Bandpass

modulation and
demodulation

Ola Jetlund

Introduction

Bandpass modulation and Bandpass

Modulation

demodulation Coherent
Detection

Digital Communication Schemes

One dimensional
Chapter 4 - Part I of II ASK
M-PAM

Two dimensional
MPSK

Ola Jetlund M-QAM

M-FSK

Non-coherent
Detection
Differential coherent
detection
October 4, 2007 Energy detection
Non-coherent
detection of BFSK
Today Bandpass
modulation and
demodulation

Ola Jetlund

Introduction

Bandpass
Modulation

Coherent
I Some bandpass modulation schemes used in DCS Detection

for transmitting information over channel Schemes

One dimensional
I M-PAM, M-PSK, M-FSK, M-QAM ASK
M-PAM
I How to detect the transmitted information at the Two dimensional
receiver MPSK
M-QAM
I Coherent detection M-FSK

Non-coherent
I Non-coherent detection Detection
Differential coherent
detection
Energy detection
Non-coherent
detection of BFSK
 Bandpass
Modulation modulation and
demodulation

Ola Jetlund

Introduction
I ”Modulation translates information symbols onto a Bandpass
Modulation
medium” Coherent
Detection
I In baseband this results in shaped pulses, gi (t).
Schemes
I In bandpass the transmitted signal is a sinusoidal One dimensional
waveform with three features ASK
M-PAM
I Amplitude, A(t) Two dimensional
MPSK
I Phase, φ(t) M-QAM
M-FSK
I Frequency, ω0 (t)
Non-coherent
i.e. Detection
Differential coherent
detection
Energy detection

si (t) = Ai (t) cos(ω0 t + φi (t)), 0≤t≤T Non-coherent

detection of BFSK
Digital Communication System Bandpass
modulation and
demodulation

Ola Jetlund

Introduction

Bandpass
Modulation
gi (t) si (t) Coherent
Detection

Schemes

One dimensional
ASK
M-PAM

Two dimensional
MPSK
M-QAM
M-FSK

Non-coherent
Detection
Differential coherent
detection
Energy detection
Non-coherent
detection of BFSK

z(t) r (t)
Bandpass Modulation I Bandpass
modulation and
demodulation

Ola Jetlund

Introduction

Bandpass
Modulation

Coherent
si (t) = Ai (t) cos(ω0 t + φi (t)), 0≤t≤T Detection

Schemes

One dimensional
I Bandpass modulation: ASK
M-PAM
I The process of converting data signal to a
Two dimensional
sinusoidal waveform MPSK
M-QAM
I amplitude, phase or frequency, or a combination of M-FSK

them, is varied in accordance with the Non-coherent

Detection
transmitting data Differential coherent
detection
Energy detection
Non-coherent
detection of BFSK
Bandpass Modulation II Bandpass
modulation and
demodulation

Ola Jetlund

I Bandpass signal: Introduction

Bandpass
Modulation
r
2Ei Coherent
si (t) = gT (t) cos(ω0 t + φi (t)), 0≤t≤T Detection
T Schemes

One dimensional
ASK
I We assume here (otherwise will be stated): M-PAM

Two dimensional
I gT (t) is a rectangular pulse shape with unit MPSK
M-QAM
energy, Eg = 1. M-FSK

I Gray coding is used for mapping bits to symbols. Non-coherent

Detection
I Es denotes average symbol energy given by Differential coherent
detection
Energy detection
M Non-coherent
1 X detection of BFSK

Es = Ei
M
i=1
 Bandpass
Demodulation and Detection modulation and
demodulation

Ola Jetlund

I Demodulation: The receiver signal is converted to Introduction

Bandpass
baseband, filtered and sampled. Modulation

I Detection: Sampled values are used for detection Coherent

Detection
using a decision rule such as ML detection rule. Schemes

One dimensional
ASK
M-PAM

Two dimensional
MPSK
M-QAM
M-FSK

Non-coherent
Detection
Differential coherent
detection
Energy detection
Non-coherent
detection of BFSK
 Bandpass
Coherent Detection I modulation and
demodulation

