c

ʑ c
 More effective; with greater reason

ʑ c 
 Matin: of marriage. The term is now used to refer to a final and
permanent dissolution of the marriage by a decree of annulment on the ground that the
marriage was void ab initio, from the beginning.

ʑ c Matin: from the start.

ʑ c c reduction in some amount that is owed, usually granted by the person to
whom the debt is owed. For example, a landlord might grant an abatement in rent. In
estate law, the word may refer more specifically to a situation where property identified
in a will cannot be given to the beneficiary because it had to be sold to pay off the
deceased debts. Debts are paid before gifts made in wills are distributed and where a
specific gift has to be sold to pay off a debt, it is said to "abate" (compare with
"ademption").

ʑ c  c barbaric form of corporal punishment meted out in the middle ages where
persons would be permanently blinded by the pressing of hot irons to the open eyes.

ʑ c
To take someone away from a place without that person's consent or by
fraud.

ʑ cThe act of encouraging or inciting another to do a certain thing, such as a crime.

For example, many countries will equally punish a person who aids or abets another to
commit a crime.

ʑ c   
c clause in a contract that states that if a payment is missed, or
some other default occurs (such as the debtor becoming insolvent), then the contract is
fully due immediately. This is a typical clause in a loan contract; miss one payment and
the agreement to pay at regular intervals is voided and the entire amount becomes due
and payable immediately.

ʑ c   ëne of three requisites to a valid contract under common law (the other two
being an offer and consideration). c contract is a legally binding agreement between two
or more parties which starts with an offer from one person but which does not become a
contract until the other party signifies an unequivocal willingness to accept the terms of
that offer. The moment of acceptance is the moment from which a contract is said to
exist, and not before. ccceptance need not always be direct and can, in certain
circumstances, be implied by conduct (see acquiescence below).

ʑ c    
c term of contract law by which one party, having complied
with its obligation under a contract, accepts some type of compensation from the other
party (usually money and of a lesser value) in lieu of enforcing the contract and holding
the other party to their obligation. This discharges the contract. The definition cited by
lawyers is usually that found in British Russian Gazette & Trade ëutlook Mtd. v.
cssociated Newspapers Mtd. (1933) 2 K.B. 616: "cccord and satisfaction is the purchase
of a release from an obligation arising under contract or tort by means of any valuable
consideration, not being the actual performance of the obligation itself. The accord is the
agreement by which the obligation is discharged. The satisfaction is the consideration
which makes the agreement operative."
ʑ c The imperceptible and gradual addition to land by the slow action of water.
Heavy rain, river or ocean action would have this effect by either washing up sand or soil
or by a permanent retreat of the high water mark. The washing up of soil is often called
avulsion although the latter term is but a variety of accretion.

ʑ ccdministration for Children and Families

ʑ c 
  cction or inaction which binds a person legally even though it was not
intended as such. For example, action which is not intended as a direct acceptance of a
contract will nevertheless stand as such as it implies recognition of the terms of the
contract. For example, if I display a basket of fruit in a marketplace and you come by,
inspect an apple and then bite into it, you have acquiesced to the contract of sale of that
apple. ccquiescence also refers to allowing too much time to pass since you had
knowledge of an event which may have allowed you to have legal recourse against
another, implying that you waive your rights to that legal recourse.

ʑ c c bill which has passed through the various legislative steps required for it and
which has become law, as in "an cct of the Commonwealth of custralia." Synonymous
to statute, legislation or law.

ʑ c  
cn event which is caused solely by the effect of nature or natural causes and
without any interference by humans whatsoever. Insurance contracts often exclude "acts
of God" from the list of insurable occurrences as a means to waive their obligations for
damage caused by hurricanes, floods or earthquakes, all examples of "acts of God".

ʑ c  
Matin: refers to the parts or sections of a petition that speaks to the damages
that were suffered and claimed by the plaintiff. The ad damnum part of a petition will
usually suggest an amount in dollars that the plaintiff asks the court to award.

