1.

Convert the following concentration from ppm to mg/m3

a. 1200 ppm toluene (MW: 92)
b. 2500 ppm methanol (MW: 46)

FROM PPM TO MG/M3

mg/m3 = Concentration of the contaminant (ppm) x Molecular Weight of contaminant (MW)

24.45

a. mg/m3 = 1,200ppm x 92 b. mg/m3 = 2,500ppm x 46

24.45 24.45
= 110,400 = 115,000
24.45 24.45
= 4,515.3 mg/m3 = 4,703.5 mg/m3

2. Convert the following concentration from mg/m3 to ppm

a. 0.050 mg/m3 lead (MW: 207)
b. 2000 mg/m3 cyclopentane (MW: 70.2)

FROM MG/M3 TO PPM

ppm = Concentration of the contaminant (mg/m3) x 24.45

Molecular Weight of contaminant

b. ppm = 0.050 mg/m3 x 24.45 a. ppm = 2000 mg/m3 x 24.45

207 70.2
= 1.2225 = 48,900
207 70.2
= 0.006 ppm = 696.7 ppm
3. Explain what the 95 percent confidence limits are and how they are used to compare
sampling data to an exposure limit value

95 percent confidence limits are the NIOSH sampling methods have been validated to
provide reliable results 95 times out of 100. The analytical results are evaluated statistically
to determine whether the results are at this 95 percent confident level. The statistical terms
for these limits are the 95 percent upper confident limits (UCL) and lower confident limit
(LCL) or 95 percent UCL and 95 percent LCL.

 First , a standardized concentration , represented Y is calculated.

Example , 105 ppm 8-hour divided by the PEL of 100 ppm.

Y = full-shift sampling result / PEL

Y = 105 ppm / 100 ppm
= 1.05

 Second, 95 percent UCL is calculated. Example SAE value listed in the method is
0.10.

95 percent UCL = Y + SAE

95 percent UCL = 1.05 + 0.10
= 1.15

 LCL is calculated similarly to the UCL :

95 percent LCL = Y – SAE

95 percent LCL = 1.05 – 0.10

= 0.95

OSHA interprets the results of the above calculations as follows:

 If the 95 percent UCL is less than / equal to 1, a violation of the allowed exposure
limit does not exist.

 If the 95 percent LCL is greater than 1, a violation of the allowed exposure limit does
exist.

 If the 95 percent LCL is less than / equal to 1,and the 95 percent UCL is greater than
1, these is a possible overexposure.
4. List the issues associated with the use of air concentration as safe levels of worker
exposure

The industrial hygiene professional must be aware that there are many issues associated
with the use of airborne concentrations as representing the absorbed dose of the exposed
worker. Age, gender, fitness level, pre-existing medical conditions, exposure to a
combination of materials and the physical demands of the work are all factor that influence
the body’s absorption of a hazardous material. Then, the representativeness of the data that
was obtained during sampling also must consider. The use air concentration as defining safe
levels of exposure also raise questions about the appropriateness of the limit as it applies to
the conditions of exposure;
 What is the condition and susceptibility / sensitivity of the exposed population?

 What effects does the limit protect against?

 How complete are the toxicological data?

5. What features or aspect of ducts will result in losses of kinetic energy of air moving
through the LEV system?

Ducts carry the air and contaminants toward the outlet end of the LEV system. Some of
kinetic energy of the air will be lost to this process is called friction loss. The longer the duct,
the greater the total friction loss. The size of the duct is related to energy loss as well, as
smaller diameter ducts tend to have higher losses.

Duct features will contribute to loss of kinetic energy:

 Turns

 Tapers

 Connection of multiple ducts to the system

6. What type of measurements and observation might indicate that LEV system needs
repairs or maintenance?

The LEV system that must be repaired or maintained when one of the components system
are fail. Example:

 Fan not turned on

 Fan turning in the wrong direction

 Fan belt broken

 Duct blocked from accumulated contaminant

 Holes in duct

 Hoods damaged or remove

 Lack of make up air.

Type of Measurements:

 Periodic evaluations of the system include periodic basic measurement to ensure

that the LEV system is operating properly.

 Face velocity which is average velocity of the air as it enters the hood. Face velocity
is measured at the plane defined by the opening of the hood; several measurements
can be taken over this area to determine the average value. If the face velocity or
volumetric flow rate differ significantly from the design specifications, there may be a
problem with the system.