Ola Jetlund

Introduction

Bandpass
Modulation
I Coherent detection Coherent
Detection
I requires carrier phase recovery at the receiver Schemes
I requires circuits to perform phase estimation One dimensional
I Source of carrier-phase mismatch at the receiver: ASK
M-PAM
I Propagation delay causes carrier-phase offset in Two dimensional
the received signal MPSK
M-QAM
I The oscillators at the receiver which generate the M-FSK

carrier signal, are not usually phased locked to Non-coherent

Detection
the transmitted carrier Differential coherent
detection
Energy detection
Non-coherent
detection of BFSK
 Bandpass
Coherent Detection II modulation and
demodulation

Ola Jetlund

Introduction
Circuits such as Phase-Locked-Loop (PLL) are
Bandpass
implemented at the receiver for carrier phase estimation Modulation

(α ≈ αb). Coherent
Detection

Schemes
I branch One dimensional
2 Ei 2 ASK
r (t ) = gT (t ) cos(ωi t + φi (t ) + α )+ n(t ) cos(ωc t + αˆ )
T T M-PAM
PLL
Used by Two dimensional
Oscillator 90 deg. correlators MPSK
M-QAM
2 M-FSK
sin (ωct + αˆ )
T Non-coherent
Q branch
Detection
Differential coherent
detection
Energy detection

See Chapter 10 Non-coherent

detection of BFSK
Bandpass Modulation Schemes Bandpass
modulation and
demodulation

Ola Jetlund

Introduction

Bandpass
Modulation
I One dimensional waveforms Coherent
I Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) Detection

Schemes
I M-ary Pulse Amplitude Modulation (M-PAM)
One dimensional
I Two dimensional waveforms ASK
M-PAM
I M-ary Phase Shift Keying (M-PSK) Two dimensional
I M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation MPSK
M-QAM

(M-QAM) M-FSK

Non-coherent
I Multidimensional waveforms Detection
Differential coherent
detection
I M-ary Frequency Shift Keying (M-FSK) Energy detection
Non-coherent
detection of BFSK
One Dimensional modulation, Bandpass
modulation and
demodulation

demodulation, and detection I Ola Jetlund

Introduction
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) modulation: Bandpass
Modulation

Coherent
r Detection
2Ei Schemes
si (t) = cos(ωc t + φ)
T One dimensional
ASK
On-off keying: M-PAM

“0” “1” Two dimensional

s2 s1 MPSK
M-QAM
ψ 1 (t ) M-FSK
si (t) = ai ψ i = 1, . . . , M 0 E1 Non-coherent
r Detection
2 Differential coherent
detection
ψ(t) = cos(ωc t + φ) Energy detection
T Non-coherent
detection of BFSK
p
ai = Ei
 Analyti c Waveform Vect or

(a ) PSK
.,,(t )., ~
1, 2, .... M
j ..
cos (Wol + 211i1M )
, M.' , \111 (t)

OS I S T
Ij • T-j " "
"'zit)
"...,",
'jCtl. ~ cos (ID,t ~.J ,\1 . 3
,,- , ,
/

..
-~'

(b ) FSK \jlI1(1)
1. 1. 2, . . M
OS t S T

s,(t ) .. ~2E~{t) cos (wot + ,)

ic) ASK j,. 1. 2, ... , M
OS t s T

At ., 8 ,," Zi t )

_j(11 '" ~2E~(t) 005 [WI}t + ', (t )[

(d) ASKIf'SK (APK) j. 1, 2•..., M

OS 1 S T

Figure 4.5 Digita[ modulations. (a) PSK. (b) FSK. (c) ASK . (d) A$KlPSK (APK).

21Ti
<1>,(' ) - M , = I , . .. , M
For the binary PSK ( BPSK) exam ple in Figure 4.5a , M is 2. The parameter E is
symbol energy, T is symbo l time dura tion, and 0 '5 / $ T. In BPSK modu lation. the
moduJating data signal shifts the phase of the waveform l";(t) to onc of two states,
either zero or 11 (180°). The waveform sketch in Figure 4.5a shows a typical BPSK
waveform with its abrupt phase changes at the symbol transitions; if the modulating
date stream were to consist of alternating ones and zeros, there would be such an
abrupt change at each tra nsition. The sig.nal waveforms can be represe nted as
vectors or phasors on a polar plot: the vector length corresponds to the signal
amplitude. and the vector direction for the general M-ary case corresponds to the
signal phase relative to the o lher M - 1 signals in the set. For the BPSK example,
the vector picture illustrates th e two 1800 opposing vectors. Signal sets that can be
depicted with such opposing vectors are called Qmipot/al signal sets.

