CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION :-

PRINCIPAL OF WORKING
 BLOCK DIAGRAM
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

COMPONENT LIST

COMPONENT DETAILS

IC DETAILS
 MULTIVIBRATOR
 MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
 ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
PCB FABRICATION
 PCB FABRICATION
 ART WORK

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

SOFTWARE PROGRAM
 SOFTWARE PROGRAM
 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
 SOFTWARE EXECUTION
 WAVEFORM OF OUTPUT

APPLICATION OF PROJECT

FUTURE SCOPE

CONCLUSION
REFERENCE


Man has become busy and is getting less time

day by day. He needs all the information all the time
anywhere in the world to control has man & machine
from single point. As he is having computer which is
gives lots of information to him, through which he
monitors his business etc.
Through computer he is able to manage his house.
Through remote control of T.V. he can change the
channel from 1 to 100 or more. The remote control of
T.V. works only if it is pointed towards the TV, but if we
have device which control the appliance by not pointed
towards it then It will be very useful one can control the
appliances sitting in drawing room or kitchen.
Similarly it can be used to control the machine
from sitting at one place in the factory.
We have developed the frequency based device
which control the appliance from one point.

*********************
 

The MHz frequency generator transmitter is made using

transmitter circuit and their RF signal is received through
antenna and down converted to audio frequency range.
This audio frequency is amplified ,rectified
compared and fed to JK flip-flop which toggles off to on
and vice user. The output to JK flip-flop is fed to relay
driver. IC 555 is used as relay driver. The relay switches
the appliances from ON to OFF & vice versa.

RF voltage
RF output
Crystal RF buffer and power
Power
oscillator amplifier amplifier
amplifier

Modulation Modulation Modulation

Modulation
voltage Power
processing
amplifier amplifier

BLOCK DIGRAM OF TRANSMITTER

 Antenna
Audio and
7805
Power amplifier

RF IF
Stage Mixer amplifier Detector

Local
oscillator

Ganged tuning

7815
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF RECEIVER
 R2 R3
A +Vcc

2
C1
R1 7 6
B
3 4

R4

R6 R5 3 7915
7 6
R8
2 4
D1
C2

1 16
R7

1 8

8 9

C3

RL
Pol 1
e

REMOTE CONTROL OF LIGHT

 7815
7805

7815
7805

7915

TRANSFORMER RECTIFIER FILTER REGULATOR

MULTI OUTPUT POWER SUPPLY


Selection of Transformer
To generate a voltage of +15 Volt we have selected a
transformer whose input is 230 V +/-10 % and output
is 9-0-9 Volts and deliver the current up to 500mA.
Selection of Rectifier Diodes
The rectifier diodes of 1Amp rating has been
chosen to keep the safety factor of 100%.
Selection of Filters
Since the load is not high we have chosen the
capacitive filtering to avoid the ripple . To keep the
cost low and sufficient ripple we chose the Capacitor
value.
Selection of R
The resistance has been selected of sufficient
wattage to avoid overheating and of correct value.
Selection of Capacitor
Capacitors have been used for filtering the noise
at the control voltage and for minimizing the ripple.
Selection of Relay
To switch bulb we have chosen the relay whose
contact current is more than 1 Amp. and holding
current is less than 20 mA.

1. HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
RESISTORS:
Th e se a re cu rre n t re sist ing d evice s. Th e se a re mad e o f
ca rbo n , me t allic wire wou nd e t c. The se a re re ad t h ro ug h t his acro n ym
B B RO Y G B V G W . Th is st an d s f o r, B la ck, B ro wn , Red , O ra ng e , Y ellow,
G ree n , B lu e , V io le t , G ra y a nd , Wh it e re spe ct ive ly. Th e se colo rs a re
p rin t ed a s lin es on t h e re sist o r t he f irs t an d se con d co lo rs lin es
ind ica te t he n u mb e r co rre spo nd in g t o co lo r. Th e nu mbe rs ind ica te d by
t h e colo rs a re sho wn in t ab le b elow. Th e t hird lin e ind ica t e t h e
n u mb e r o f ze ro s, t he f ou rt h lin e in dica t e t he pe rce n ta ge o f t o le ra n ce
o f t h e re sist o r.
BL A CK 0 Y EL L O W 4 G RA Y 8
B RO W N 1 G RE E N 5 WH I T E 9
RE D 2 BL UE 6 G o ld 5%
O RA NG E 3 VIOLET 7 S ilve r 10 %

