· 3Jj • 3['6

· 31

· 31~

· 3lQ

· 324

· 325 ~ 32t .. 341 ~ '~i~ · 331 • 332 ~ 33 ., 33ij

· :i9E ~ :M~ + :1 i

· 3~6

· 3'59 ~ 3~ F j,6J

· l'

~ 3&

I •

I i

Cbap·ter 1

.

- RIA' N' A- LOG LlNEA·\!!·_i, I Ie LA~:

1 •

. .

Aim T(t fam iliari ze wUh. irn~ 0_13.111 L operational r: nfpU ner integrated uircUtils .and tbeir _1 e~utic.aJ d~aracttrish· " and paMlfl~ttfS

, .

C6mponeD~t-s. and. equiplDlents required ~ii-tunp, rheos'~i~ yu{"fmete'~ an111li3ter ftntl de SOUf,Of ..

Tbl,~r,f OQ :_ raHn~:d ~ ~uT1,p~:i fier~ in S¥l~lt, ;[0$1- a;mp is 3, '\NZ~,ts,atile dlev iee, ased roc a'mgrtfx Aft. ~.rnrd DC, signals TJ~Q!ll:1b i~twas ori.gJll~ny desigoLed for ~0mputin,& ma:t};u~~tiIG31 eperadens suc.b as a.dlD~jIQ; L,~ Inuhiplli~a, l' oa, diffe~endatio'P, integntdaD: etc., J~ is wi6ely used for var.ieq· of

I I ~

,~ppj}C'ati.Ql1S, like 0 ,ciUatmn t fl' ters Ie ~guhl'toiS, Glippi,llg cir:~u it.s, waveform ~neratbr· ete..

~he. syntbo 1 of op-amp fsp~,en~·s a cireui t ·wi.ltD twa'; rnlfput tetmi;palS,t "an output tennina~ a_1Rd hV'9 bias suppty PQrjn~s_.

Tille 741 I~ js a fre'l!Oen€y ~(}mp~enSlale~ and sho·rt cir,cuit protected C., "4ilt'; il its ®mmerG~al

·verswn \QJth ~ ~-mting trun~eratu~.lange~ fto.m ~Iao :C: t'O ;1- 7{)9' C,., -

. ~41 n· eds P0's.i'tivc and ~al_jve· de SG~S, for Oja, .. s'uppily cDlOJnec~ion'S V + and V -, This is ~ml1d~d byeitne: Qk dual ptrwer :supp,~ y or tWQ po't:ver SuppHelf. Wh'€n. dual Q'Q_wel[ su.pp·~y is used ~~t~ pO~rutive t'ernuna! is. cnltn'octeij, til' V+ pin<of~he· Ie and n5gMl~e·tenl1in61 is eonnected to V ~ ~H.n of the Ie .. The. ground terrni n 0:1 of th~ iiu.al power $1Jpply i s connected to HIDe: gtOu.P'P P_Ol f'lt ,af='lhe e: · ~. . . r- . ~~I- d <,. _,. •• lFCult.- Wh".n twp·.power suppli,~s at'~ used. pOSlhV~ terminal o one power SUPPI j. ·m~,

~a(j~e iel;ll1inal o other piilWer sUIPply are connected (o. V + and. V - pins 'Of IC .. ' pe'ctWeIy . . ,~'timalftjng terminal' of the pawer • up'pltes are cennecred to the gmQnd PtflJ1il" of the C·r.CUii~. ~el1.$<Weral :tIIMmpS-llt6 usrui in a Qirellit, one power sUflpl), is e.nougih to drive.all op-amps

etause Qf the low pe er consnm ,P·titQn of .op ... amps,

. Ttle Qutput satusation volta.ges in gefleri'd are about 2. V 'be~low the 1113.s:rotUOes or the de PO\Yet; SllPply levels, Fer supply voltages of ±15 V, V~a-t wili be appro lmatetr ±l~ v.

in ~4~}. h~&lWO t!p-lj,mflS in it. 35& is a single. bias sllppJly VfNllllp. There are two ep!"ilmps ~ Chlp. 124 j.s. quad ep-amp. Ie. M a xi mu'J11 r~tt ngs Qrf 14.1. e are gh~n bclroiw ..

lZ

B ias ~upp.]y vahage I npu [< v-0~tag:e

r."!'lI; K.HR'

~IYl~

,

Enp~f bi as eUlrre.nt Input v "lt~ge rahgr~ OU1~,l1t nwis.tance Slew~le

±18 V' ±15 " 9a~' .sQ 1~A, 13~V

75 fl

'0:.5 VIps

DtffereRual inpu ( voltage Input offset vel rage

'J'n.pm,~ effset current

I'npu re$istance

Otttput shott ci:n!uit eurre t Band widt

_30 - 9 l! 20 ~

2 ' '-0

_... :r.iUJI....-

25

741

v+

..