174 Bandpass Modulation and Demodulation Chap. 4

One Dimensional modulation, Bandpass
modulation and
demodulation

demodulation, and detection II Ola Jetlund

Introduction
M-ary Pulse Amplitude modulation (M-PAM): Bandpass
Modulation

Coherent
r Detection
2 si (t) = ai ψ1 i = 1, . . . , M Schemes
si (t) = ai cos(ωc t)
T r
2
One dimensional
ASK
ψ1 (t) = cos(ωc t) M-PAM
T Two dimensional
p MPSK
ai = (2i − 1 − M) Eg M-QAM
M-FSK
4-PAM: Ei = Eg (2i − 1 − M)2 Non-coherent
Detection
“00”
s1
“01”
s2
“11”
s3
“10”
s4 M2 − 1 Differential coherent
detection
ψ 1 (t ) Es = Eg Energy detection
− 3 Eg − Eg 0 Eg 3 Eg 3 Non-coherent
detection of BFSK
Example - Binary PAM Bandpass
modulation and
demodulation

Ola Jetlund

Introduction

Bandpass
Modulation

Coherent
Detection

Schemes

One dimensional
ASK
M-PAM

Two dimensional
MPSK
M-QAM
M-FSK

Non-coherent
Detection
Differential coherent
detection
Energy detection
Non-coherent
detection of BFSK
 Bandpass
Coherent detection of M-PAM modulation and
demodulation

Ola Jetlund

Introduction

Bandpass
Modulation

Coherent
Detection

Schemes

ψ 1 (t ) One dimensional
ASK

T z1 ML detector
M-PAM

r (t ) m̂
∫
0
(Compare with M-1 thresholds)
Two dimensional
MPSK
M-QAM
M-FSK

Non-coherent
Detection
Differential coherent
detection
Energy detection
Non-coherent
detection of BFSK
Two Dimensional modulation, Bandpass
modulation and
demodulation

demodulation, and detection I Ola Jetlund

Introduction

Bandpass
M-ary Phase Shift Keying (M-PSK) Modulation
q Coherent

si (t) = 2E
T
s
cos(ωc t + 2πi
M
) i = 1, . . . , M Detection

Schemes

One dimensional
ASK
M-PAM

si (t) = ai1 ψ1 (t) + ai2 ψ2 (t) Two dimensional

r r MPSK
M-QAM
2 2 M-FSK
ψ1 (t) = cos(ωc t) ψ2 (t) = − sin(ωc t)
T T Non-coherent
Detection
p 2πi p 2πi Differential coherent
ai1 = Es cos( ) ai2 = Es sin( ) detection
Energy detection
M M Non-coherent
detection of BFSK
Es = Ei
BPSK, QPSK, and 8PSK Bandpass
modulation and
demodulation

Ola Jetlund

BPSK (M=2) Introduction

ψ 2 (t ) Bandpass
Modulation
“0” “1”
8PSK (M=8)
s1 s2 Coherent
Detection
ψ 2 (t )
− Eb Eb ψ 1 (t ) s3 “011” Schemes
“010” “001”
s4 s2 One dimensional
ASK
QPSK (M=4) Es M-PAM

ψ 2 (t ) “110” s“000”
1
Two dimensional
MPSK

s 2“01”
“00”
s1 s5 ψ 1 (t ) M-QAM
M-FSK

Non-coherent
“111 ” “100”
Es
s6 s8 Detection
Differential coherent
detection
ψ 1 (t ) “101” s7 Energy detection
Non-coherent
detection of BFSK

s3 “11” “10”
s4
 Bandpass
Coherent detection of M-PSK modulation and
demodulation

Ola Jetlund

Introduction

Bandpass
Modulation

Coherent
ψ 1 (t ) Detection

T z1 Schemes

∫
0 One dimensional
r (t ) z1 φˆ Compute Choose m̂ ASK
arctan M-PAM
ψ 2 (t ) z2 | φi − φˆ | smallest Two dimensional
T MPSK