ʑ c  Matin: for this purpose; for a specific purpose. cn ad hoc committee, for
example, is created with a unique and specific purpose or task and once it has studied and
reports on the matter, it stands disbanded (compare with standing committee).

ʑ c 

Matin: forever; without limit; indefinitely.

ʑ c Matin: for the suit. c person appointed only for the purposes of prosecuting or
defending an action on behalf of another such as a child or mentally-challenged person.
clso called a guardian ad litem.

ʑ c
cn attachment to a written document. For example, affidavits may be
addendums to a petition as a petition may be an addendum to a writ.

ʑ c[hen property identified in a will cannot be given to the beneficiary because
it no longer belonged to the deceased at the time of death. For example, the particular gift
may have been destroyed, sold or given away between the time of the will and the time of
death. Compare this with "abatement".

ʑ c  c fine-print consumer form contract which is generally given to
consumers at point-of-sale, with no opportunity for negotiation as to it's terms, and
which, typically, sets out the terms and conditions of the sale, usually to the advantage of
the seller.
ʑ c   the area of law dealing with governmental agencies.

ʑ c   

method by which support orders are made and enforced by
an executive agency rather than by courts and judges

ʑ c  

 Hybrid adjudicating authorities which straddle the line between
government and the courts. Between routine government policy decision-making bodies
and the traditional court forums lies a hybrid, sometimes called a "tribunal" or
"administrative tribunal" and not necessarily presided by judges. These operate as a
government policy-making body at times but also exercise a licensing, certifying,
approval or other adjudication authority which is "quasi-judicial" because it directly
affects the legal rights of a person. cdministrative tribunals are often referred to as
"Commission", "cuthority" or "Board."

ʑ c c person who administers the estate of a person deceased. The
administrator is appointed by a court and is the person who would then have power to
deal with the debts and assets of a person who died intestate. Female administrators are
called "administratrix." cn administrator is a personal representative.

ʑ c    the area of law that relates to the high seas and other
navigable waters, which is administered by the admiralty courts.

ʑ c  the area of law that deals with the relationship of parent to child of
another person, usually a minor, by official legal action.

ʑ c cbbreviation for alternative dispute resolution.

ʑ c
·oluntary sexual intercourse between a married person and another person
who is not their married spouse. In most countries, this is a legal ground for divorce. The
person who seduces another's spouse is known as the "adulterer." In old English law, this
was also known as criminal conversation.

ʑ c The possession of land, without legal title, for a period of time
sufficient to become recognized as legal owner. The more common word for this is
"squatters." Each state has its own period of time after which a squatter can acquire legal
title. Some states prohibit title by mere prescription or possession.

ʑ c!"cutomated cdministrative Enforcement of Interstate Cases

ʑ ccid to Families with Dependent Children

ʑ c

 c statement which before being signed, the person signing takes an oath that
the contents are, to the best of their knowledge, true. It is also signed by a notary or some
other judicial officer that can administer oaths, to the effect that the person signing the
affidavit was under oath when doing so. These documents carry great weight in Courts to
the extent that judges frequently accept an affidavit instead of the testimony of the
witness

ʑ c#c person who has received the power to act on behalf of another, binding that
other person as if he or she were themselves making the decisions. The person who is
being represented by the agent is referred to as the "principal."
ʑ c##     #Special and highly exceptional damages awarded by a court where
the circumstances of the tortious conduct have been particularly humiliating or malicious
towards the plaintiff/victim.

ʑ c#

  the area of law focusing on issues relating to the practice of cultivating
the soil, producing crops, and raising livestock and/or the preparation and marketing of
the resulting products.

ʑ c $   %  assistance payments made on behalf of

children who don`t have the financial support of one of their parents by reason of death,
disability, or continued absence from the home; known in many States as cDC (cid to
Dependent Children)

ʑ c To sell or give completely and without reserve; to transfer title to somebody
else. c voluntary conveyance of property, especially real property.

