Important Points in Bold.

(First Slide) Introduction Lian

The era known as the Industrial Revolution was a period in which fundamental changes occurred in
agriculture, textile and metal manufacture, transportation, economic policies and the social structure
in England. It began in Great Britain, then subsequently spread throughout
Europe, North America, and eventually the world. This period is appropriately labeled
“revolution,” for it thoroughly destroyed the old manner of doing things; yet the term
is simultaneously inappropriate, for it connotes abrupt change. The changes that
occurred during this period (1760-1850), in fact, occurred gradually.

(Second Slide) Origin of the Industrial Revolution

1) All across England, the recent turn of the century has gone largely unnoticed. The vast
majority of the country's population lives in the countryside, completely
isolated or in small communities. The principal trades are growing grain or
raising sheep for wool, both of which require a lot of manual labour. Farming tools
are common, but machines are not; animals are raised, but not used
extensively for cultivating the land. Life in the countryside depends on nature in many
ways: good weather in the summer means a good crop, just as a long winter can mean hunger and
discomfort. People rise with the sun and go to bed when it gets dark.

Ge 2) At the dawn of the eighteenth century, farming was the primary livelihood
in England, with at least 75% of the population making its living off the land.
(Kreis) This meant that many English families had very little to do during the winter
months except sit around and make careful use of the food and other supplies
that they stored up during the rest of the year. If the harvest had been smaller than
usual or if any other unexpected losses had come about, the winter could be a very long, cold, and
hungry one. The cottage industry was developed to take advantage of the
farmers' free time and use it to produce quality textiles for a reasonable price.
A cottage industry is an industry—primarily manufacturing—which includes
many producers, working from their homes, typically part time.

The cottage industry proved to be profitable for the urban merchants, since
they could sell the finished cloth for far more than they paid the famers to
make it. The cottage industry helped to prepare the country for the Industrial
Revolution by boosting the English economy through the increase of trade that
occurred as the country became well-known overseas for its high-quality and
low-cost exports. Previously, tradesmen had done all the manufacturing
themselves, so the idea of subcontracting was new and appealing. The cottage
industry was also a good source of auxiliary funds for the rural people. 3)
However, many farming families came to depend on the enterprise; thus, when
industrialization and the Agricultural Revolution reduced the need for farm
workers, many were forced to leave their homes and move to the city. The
urbanization of the English population was largely fueled by dispossessed
peasants who moved to the city in the hopes of finding new work (Kreis).

Li 4) Starting in the later part of the 18th century, there began a transition in parts of Great Britain's
previously manual labour and draft-animal–based economy towards machine-
based manufacturing. It started with the mechanisation of the textile industries, the
development of iron-making techniques and the increased use of refined coal. Trade expansion was
enabled by the introduction of canals, improved roads and railways.
(Third Slide) Why was Britain the first country to industrialize?
This change, which occurred between 1750 and 1830, happened because
conditions were perfect in Britain for the Industrial Revolution. Having used wood
for heat instead of coal, Britain was left with large deposits of coal remaining to fuel
the new ideas. Any raw supplies Britain itself did not have could be provided by
its many colonies. These colonies also provided captive markets for the
abundance of new goods provided by the industrial revolution (Gernhard). The
product was cotton. Cotton was a simple, cheap, and easily made product that
everyone could use. So, between 1796 and 1830 cotton production tripled (Haberman 48). The
new production was easily transported, because there remained an old commercial fleet (Gernhard).

Ge The Product and Market were the simple requirements, and many countries
had them. What set Britain apart from the others, however, were three unique
social elements: education, "modern" work attitudes, and a "modern"
government. Great Britain had a larger educated workforce to run the machines
and create manuals. The Enlightenment not only meant a larger educated population but
also more modern views on work. The population in Great Britain was ready to
move out of the country and to the city to work. Britain also had the large middle class
and flexible mercantile class necessary. English society, unlike many others, was not
opposed to "new money," and as such was eager to accept the new wealthy
and their new ideas. Lastly, Britain's government, a long-time constitutional
monarchy, was just right for the situation. The government was flexible enough
to support the new system and to a certain degree accepted Adam Smith's
capitalistic "invisible hand." The Dutch were the forerunners financially, but with the
establishment of the Bank of England in 1694, their supremacy was challenged.
The government and the bank provided incredible backing to new ideas, which
soon turned into new wealth (Haberman 49).