∫
M-QAM

0
z2 M-FSK

Non-coherent
Detection
Differential coherent
detection
Energy detection
Non-coherent
detection of BFSK
Two Dimensional modulation, Bandpass
modulation and
demodulation

demodulation, and detection II Ola Jetlund

Introduction

Bandpass
Modulation
M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Coherent
q Detection
2Ei
si (t) = T cos(ωc t + φi ) = ai1 ψ1 (t) + ai2 ψ2 (t), i = 1, . . . , M Schemes

One dimensional
q q ASK

ψ1 (t) = T2 cos(ωc t) ψ2 (t) = T2 sin(ωc t)

M-PAM

Two dimensional

ai1 and ai2 are PAM symbols and Es = 2(M − 1)/3 MPSK
M-QAM
M-FSK
√ √ √ √ √ √
2
(− M + 1, M − 1) (− M + 3, M − 1) ... ( M − 1, M − 1)
3
Non-coherent
√ √ √ √ √ √
6
6 (− M + 1, M − 3) (− M + 3, M − 3) ... ( M − 1, M − 3) 7
7 Detection
Differential coherent
6 7
(ai1 , ai2 ) = 6 . . . . 7
6
6 . . . .
7
7 detection
. . . . Energy detection
√ √ √ √ √ √
4 5
(− M + 1, − M − 1) (− M + 3, − M − 1) ... ( M − 1, − M − 1) Non-coherent
detection of BFSK
16-QAM Bandpass
modulation and
demodulation

Ola Jetlund

16-QAM Introduction

ψ 2 (t ) Bandpass
Modulation
“0000” “0001” “0011” “0010”
s1 s2 s3 s4 Coherent
Detection
3 Schemes

One dimensional
“1000” “1001” “1011”
s5 s6 s 7 “1010”s8
ASK
M-PAM

1 Two dimensional
MPSK

-3 -1 1 3
M-QAM
M-FSK
ψ 1 (t )
s9 s10 s11 s12 Non-coherent
Detection
-1 Differential coherent

“1100” “1101” “1111 ” “1110 ”

detection
Energy detection
Non-coherent
detection of BFSK

s13 s14 s15 s16

-3
“0100” “0101” “0111 ” “0110”
Coherent detection of M-QAM Bandpass
modulation and
demodulation

Ola Jetlund

Introduction

Bandpass
Modulation

Coherent
Detection
ψ 1 (t )
T z1 Schemes
ML detector
∫
0
(Compare with M − 1 thresholds)
One dimensional
ASK

m̂
M-PAM

r (t ) Parallel-to-serial Two dimensional

converter MPSK

ψ 2 (t ) M-QAM
M-FSK

T z2
ML detector Non-coherent

∫
0
(Compare with M − 1 thresholds)
Detection
Differential coherent
detection
Energy detection
Non-coherent
detection of BFSK
 Multi-Dimensional modulation, Bandpass
modulation and
demodulation

demodulation, and detection Ola Jetlund

Introduction
M-ary Frequency Shift keying (M-FSK) Bandpass
Modulation

Coherent
r Detection
M
2Es X Schemes
si (t) = cos(ωi t) si (t) = aij ψj (t)
T One dimensional
j=1 ASK
M-PAM

ψ 3 (t ) i = 1, . . . , M Two dimensional
r MPSK
M-QAM
s3 2 M-FSK

Es
ψi (t) = cos(ωi t)
 √ T Non-coherent
Detection

s2 Es i = j Differential coherent
detection
aij = Energy detection
ψ 2 (t ) 0 i 6= j Non-coherent
detection of BFSK
Es
s1 Es =Ei
Es

ψ 1 (t )
 Bandpass
Coherent Detection of M-FSK modulation and
demodulation

Ola Jetlund

Introduction

Bandpass
Modulation

Coherent
Detection
ψ 1 (t ) Schemes
T z1 One dimensional

r (t )
∫
0
⎡ z1 ⎤
z
ML detector:
Choose
ASK
M-PAM
⎢M⎥ =z the largest element m̂ Two dimensional
ψ M (t ) ⎢ ⎥ in the observed vector MPSK
M-QAM
T ⎢⎣ z M ⎥⎦ M-FSK