ʑ ccn amount given to one spouse to another while they are separated.
Historically, the word "alimony" referred to monies paid while spouses were legally
separated but stilled wedlocked. [here they were divorced, the monies payable were
then referred to as "maintenance" but this distinction is now in disuse.

ʑ c  c military treaty between two or more states, providing for a mutually-planned
offensive, or for assistance in the case of attack on any member.

ʑ c c kind of land ownership that is unfetterred, outright and absolute. It is the
opposite of the feudal system and supposes no obligation to another (ie. a lord).

ʑ c#c piece of paper which has been attached to a contract, a check or any
promissory note, on which to add signatures because there is not enough room on the
main document.

ʑ c  

 
clso known as "cDR"; methods by which legal conflicts
and disputes are resolved privately and other than through litigation in the public courts,
usually through one of two forms: mediation or arbitration. It typically involves a process
much less formal than the traditional court process and includes the appointment of a
third-party to preside over a hearing between the parties. The advantages of cDR are
speed and money: it costs less and is quicker than court litigation. cDR forums are also
private. The disadvantage is that it often involves compromise.

ʑ c   & '

 the area of law that focuses on debtor assistance other than
Bankruptcy (see bankruptcy).

ʑ c #  The merging of two things together to form one such as the

amalgamation of different companies to form a single company.

ʑ c  c citizen that has been officially asked by their country to live in another
country in order to legally represent it. For example, the USc has sent ambassadors to
live, and represent the USc, in almost all other countries.

ʑ c
 Something which is not cast in stone; which can be changed or revoked,
such as a will.
ʑ cTo change, to revise, usually to the wording of a written document such as
legislation.

ʑ c

 Matin: friend of the court. Refers more specifically to persons asking for
permission to intervene in a case in which they are neither plaintiff or defendant, usually
to present their point of view (or that of their organization) in a case which has the
potential of setting a legal precedent in their area of activity. This is common, for
example, in civil rights cases and, in some instances, can only be done with the
permission of the parties or the court.

ʑ c
  Matin: an intention to contract.

ʑ c
To make void; to cancel an event or judicial proceeding both retroactively
and for the future. [here, for example, a marriage is annulled, it is struck from all
records and stands as having never transpired in law. This differs from a divorce which
merely cancels a valid marriage only from the date of the divorce. c marriage annulled
stands, in law, as if never performed.

ʑ c To date back; retroactively. To date a document to a time before it was written.

ʑ c
 cn event or document which pre-dates a marriage. For example, an
"antenuptial agreement" is one which is signed before marriage. cantenuptial gift is a gift
given by one spouse to the other before marriage.

ʑ c
(USc)"cnti-trust" legislation is designed to prevent businesses from price-
setting or other secret collaboration which circumvents the natural forces of a free market
economy and gives those engaging in the anti-trust conduct, a covert competitive edge.
clso known as "anti-combines" or "competition" legislation.

ʑ c
 ( $  #
 the area of law that protects trade and commerce from
unlawful restraints and monopolies or unfair business practices.

ʑ c To ask a more senior court or person to review a decision of a subordinate court
or person. In some countries such as Canada, the USc and custralia, appeals can
continue all the way up to the Supreme Court, where the decision is final in that it can no
longer be appealed. That is why it is called "supreme" (although, in custralia the supreme
court is called the High Court).

ʑ c   the area of law relating to appeals to higher courts of law.

ʑ cThe division and distribution of something into proportionate parts; to

each according to their share. For example, if a court ordered apportionment of a
contract, the party would be required to perform only to a extent equal to the performance
of the other side.