E . g. Re d , Re d , Bla ck G o ld = 22 Ω + / - 5 % ; Red , Red , B ro wn

= 2 20 Ω; Re d , Re d , Re d = 22 00 Ω; Re d , Re d , O ra n ge = 2 2K Ω; Re d ,
Red , Ye llo w = 2 20 K Ω; Red , Re d , G re en = 2 .2 M Ω; Re d , Red , Ye llo w =
22 MΩ
Th e se a re availa ble in va rio u s wa t t ag e s like 1 / 4 W , 1 /2 W ,
1 W , 2 W, 5 W, 1 0 W, 20 W, 5 0 W, 10 0 W, 2 00 W. I n e le ct ro nics mo st
co mmo n u se are u p t o 5 Wa t t . High e r t he wa t t a g e s b ig ge r t h e size s.
Th e va lue a nd wa t t a ge o f re sist e rs are t o b e se le ct e d a s pe r t h e
a pp lica t ion s. Th e t o le ran ce in va ria t io n o f t h e ra t ed value is a lso
sele ct ed a s p er t h e a pp lica t ion s. Th e re sist e rs a re f ab rica t ed
d ire ct ly on t he I C it se lf .

DIODES:
 Th e se d evice s a llow to f lo w cu rren t in on ly o ne
d ire ct ion . The se de vice s a re also calle d u nidire ct ion al d evice s.
E a rlie r t he se de vice s we re mad e o f va cu u m t ub es, n ow a da ys t h e se
a re se mi con du ct o r solid - st a t e de vice s. Th e se a re PN ju nct ion
d evice s . Th e P N me an s do ping o f t he se mi co nd uct o r wit h p osit ive
a nd ne gat ive e le ct ron ic valen ce a t o ms. Th e silicon diod es h ave kne e
volt a ge d rop o f 0 . 7 volt s i. e . f o rwa rd biased vo lt ag e d ro p wh e re a s
g erma niu m diod es ha ve 0 . 3 vo lt ag e drop . Th e dif f e re n t diod es a re
u se d f o r d if f e ren t p urpo se s. Th e d io des wo rk in f o rwa rd biased
con dit ion o r re ve rse b ia se d con dit ion s.

These are available with different current

rating, voltage rating, power rating and are used for
different applications. The diodes of higher wattages are
of bigger sizes. The Symbol of Diode and the ideal curves
of diodes are shown below.

Cur r e nt
V ol ta ge
Di ode Sy m bo l i de a l c ur ve

Cur r e nt

Forward Region
Break Down Voltage
 Vo

l ta ge Knee Voltage =0.7V

Reverse Region

Diode Characteristics:
Diodes are of different types like Photodiode,
Varactor diode, Schotkey Diode, PIN diode, Zener Diode
etc.
Zener Diode:
Small signal and rectifier diodes are never
operated in the break down region because this may
damage them. The zener diode is made to operate in
breakdown region, sometimes called breakdown diode.
The zener diode is the back bone of voltage regulators,
circuits that hold the load voltage almost constant despite
large changes in the line voltage and load resistance.