Many of these elements were achieved because of the insularity of England.

This meant that the industrial development was rarely interrupted by war
(Gernhard). This combination of necessary elements led to the early mechanization of Britain.
Between 1838 and 1850 Britain's rail lines went from 540 to 6621 track
kilometers; rail lines were considered the best way to monitor a country's
industrialization (Haberman 49). The elements needed or preferred for the Industrial Revolution
can be summarized as follows:

• modern work attitudes

• education
• a product
• transportation for the product
• large market
• "modern" government
• money
Li (Next Slide) Financial Situations

What were the financial situations necessary to support the Industrial Revolution?

• A new banking system

In Britain, expansion had led to new "private banking," a new money economy, and trading
organizations such as the Hanseatic League. Modern credit facilities also appeared, such as
the state bank, the bourse, the promissory note, and other new media of exchange. This
created economic stimulus which in turn gave the people more money to spend
(Commercial Revolution).

• A stable environment

The steady economic systems present under the new national monarchies created a reliable
atmosphere for the new Revolution. The most notable of these governments were in
Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, and England (Commercial Revolution).

• A large amount of capital for investment

From the New World had come gold and silver, which in less than a century more than doubled
European prices and stimulated economic activity, which in turn gave the wealthy more
money to spend on new ideas (Commercial Revolution).

• Capitalism

The capitalism of Adam Smith, or the "invisible hand," was another important new economic
system and gave the people a desire to further the industrialization and gain money. The
competition created a boom in economic expansion (Commercial Revolution).
(Next Slide) Innovations
Technology, arguably the greatest aspect of the Industrial Revolution, can be simplified into a few
different innovations and inventors, most inspired by one product. The first product to
undergo the "revolution" from the cottage industry to the mechanized age was
cotton. Britain, at the time, had a large wool trade. In 1760, the amount of wool exported was
almost thirty times that of cotton. Demand for cotton grew with a change in the upper class fashion,
and Britain started to allow more cotton production. Soon, not enough cotton could not be made to
satisfy the demand (Haberman 48). This demand was the inspiration for the following four
inventions:

Ge John Kay's "flying shuttle"

John Kay, a mechanic from Lancashire, patented the flying shuttle. Using cords attached to a
picking peg, a single weaver, using one hand, could operate the shuttle on the loom (Simkin). With
this invention it took four spinners to keep up with one cotton loom, and ten people to prepare yarn
for one weaver. So while spinners were often busy, weavers often waited for yarn (Gernhard). As
such, the flying shuttle effectively doubled a weaver's production of cloth
(Haberman 48).

James Hargreaves' "spinning jenny"

In 1764, James Hargreaves invented the "spinning jenny," a device which allowed one
person to spin many threads at once, further increasing the amount of finished
cotton that a worker could produce. By turning a single wheel, one could now spin eight
threads at once, a number that was later increased to eighty. The thread, unfortunately, was
usually coarse and lacked strength. Despite this shortcoming, over 20 000 of the machines
were in use in Britain by 1778 (Simkin).

Li Richard Arkwright's "water frame"

Also in 1764, Richard Arkwright created the "water frame" to produce yarn faster (Haberman 48).
The "Spinning-Frame," its earlier name, was too large to be operated by hand. After experimenting
with other sources of power, he decided to employ the power of a water wheel, and his machine
became known as the water frame (Industrial Revolution: The Industrial Revolution in Great
Britain). Rollers produced yarn of the correct thickness, while a set of spindles twisted fibers
together. The machine was able to produce a thread far stronger than any other
available at the time (Simkin).

Samuel Crompton's "Crompton's mule"

In 1779, Samuel Crompton combined both the spinning jenny and the water frame to
create a machine known as "Crompton's mule," which produced large amounts of fine,
strong yarn (Simkin).

