) = = 1.5KT
Cp-Cv = R Critical Pressure :
n = [Molecular Formula Critical Volume : 3b
Weight]/[Empirical formula Weight] Critical Temperature :
Graham’s law of diffusion
2. STATES OF MATTER (effusion) :
Density= Rate of diffusion
Partial pressure= Total
pressure x Mole fraction
3. ATOMIC STRUCTURE 5. CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
8. NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
10. SURFACE CHEMISTRY
Isothermal variation of extent of
1 amu = 1.66 x 10-24 g
adsorption with pressure is
1 eV = 1.6 x 10-19 J
1 cal = 4.184 J
Decay Constant λ = Where x is mass of gas adsorbed by
the mass m of adsorbent at pressure P.
K and n are constant for a given pair of
Half life Period t1/2= adsorbant and adsorbate.
Amount N of Substance left after ‘n’ Hardy Schultz Rule
1. The ion having opposite charge to sol
half lives =
particles cause coagulation
2. Coagulating power of an electrolyte
9. SOLID STATE
depends on the valency of the ion, i.e.
CRYSTAL INTERCEP CRYSTAL ANGLES greater the valency more is the
SYSTEM TS coagulating.
Cubic a=b=c Gold Number: The no. of milligrams of
protective colloid required to just
Ortho-rhombic a b
prevent the coagulation of 10ml of red
Tetragonal a=b
gold sol when 1 ml of 10% solution of
Monoclinic a NaCl is added to it.
Maths
Complex Numbers
i denotes a quantity such that i2=-1 .
A complex number is represented as a+ib , If a+ib=0 then a=0 and b=0. Also a+ib=c+id
then a=c and b=d.
De Moivre’s Theorem : (cosq +isinq)n=cosnq +sinnq
Euler’s Theorem : e =cosq + isinq And e-iq=cosq-isinq
iq
and
and
or
Properties of Modulus
1) 2) 3) 4)
5) 7)
DeMoivre’s Theorem
If n is a positive or negative integer then (cosA + isinA)n = cos nA + isin nA
Quadratic Equations
Arithmetic Progressions:
1. A general form of AP is a,a+ad,a+2d,.......
2. The nth term of the AP is a+(n-1)d. The sum of n terms are n/2(2a+(n-1)d).
3. Some other sums 1+2+3+4......+n=n(n+1)/2
4. 12+22+32+.....+n2=n(n+1)(2n+1)/6 and 13+23+33.......+n3=n2(n+1)2/4.
Geometric Progressions:
1. A general form of GP is a,ar,ar2,ar3,......
2. The nth term is arn-1 , and the sum of n terms is a(1-rn)/1-r where r>1 And a/(1-r)
where (|r|<1) .
Harmonic Progressions:
1. A general forms of a HP is 1/a, 1/(a+d),1/(a+2d),......
Means : Let Arithmetic mean be A, Geometric mean be G and Harmonic Mean be H,
between two positive numbers a and b, then
A=a+b/2 , G=(ab)2, H=2ab/(a+b).
A,G,H are in GP i.e. G2=HA Also A>=G>=H.
Logarithms
Permutations :
1. Multiplication Principle : There are m ways doing one work and n ways doing another
work then ways of doing both work together = m.n
2. Addition Principle: There are m ways doing one work and n ways doing another work
then ways doing either m ways or n ways = m+n.
n
3. pr=n(n-1)(n-2)(n-3).......(n-r+1) =
5. The number of permutations of n things taken all at a time,p are alike of one kind,q
are alike of another kind and r are alike of a third kind and the rest n-(p+q+r) are all
different is
6. The number of ways of arranging n distinct objects taking r of them at a time where
any object may be repeated any number of times is n-r
8. The number of ways of selecting at least one object out of ‘n’ distinct objects = 2n-1
Combinations :
1. A selection of r objects out n different objects without reference to the order of placing
is given by nCr.
* nCr = npr/r! * nCr= nCn-r . * nCr= n-1Cr-1 + n-1Cr
Probability :
Let A and B be any two events. Then A or B happening is said to be A union B(A+B) and
A and B happening at the same time is said to be A intersection B(AB).
Transformations:
(Here a,b,c are three sides of a triangle , A,B,C are the angles , R is the circumradius and
s is semi-perimeter of a triangle)
a/sinA =b/sinB=c/sinC=2R(Sine Formula) cosC=(a2+b2- c2)/2ab(Cosine Formula)
a=c cosB + b cosC(Projection Formula)
sinA/2={(s-b)*(s-c)/bc}(1/2) cosB/2={s(s-b)/ca}1/2
tanA/2={(s-b)(s-c)/s(s-a)}1/2
Inverse Functions :
sin-1x+cos-1x=π/2 tan-1x+cot-1x=π/2
tan-1x + tan-1y= tan-1(x+y/1-xy) if xy<1 tan-1x + tan-1y= π- tan-1(x+y/1-xy) if xy>1
sin-1x+sin-1y=sin-1[x (1-y2)1/2 + y(1-x2)1/2] sin-1x-sin-1y=sin-1[x (1-y2)1/2 - y(1-x2)1/2]
cos-1x+cos-1y=cos-1[xy- (1-x2)1/2(1-y2)1/2] cos-1x-cos-1y=cos-1[xy+(1-x2)1/2(1-y2)1/2]
Analytical Geometry :
Locus: When a point moves in accordance with a geometric law, its path is called a locus.
Line: Standard form: ax+by+c=0 Slope form :y=(tanq)x+c where q is the angle the line
makes with the x-axis and ‘c’ is the intercept on y-axis.