S ym b ol of Ze ne r Di ode
Light Emitting Diode:
I n a f o rwa rd biased d io de, f ree elect ro n s cro ss t he
jun ct io n an d f all in t o ho le s. A s t h e se e le ct ron s f a ll f ro m a h ig her t o a
lowe r e ne rg y level, t h e y ra dia te e ne rg y. I n ordina ry diod es t h is
e ne rg y go es o f f in t he f o rm o f h ea t . B u t in t he ligh t e mit t ing d io de
(L E D) t he en ergy ra dia te s a s ligh t . LE Ds t h a t rad ia t e re d , g ree n,
yellow, blue , oran ge o r in f ra red a re man u fa ct u re d b y using e le men t s
like ga lliu m, a rse nic, a nd p ho sp ho ro us. L EDs t ha t p rod uce visible

ra dia tion s are use f ul wit h in st ru me n t s, calcula t o rs e t c. Th e in f ra red

L E D f in d s a pp lica t ion in b urgla r sys t e ms an d o t he r a re a s re qu iring

invisible rad ia t ion s. Th e se ve n seg me n t d ispla ys use s 7 LE Ds.

T he s ym b ol of L E D

TRANSFORMERS:
Th is are t h e d evice s wh ich co n ve rt s t he p rima ry a c
volt a ge t o d if f e ren t s e co nd a ry a c volt a ge s . I f t h e se con da ry vo lt ag e is
h ig he r t he n p rima ry volt a ge t h en t he t ra n sf o r me r is ca lled s te p u p
tr a ns for m e r , if t he se co nd ary is le ss t h en p rima ry volt a ge t he n it is
called s te p d ow n tr a ns for m e r , if se co nd ary is sa me as p rima ry
 volt a ge t he n it is ca lle d un it y t ran sf o r me r. Th is u nit y t ra n sf o r me r is
a lso u se d as i s o l a ti o n tr a ns for m e r . Th e se de vice s a re high ly
e f f icien t un to 99 . 9% , i.e . ve ry low po we r lo ss.

The transformers are required for making dc

supply, tuning circuit etc. The current rating of primary
and secondary winding determines the SWG gauge of the
copper wire.

POWER SUPPLIER:
Th e P o we r is g iven t o t h e t ra n sf o r me r, wh ich st ep s
d own t he in pu t vo lt ag e t o 10 t ime s le ss i. e . 2 0 V .

78M 05

T ran s for m e r Re ct i f i e r Filter Regu l at or

R egu l a t e d Po w e r S uppl y
Th is low volt a ge is f e d t o b rid ge re ct if ie r t ha t re ct if ie s t he a c
wa ve f o rm t o d c wa ve f o rm wit h so me rip ple s. Th e se ripp le s are
f ilt e re d t h rou gh cap a cit a n ce f ilt e r a nd is f e d t o lin ea r re gu la t o r . Th e
o ut pu t o f re gu la t o r is f u rt h e r f ilt e re d t o p rod uce clea n DC V O L TA G E .

CAPACITORS:
 This are the storage devices but has in built
Resistance that’s why the storage voltage does not last for
longer period. The use of capacitor is for tuning the
circuit, filtering the noise to ground, creating the timing
pulse as in our case. The capacitors cannot be fabricated
on ICs because of the technical difficulty.
Th e dif f e re n t va lue s o f ca pa cit o r t ha t are a vaila ble a re
1 pf , 2p f , 2 .2 p f , 1 00p f , 20 0p f , 10 00p f , 0 . 00 1u f , a nd 0 . 01 uf , 0 .1 u f , 2u f ,
1 0u f , 2 2u f , 3 3u f , 4 7u f , 5 6u f , 6 8u f , 8 2u f , 1 00 uf , 2 20 uf , 33 0uf e t c. Th e

cap a cit o rs are se le ct ed b ased on cap a cit a n ce a nd vo lt ag e ra t in g .

Hig he r t h e vo lt a ge high er t h e size o f t he cap a cit o r. Th e se are
a va ilab le in f ollowin g t yp e s.