Ge With the arrival of these inventions, yarn had effectively become industrialized. By 1812, the
cost of making cotton yarn had dropped by nine-tenths and the number of workers needed to turn
wool into yarn had been reduced by four-fifths (Gernhard). The addition of these inventions
to the work force moved the stress from the production to the supply of raw
cotton. Britain took advantage of the Americas' available new cotton, using it to help absorb the
demand. The demand was high enough to provide inspiration for what is probably
the most well known invention of the Revolution: the steam engine.

James Watt's "steam engine"

 In 1769, James Watt patented the steam engine and in effect created a new
source of power. Early-model steam engines were introduced to drain water and raise coal from
the mines, but the crucial development was the use of steam for power (Industrial Revolution: The
Industrial Revolution in Great Britain). The first steam engine was actually produced by Thomas
Newcomen, but Watt later improved and patented it. The original idea was to put a vertical piston
and cylinder at the end of a pump handle and then to put steam in the cylinder and condense it with
a spray of cold water. The vacuum created allowed atmospheric pressure to push the piston down,
but Watt made it a reciprocating engine, creating the true steam engine (Gernhard).

Li Robert Fulton's "steamboat"

In 1807, Robert Fulton used steam power to create the first steamboat, an
invention that would change the way and the speed in which materials could
be moved between the colonies of Britain (Haberman 48). In the beginning, the ship was
more expensive to build and operate than sailing vessels, but the steamship had some advantages. It
could take off under its own power and it was more steadfast in storms (Gernhard).

Stephenson's "steam powered train"

Finally, in 1814, Stephenson used the steam engine to create a steam powered train, which
would eventually allow increased communication and trade between places
before deemed too far. Soon, the steam-powered train had become an icon of success
throughout the world (Haberman 48). Britain encouraged the building of railroads in other
European countries, often with British capital, equipment, and technicians. Railroads became a
standard item of British export (Gernhard).

Ge From a suitable product comes a mass of inventions that will lead other areas of trade and
production towards industrialization. These first innovations have greatly effected the
basic elements of the era: agriculture, power, transportation, textiles, and
communication.
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The Textile Industry
The advancement of the textile industry was a key development in Britain's industrialization. It
was consequently this industry that first employed the factory system. The raw
materials used were essentially the same ones used under the domestic system, mainly featuring
wool and cotton, but machines were now used to take the raw product and create fabric. With the
use of machines and an "assembly-line" approach, it was possible to make enormous amounts of
fabric in less time and for less money (Porter).

Li The Factory System

The factory system was a method of manufacturing first adopted in England at the beginning of the
Industrial Revolution in the 1750s and later spread abroad. Fundamentally, each worker
created a separate part of the total assembly of a product, thus increasing the
efficiency of factories. Workers, paid by wage, and machines were brought
together in a central factory. All the processes of production would be carried out under one
roof, and would continue as long as it was practical.
←

←
Agriculture
The invention of machinery played a big part in driving forward the British Agricultural Revolution.
As the revolution in industry progressed a succession of machines became available which
increased food production with ever fewer labourers.

Ge Steam Power
During the Industrial Revolution, steam power began to replace water power
and muscle power (which often came from horses) as the primary source of
power in use in industry. Its first use was to pump water from mines. The early steam engines
were not very efficient, but a double-acting rotative version created by James Watt gave engines the
power to become a driving force behind the Industrial Revolution. Steam power was not only
used in engines but also in locomotives, furnaces and other factory appliances
that were difficult to implement prior to the invention of steam power.

Transportation
At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, inland transport was by navigable rivers and roads,
with coastal vessels employed to move heavy goods by sea. Railways or wagon ways were used for
conveying coal to rivers for further shipment, but canals had not yet been constructed. Animals
supplied all of the motive power on land, with sails providing the motive power on the sea.

The Industrial Revolution improved Britain's transport infrastructure with a

turnpike road network, a canal and waterway network, and a railway network.
Raw materials and finished products could be moved more quickly and cheaply
than before. Improved transportation also allowed new ideas to spread quickly.