ʑ c
  Something that, although detached, stands as part of another thing. cn
attachment or appendage to something else. Used often in a real estate context where an
"appurtenance" may be, for example, a right-of-way over water, which, although
physically detached, is part of the legal rights of the owner of another property.
ʑ c the process of resolving a dispute or a grievance outside of the court system
by presenting it to an impartial third party or panel for a decision that may or may not be
binding (see also mediation and alternative dispute resolution).

ʑ c #In USc criminal law, the formal appearance of an accused person to hear,
and to receive a copy of, the charge against him or her, in the presence of a judge, and to
then enter a plea of guilty or not guilty. The arraignment is the final preparatory step
before the criminal trial.

ʑ c  #unpaid child support for past periods owed by a parent who is obligated to
pay

ʑ c c debt that is not paid on the due date adds up and accumulates as "arrears". For
example, if you do not pay your rent, the debt still exists and is referred to as "arrears".
The same word is used to describe child or spousal maintenance or support which is not
paid by the due date.

ʑ cSome countries define "arson" as the intentional setting of a fire to a building in

which people live; others include as "arson" the intentionally setting of a fire to any
building. In either case, this is a very serious crime and is punishable by a long jail
sentence.

ʑ c
The touching of another person with an intent to harm, without that person's
consent.

ʑ c#To give, to transfer responsibility, to another. The assignee (sometimes also

called "assigns") is the person who receives the right or property being given and the
assignor is the person giving.

ʑ c# )

 #a person receiving public assistance agrees to turn over
to the State any right to child support, including arrearages, paid by the obligated parent
in exchange for receipt of a cash assistance grant and other benefits

ʑ c$cction Transmittal

ʑ c  cTo consent, implicitly or explicitly, to a transfer of a right. ëften

used to describe a situation where a tenant, by staying on location after the sale of the
leased property, accepts to be a tenant of the new landlord; or where a person consents to
("attorns to") the jurisdiction of a court which would not have otherwise had any
authority over that person.

ʑ ccn alternate word for lawyers or "barrister & solicitor", used mostly in the
USc. c person that has been trained in the law and that has been certified to give legal
advice or to represent others in litigation
 ʑ c  *
    c legal doctrine which makes a person negligent for
leaving a piece of equipment or other condition on property which would be both
attractive and dangerous to curious children. These have included tractors, unguarded
swimming pools, open pits, and abandoned refrigerators. Miability could be placed on the
people owning or controlling the premises even when the child was a trespasser who
sneaked on the property. Basically the doctrine was intended to make people careful
about what dangerous conditions they left untended. Some jurisdictions (including
California) have abolished the attractive nuisance doctrine and replaced it with specific
conditions (e.g. open pit and refrigerators) and would make property owners liable only
by applying rules of foreseeable danger which make negligence harder to prove.

ʑ c
   Matin: a principle of natural justice which prohibits a judicial
decision which impacts upon individual rights without giving all parties in the dispute a
right to be heard. Habeas corpus was an early expression of the audialterampartem
principle. In more recent years, it has been extended to include the right to receive notice
of a hearing and to be given an opportunity to be represented or heard.

ʑ c
   the area of law governed by statute that allows the purchaser of a car
specific remedies if the car has a defect that impairs or significantly affects its use, value,
or safety and that cannot be repaired within a specified period.

ʑ c

 
French word now part of English criminal law terminology. Refers to
an accused who cannot be tried for a crime because the record shows he has already been
subjected to trial for the same conduct and was acquitted. If the accused maintains that
the previous trial resulted in conviction, he or she pleads "autrefois convict." "cutrefois
attaint" is another similar term; "attainted" for a felony, a person cannot be tried again for
the same offence

ʑ c   the area of law dealing with the operation of civilian aircraft often under
the control of a common carrier. This legal arena usually focuses on airline disasters and
wrongful death

ʑ c+ cutomated ·oice Response System

ʑ c
Mand accretion that occurs by the erosion or addition of one's land by the
sudden and unexpected change in a river stream such as a flash flood.

ʑ c


Matin: a mother's brother. "cvuncular" refers to an uncle.