 Pitot traverse / Duct velocity is actually the result of a number of measurement taken
across the duct area. The location of each measurement depends on the diameter of
the duct, smaller duct require fewer measurement.

 Capture velocity for comparison with baseline measurement taken at the time of
installation.

Observation:

 Worker-installed alterations to the system such as blocking of a hood or inlet,

installation of a diversion or addition of ducts or hoods to the system.

 Discolorations at seams and turns may indicate leakage or the accumulation of

material.

 Relocation processes and their associated LEV systems should always be an

occasion for rechecking the system.
 7. What is the function of Pitot tube

i. Pitot tube is really two tubes, outer tube and inner tube.

 Inner tube measure the total pressure (velocity pressure plus static pressure)

 Outer tube measure the static pressure.

ii. Function Of Pitot Tube :

 Based on the principle of conservation of energy for fluid flow, described by

Bernoulli’s theorem.

 Measure pressures inside of ventilation systems.

 Determine the airflow velocity pressure in the LEV system, useful for evaluating
system performance.

 To compare system performance against design specifications to aid in indentifying

problem areas within the system.

8. Compare and contrast the FMA noise regulations limits and the ACGIH noise exposure
standards

While it's true that both FMA noise regulations limits and ACGIH noise exposure standards
advocate for specific noise exposure levels in the workplace, differences can be traced to
each organization's unique role in the workplace--regulatory vs. professional organization.
Compare and contrast the noise exposure levels and research justifying these levels,
measurement protocols and mitigation steps advocated by each organization. Keep in mind
that ACGIH updates its guidelines annually and without regard to economic or technical
feasibility

ACGIH NOISE EXPOSURE

FMA NOISE REGULATIONS LIMITS
Read OSHA's general industry noise
standard, an enforceable series of steps
employers must follow to prevent employee
hearing loss, at OSHA.gov. The standard
describes when feasible administrative or
engineering controls must be utilized and
specifies the steps required if employee
noise exposure levels meet or exceed the
action level.
STANDARDS
ACGIH is a member-based organization,
access to its threshold limit values (TLV)
for noise exposure requires purchase of
a copyrighted ACGIH publication. TLVs
are guidelines developed by a committee
of professionals based on the most
current research. ACGIH aims to assist
industrial hygienists as they evaluate
workplace safety in their profession

noise exposure - 8 hour TWA is 90dB(A) noise exposure - 8 hour TWA is 85dB(A)

Noise exposure above 100 dB - OSHA
allows employers to control noise exposure
through limiting the amount of time that may
be spent in high noise areas if engineering
controls are not feasible.
Noise exposure above 100 dB - ACGIH
recommend controlling exposure at the
source, as apposed to using
administrative controls such as worker
rotation.

Maximum exposure of 140 dB (C) as a speak Maximum exposure of 140 dB (C) as a

level of unprotected exposure to impulse speak level of unprotected exposure to
noise or short-durations noise impulse noise or short-durations noise
(less than three seconds) (less than three seconds)

Exchange rate is 3 dB
Exchange rate is 5 dB
Every three dB increase in sound
Every five dB increase in sound pressure, the
pressure, the energy of the sound is
energy of the sound is doubled.
doubled.

9. Two paper binding machines operate at the same time. Their individual sound pressure
level are measured and found to be 99 db(A) for machine #1 and 94 db(A) for machine
#2. Compare their combined SPL using both the long and methods for adding decibels

10. What is the Daily Noise Dose for a worker exposed to 95 db9A) for three hours and 96
db(A) for five hours? What is this worker’s 8-hour TWA?
 D = 100 [ C1 + C2 + .....+ Cn ]
T1 T2 Tn

95 dB(A) for 3 hours

96 dB(A) for 5 hours

Duration per day (hours) Sound level (dBA)

32 80
16 85
8 90
4 95
2 100
1 105
-5 110
-25 115

From the table above, 95 dB(A) – 4 hours and 96 dB(A) – 3.5 hours

D = 100 [ 3 + 5 ]
4 3.5

= 100 [ 2.176 ]
= 217.9% rounded too 220%

For 8-hours TWA, 95.7 dB(A) - table A-1