Intercept form : x/a + y/b =1 where a and b are intercepts on x and y axes.
Normal form :xcosq +ysinq=p
Line passing through the points (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) is (x-x1)/(x1-x2)= (y-y1)/(y1-y2)
Length of a perpendicular from a point (x1,y1) to the line ax+by+c=0 is |(ax1+by1+c)/(a2+b2)(1/2) |
Circle :
Parabola:
1. The standard equation is y2=4ax where x-axis is axis of parabola and y-axsi is tangent at
the vertex. Vertex is A(0,0) and Focus is S(a,0) and Directrix is x+a=0
2. Parametric Form of a point on y2=4ax is P(at2,2at). At P the slope of tangent is 1/t.
3. Equation of tangent is x-yt+at2=0. Equation of normal is y+tx-2at-at3=0.
2 2
4. If P(at1 ,2at1) and Q(at2 ,2at2) then the slope of chord PQ is 2x-y(t1+t2)+2at1t2=0
Ellipse:
1. Standard equation is x2/a2+ y2/b2=1 ; x-axis is major axis length 2a y-axis is minor axis
length 2b And b2= a2 (1-e2) [ e is eccentricity and e < 1]
2. There are two foci S(ae,0) and S’(-ae,0). And the two directrices are x=a/e and x=-a/e.
3. If P is any point on ellipse then i) SP + S’P=2a ii)SP. SP’=CD2 where CD is semi-diameter
parallel to the tangent at P.
4. Parametric Form of a point P on x2/a2+ y2/b2=1 is P(acosq, bsinq) . The equation of the
tangent is x/a cosq + y/b sinq -1=0 . Equation of normal is ax/cosq - by/sinq=a2-b2
5. The locus of points of intersection of perpendicular tangents of the ellipse x2/a2+ y2/b2-1=0 is
called the director circle and is given by x2+y2=a2+b2 .
Hyperbola:
1. Standard equation of Hyperbola is x2/a2- y2/b2=1 . x-axis- transverse axis length -2a ,
y-axis conjugate axis, length 2b where e =1+ b2/a2.
2
2. Parametric equation of a point on x2/a2- y2/b2=1 are x=asecq and y=b tanq where q is the
parameter.
3. Auxiliary circle : The circle described on the transverse axis of the hyperbola as diameter is
called auxiliary circle and is given by x2+y2=a2.
4. Condition for tangency : A line y=mx+c is a tangent to x2/a2- y2/b2=1 iff c2=a2m2-b2 and the
equation is xx1/a2- yy1/b2 =1
5. Asymptotes of a Hyperbola: Asymptotes of hyperbola x2/a2- y2/b2=1 are given by x2/a2 –
y2/b2 = 0.
6. Conjugate hyperbola : x2/a2- y2/b2=1 is the conjugate hyperbola of y2/b2-x2/a2 = 1. If e1 and e2
are their eccentricities then 1/e12 + 1/e22 =1.
7.Rectangular Hyperbola: It is denoted by xy=c2.A point on xy=c2 is represented in the
parametric form by( ct, c/t ). At P(ct, c/t) , the slope of the tangent is -1/t2 . Equation of tangent is
x + yt2-2ct =0. Slope of normal is xt3-yt+c-ct4=0
Coordinate Geometry :
Let α, β and γ be the angles made by the plane with the X, Y and z axes respectively. Then
cosα , cosβ and cosγ and are denoted by l, m and n respectively and
are called direction cosines of the plane or line.
If P(x, y, z) is the point and if Op=r, then x/r = cosα, y/r= cosβ and γ
z/r= cosγ . Also cos2α + cos2β + cos2γ =1 β
Standard Form of the equation of a plane:
α
1) If p is the length of the normal from the origin on the plane then the
equation of the plane is lx+my+nz=Φ .
2) The equation of the plane parallel to ax+by+cy+d=0 and passing through (x1, y1, z1 ) is given
by a(x-x1) + b(y-y1) + c(z-z1) +d =0
3) The equation of a plane parallel to the z-axis is ax + by + d= 0 etc.
4) a,b,c are direction ratios of the normal to plane ax+by+cz+d=0
5) The perpendicular distance between point P(x1,y1,z1) on the plane ax+by+cz+d =0 is given
by (ax1+by1+cz1+d)/ .
Differential Calculus:
A polynomial of x is given as a0xn+a1xn-1 +......... +an-1x + an . Here a0,a 1,a2...... are constants .
Laws of limits :
1) = 2) =
3) = 4) =
5) = nan-1 6) = 7)
Differentiation:
1) f’(x) =
Some derivatives of common functions :
Geometric Meaning of Derivative : If the tangent at x=a to the curve y=f(x) makes an angle of
θ of with the x-axis then tan θ = the value of dy/dx at at x=a i.e. f’(a).
Maxima and Minima : f(x) attains a maximum at x=a if f’(a) = 0 and f’’(a) is negative . Also f(x)
attains a minimum at x=a if f’(a) = 0 and f’’(a) is positive .
Rolle’s Theorem : If a function f(x) is differentiable in the interval (a,b) then there exists at least
one value of x1 of x in the interval (a,b) such that f’(x1) = 0.
= and so on
Integral Calculus :
If
Methods of Intigeration :
a) By Substitution
Some Standard Substitution
Integral Substitutions
(i) t=ax+b
(ii) t= xn
(iii) t=f(x)
(iv) f(x)
(v)
(c) Integration of
(a) =-
(c) function
and =0 if
(2a-x)