Li Social Effects of the Industrial Revolution

In terms of social structure, the Industrial Revolution witnessed the triumph of
a middle class of industrialists and businessmen over a landed class of nobility
and gentry.

Ordinary working people found increased opportunities for employment in the new mills and
factories, but these were often under strict working conditions with long hours of labour dominated
by a pace set by machines. However, harsh working conditions were prevalent long before the
 Industrial Revolution took place. Pre-industrial society was very static and often cruel—child
labour, dirty living conditions, and long working hours were just as prevalent before the Industrial
Revolution.

Factories and Urbanization

The factory system was largely responsible for the rise of the modern city, as large numbers of
workers migrated into the cities in search of employment in the factories. Nowhere was this better
illustrated than the mills and associated industries of Manchester, nicknamed "Cottonopolis", and
arguably the world's first industrial city.

Ge Child Labor
Child labour had existed before the Industrial Revolution, but with the increase in population and
education it became more visible. Many children were forced to work in relatively bad conditions
for much lower pay than their elders,[27] 10-20% of an adult male's wage.[28] Children as young as
four were employed.

Housing
Living conditions during the Industrial Revolution varied from the splendour of the homes of the
owners to the squalor of the lives of the workers. Poor people lived in very small houses in cramped
streets. These homes would share toilet facilities, have open sewers and would be at risk of damp.
Not everybody lived in homes like these. The Industrial Revolution created a larger middle class of
professionals such as lawyers and doctors. The conditions for the poor improved over the course of
the 19th century because of government and local plans which led to cities becoming cleaner
places, but life had not been easy for the poor before industrialisation.

Li Luddites
The rapid industrialisation of the English economy cost many craft workers their jobs. Many such
unemployed workers, weavers and others, turned their animosity towards the machines that had
taken their jobs and began destroying factories and machinery. These attackers became known as
Luddites, supposedly followers of Ned Ludd, a folklore figure. The first attacks of the Luddite
movement began in 1811. The Luddites rapidly gained popularity, and the British government took
drastic measures using the militia or army to protect industry. Organisation of labour

The Trade Union

The Industrial Revolution concentrated labour into mills, factories and mines, thus facilitating the
organisation of combinations or trade unions to help advance the interests of working people. The
power of a union could demand better terms by withdrawing all labour and causing a consequent
cessation of production. Employers had to decide between giving in to the union demands at a cost
to themselves or suffering the cost of the lost production.

Effects on the Rest of the World

• The quick industrialization across Europe during the 19th century led to a great increase in goods
produced as well as a demand for raw materials (Haberman).
• This demand, coupled with increased nationalist pride, led nations to seek colonies abroad in
which to produce and trade goods (Haberman).
• The main expansion for the European colonial powers occurred in Africa. By 1914, the entire
continent with the exception of Liberia and Abyssinia were controlled by European nations
(Haberman).
• England also took control of India and Hong Kong during this period of expansion. By the
beginning of WWI, England had an empire which stretched across every continent in the world.
Vast amounts of natural resources were extracted from these colonies, which aided the British
industrial effort but left many of the nations bankrupt (Haberman).
• In short, industrialization in Europe had far reaching consequences for the rest of the world.
While it made Britain the ultimate power for over a century, it can be argued that its rule over the
world caused conflict and internal strife which continues to this day.

Ge The opening of the Philippines to world trade

The 19th century was a period of global change. The world had entered its first phase of
globalization under the British Empire. In Europe, the Industrial Revolution had spread from Great
Britain which had entered its Pax Britannica known as the Victorian Age. The rapid
industrialization of Europe were seeking new markets and found them in the colonies. The colonies
prospered with the production of raw materials for the mother countries. It was during this period
that Governor-General Basco opened the Philippines to world trade. The economy of the
Philippines rose rapidly and its local industries developed to satisfy the rising industrialization of
Europe. European immigration increased with the opening of the Suez Canal which cut the travel
time between Europe and the Philippines by half. New ideas, which the friars and colonial
authorities found dangerous, found their way into the Philippines notably Freemasonry and ideals of
the French and American Revolutions and of Spanish liberalism.