Electrolytic Capacitor :
These capacitors have electrolyte as the
dielectric between the two plates. These are available with
polarity + and -.These are available with vertical mount or
horizontal mount configuration.
Paper Capacitor :
These capacitors are available in low range of
capacitance. The paper is used as dielectrics media
between the two plates.
 Mica Capacitor :
These capacitors are also available in low range
of capacitance. The mica is used as dielectrics media
between the two plates.
Disc Capacitor :
Th e se a re a va ilab le f ro m 1p F t o 1 ooo oUF.

PREPARATION OF THE PCB

Schematic Preparation
S ch e ma t ic is a circu it t h a t is dra wn e ith e r
wit h t h e he lp o f so f t wa re or b y man ua lly on pa pe r wit h st a nd a rd
sy mbo ls. I f t h e circu it is b ig a nd co mp lica t e d t he n mu lt i la ye r
sch e ma t ic is mad e o t he rwise sing le la ye r sch e ma t ic is ma de . Th e
sch e ma t ic is dra wn wit h co lo red pe n t o in dica t e t h e d if f e ren t
laye rs , po we r line s , sign al lin es a nd g rou nd line s.
Artwork Preparation

A f t e r ma king t h e sche ma t ic on a pa pe r, sa me is
d up lica t ed on t ran sp a re n t acrylic p la st ic sh ee t . Th is circuit is
called a rt wo rk . Th e art wo rk is mad e eit he r b ig ger o r sma lle r o r
sa me size of the d esire d P CB . Th e a rt wo rk is d ra wn wit h
d if f e ren t colo r t ap es t o ide nt if y t he sign al line s, po we r lin es an d
g rou nd lin es . Th e a rt wo rk sh ou ld b e p rop er wit h ou t lea ving a ny
con ne ct io n o r ma kin g a ny e xce ss con ne ct io n o r sh o rt s .

Film Making
Th e art wo rk is re du ced o r en la rg ed o r ma de
o f sa me size o f t he P CB on t he f ilm t h ro ug h t h e ca me ra . Th e
ca me ra prod uce s bo th t he po sit ive an d n ega tive f ilms . Th e se
f ilms a re used t o ma de P CB .

Etching of copper cladded board

Th e f ilms a re pu t o n cop pe r clad de d bo ard a nd
the b oa rd is expo sed t o lig h t . Th e t ime o f e xp o su re d epe nds on
ma n y f a ct o rs . After t h e expo su re o f t he b oa rd it is rin sed in t he
e t ching so lu t ion . Du rin g t h is e t ch in g op era tion t h e e xpo se d co pp e r
g et s d isso lve d in t h e so lu t ion wh e re as un expo se d co pp e r
re ma in s in t a ct wit h t h e bo ard . Th is u ne xp osed cop pe r in t u rn
ma ke s t h e pa t t e rn wha t we se e on P CB . Th e b oa rd is t h en
wa sh ed in wa t e r wit h g en tle b ru sh .
Drilling of holes
Th e P CB is n ow rea d y for drillin g op era t io n
. Th e h oles a re n ow d rille d a t all p la ce s wh e re ve r t he co mp on en t s
a re t o b e pu t . Th e size o f t he d rills sh ou ld n ot be eit he r mo re t he n
t h e req uired o r less t h en t h e re qu ire d . I f t he h ole is large t h e it will
b e d if f icu lt t o so lde r an d lo t o f lea d will be con su med . I f t he ho le is
sma ll t he n co mp on en t will n ot b e inse rt ed e asily.
Tinning of pcb
The P CB is t in ne d a f t e r pu t t ing t h e ma sk o n P CB
. Th is is do ne t o in sula te t he pa t t e rn s a nd a vo id a ny sh o rt . Th e
ma sk co ve rs t he a re as whe re t he so lde rin g is t o b e d on e.