∫
0 zM Non-coherent
Detection
Differential coherent
detection
Energy detection
Non-coherent
detection of BFSK
 Bandpass
Non-Coherent Detection modulation and
demodulation

Ola Jetlund

Introduction

Bandpass
I No need in a reference in phase with the received Modulation

Coherent
carrier Detection

I Less complexity as compared to coherent detection Schemes

One dimensional
at the price of higher error rate. ASK
M-PAM

Two dimensional
MPSK
M-QAM
I Remainder M-FSK

I Differential coherent detection Non-coherent

Detection
I Energy Detection Differential coherent
detection
I Non-Coherent detection of BPSK Energy detection
Non-coherent
detection of BFSK
 Bandpass
Differential coherent detection modulation and
demodulation

I Differential encoded message Ola Jetlund

I The symbol phase changes if the current bit is Introduction

different from the previous bit. Bandpass

Modulation
r Coherent
2E Detection
si (t) = cos(ω0 t + θi (t)), Schemes
T One dimensional
ASK
0 ≤ t ≤ T , i = 1, . . . , M M-PAM

Two dimensional
MPSK
θk (nT ) = θk ((n − 1)T ) + φi (nT ) M-QAM
M-FSK

Non-coherent
Detection
Differential coherent
detection
φi Energy detection
Symbol index: k 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Non-coherent
detection of BFSK
Data bits: mk 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
Diff. encoded bits 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 s2 0 s1 ψ 1 (t )
Symbol phase: θ k πππ 0 0 πππ
Coherent detection for differential Bandpass
modulation and
demodulation

modulation Ola Jetlund

Introduction
I assumes slow variation in carrier-phase mismatch Bandpass
during two symbol intervals. Modulation

Coherent
I correlates the received signal with basis functions Detection

I uses the phase difference between the current Schemes

One dimensional
received vector and previously estimated symbol ASK
M-PAM

Two dimensional
ψ 2 (t ) MPSK
M-QAM
M-FSK

(a2 , b2 ) Non-coherent

φi (a1 , b1 ) Detection
Differential coherent
detection
Energy detection
Non-coherent
detection of BFSK

ψ 1 (t )
 Bandpass
Differential Coherent Detectors modulation and
demodulation

Ola Jetlund

I Optimum differentially coherent detector Introduction

Bandpass
ψ 1 (t ) Modulation
T Coherent
r (t ) m̂
∫
0
Decision Detection

Delay Schemes
T One dimensional
ASK
M-PAM
I Sub-optimum differentially coherent detector Two dimensional
MPSK
T
∫
M-QAM
r (t ) Decision m̂ M-FSK
0
Non-coherent
Delay Detection
T Differential coherent
detection
Energy detection
Non-coherent
detection of BFSK
I Performance degradation about 3 dB by using
sub-optimum detector
Energy detection Bandpass
modulation and
demodulation

Ola Jetlund

Introduction

Bandpass
Modulation

Coherent
Detection
I Non-coherent detection for orthogonal signals (e.g. Schemes
M-FSK) One dimensional
I Carrier-phase offset causes partial correlation ASK
M-PAM

between I and Q braches for each candidate signal. Two dimensional

MPSK
I The received energy corresponding to each M-QAM
M-FSK
candidate signal is used for detection.
Non-coherent
Detection
Differential coherent
detection
Energy detection
Non-coherent
detection of BFSK
 Bandpass
Non-coherent detection of BFSK modulation and
demodulation

Ola Jetlund

Introduction

Bandpass
Modulation
2 / T cos(ω1t )
Coherent
T z11
( )2 Detection
∫
0 2 2 Schemes
z11 + z12
2 / T sin(ω1t ) One dimensional
ASK
T z12 M-PAM

r (t )
∫
0
( )2 + z (T )
Decision stage:
m̂ Two dimensional
2 / T cos(ω 2t ) if z (T ) > 0, mˆ = 1 MPSK
M-QAM
T z 21 - if z (T ) < 0, mˆ = 0
( )2 M-FSK
∫
0 Non-coherent
Detection
2 2
2 / T sin(ω2t ) z 21 + z 22 Differential coherent
detection
T z 22 Energy detection

∫
0
( )2 Non-coherent
detection of BFSK