PCB TESTING
P CB is che cke d f o r all in te rco nn ect io n s t h rou gh
mu lt ime t e r , wh e th e r t he t ra cks a re b ro ken or sho rt a t a ny place ,
t h e re b y co rre ct io n is d one t h ro ug h so ld e ring .
 ASSEMBLING OF THE UNIT
Components are assembled in proper
direction and avoid the touching of the components to
one another. Heat sink is to be put wherever required
with a heat sink compound.
A f t e r asse mb ling t he co mpo ne n t s , t he y a re so ld e re d
a nd t he rea f t e r cle an ed wit h CTC liq uid.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF 89C51S

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF LM7805

 

After assembling the transmitter and
receiver. The transmitter is pressed to transmit the
radio signal which is heard at the receiver through the
tuning to match the incoming frequency . When both
transmitter and receiver are matched audio is heard ,
thereafter the audio detection circuit is connected at
the speaker output and speaker is removed . The audio
detection circuit amplifies the received signal and this
signal is rectified and compared to give the output to
JK F/F IC the output of which is give to pin no.2 of
555 IC which in turn drives the relay to ON/OFF .
Hence the unit is tested and worked to our
satisfaction .
 ****************



After assembling and testing all the

connected components as per the circuit, the 230 V
supply to given to the board and load is connected.
Transmitter Receiver Output
Yes Yes ON
Wait 20 sec Wait 20 sec Wait 20 sec
Yes Yes OFF
Wait 20 sec Wait 20 sec Wait 20 sec
Yes Yes ON
Wait 20 sec Wait 20 sec Wait 20 sec
Yes Yes OFF
Wait 20 sec Wait 20 sec Wait 20 sec
Yes Yes ON

*******************
COST ESTIMATE FOR
REMOTE CONTOL OF LIGHT

S.NO REQUIRED MATERIAL WITH REQD QTY. COST TOTAL

FULL SPEC. /UNIT COST
1. Transistors 4 89.00 356.00

2. Inductor 10uH 2 49.00 98.00

3. Ckt. assembly casing 1 125.00 125.00

4. The external casing 1 150.00 150.00

5. Diode 6 2.00 12.00

6. Resistor 9 2.00 18.00

7. IC741 2 38.00 76.00

8. Capacitors 220uF/63V 4 25.00 100.00

9. Relay 1 35.00 35.00

10 IC Bases 4 5.00 20.00

.

11 IC NE555/NE556 1 15.00 15.00

.
12 IC Regulator 78L15 1 30.00 30.00
.

13 IC4027 1 75.00 75.00

.

14 Power Switches 1 20.00 20.00

.

15 Holder 1 8.00 8.00

.

16 Lead 1 15.00 15.00

.

17 Voltage Transformer 2 45.00 90.00

.

18 Cu Claded board 1 160.00 160.00

.

19 Etching Solutions 1 Litre 190.00 190.00

.
20 Dilute HCL 1 Litre 160.00 160.00
.

21 Insulation Coating 1/4 Litre 160.00 40.00

.

22 40 Watt bulbs 1 10.00 10.00

.

23 Wires 2 Meter 3.00 6.00

.

TOTAL COST OF THE PROJECT 1809

 
Remote control of the appliances saves time and energy
both at industry and home. This device has number of application
like remote switching of machine in the factory. Remote control of
traffic light that is allowing the VIP vehicle, fire brigade,
ambulance vehicle etc. to move by providing the forced green light
and putting off the existing traffic light to all red. This device can
be used to replace remote control of TV set. One need not point to
TV to change its channel.
This device can be used as wireless bell to call the person
in/out as the case may be. There are many applications of remote
control. It can be used to count bags automatically and connecting
the counter at the output of relay.
The circuit has worked to our expectation.

*******************
REFERENCES
1.Electronics Principle:
Albert Paul Malvino

2.Electronics devices & circuits:

Allen Mottershead

3. Digital Computer Fundamentals:

Thomas C.Bartee

4.Digital Principles & Applications:

Albert Paul Malvino & Donald P. Leach