- In.

- ~!c:('

1.2 MeaslJ..rentents of op-amp pa ametess

im Tome ur the fol1ow~ng paramete

· Input bias current ~2:. In,ut ,offset current

3. Input offset :v.gltage

4. CMRRand 5 Slew tate

fJlHlmp·

·1 nput bms current I 6 The inverri hg .and m uDinr\"~m ng tamh'talls of aJ,n ·op~ amp are. tWQ bg8~ (ga.~~) term'run ls o.fthe '~mnsi tors (FE~"1 or ~ OSP:ET~~ of a differenltial ampJHlle,r. In an ideld op .. amp no current flO\l-', ~~mugh the" . termlnals. ROWeY:~fll fl ~,maU amoant ~ cu.rrent 'R O~ .. lhroug1l thes tenninal.' hieb i ofthe 'artier of ,(typicml and m aximum y:a~l1ts i~n'e'D and 00.0 J. ,.4 . In bi lac op-amps and pA for " ,o·~a;Jnp,s.

Input ittJi.' .~. current is defined as the a er.a.ge of the: ~l1'liJl!;at, ente:rin~ info the ~nVelfti.fig and ~1a:rdn\'~rtjllg ~€nninals' of en op-amp, To ,compen!js:t~ fot bial, currems, I~' ~mRB.d,= sating resi ~1~OT ~ is used, ''''atu€ of Ram'J'P is the pziraffi el combmatlon ". ~:eJq~,i~tQ'-$ C{l~neA~ed 10 'be ~nverfinl terrui _at.

Input hi ,s, eurrent 113 ;;;;;;; t 1 B1 + lmll2 , rbere 18] and 18'2 ere tine base. bias cllrr¥Ji]~, of-the ap"Qn1p.

'. ,RUt offs~t ,wrr.· nt los The bia· current ' llfj 1 and 182 wil 1 no r b equa l an an up-an) p, hlpm effset currem i· defined . the· oJ . ebraie differeace between he' currents Into ttJtllllvellti~ng and nOAh r : Ttingtenninal g T: p[icm and nl, ~~~~ol'Um, values oro 'set cuaern, are 20 nA. and

200 nA.

In1put Q'ffse( ~nt IDS == 1111~ ._. I 8'21·

i ; P I t offset·v. Itg,:' ~/08 'Ew:_ II, if he' input "fUlts .. '£ tQn OP-JU11)P' ~s, zero. wtput voltage ma§ Rot be, ro . r.li, is b zause of the circuit j,m· aian~ inside-be op-amp, In ,~,r~er t~ GOI1Jpe:n ,a: _ ~h:i' ~ - sm=tU voltage ' ho~ C '. IP lied ber~ . ':en the terminals,. 11I,put 'OffiS~t Vl~dta~e is dtdinoo M the Y0,ltlge ~it most be ~pplied b tv een tbe input ·ter.mwBalcs of ,an ap-aro~ ~O' mullif~y Ithe OlJ:tput vDlt9:g~~ T)'Pi,~al and ntit'tinlllll!m values of input offset v{lltage ,are_, nl . and ft' In .

. R It is the nino c diffe ' m de gin _t,"cu ,mo, mod ~ !aiq,~ If 3: -sign,ll is, appli'sd,

Domm.on to beth (hJ ·npu[ of 'op-amp''",b, r 'ill be ~rt',nua:t<ect C ~/JRR is, usu~ny eKpn~s&ed in dB~ ~Vhe'nn in'plilt " i~mILl - ~ i· a'Pip,Hed" ·ctmfMgn" 10' bath ~nputs~ common mode ve~tage' ~D A,c = \ ~ 'l;~. 6lfftre.nti;! mode gml1 ~ := Sf/Ri., Then ,C'kJ RR is gi~fL by tfle" .pres' JQn C. iJ RtR = 2J d, (.... I . -) in dB.

:rat. S le \1, rare i'S, the' ltl. .i 1\1fl1l rate _ n. " . f aU' ;01, ·dltt(ge. t I the mess re of m· 'mess of op-amp, It is e~pre"·. ~ . \ - p,s_ Th tn[ mal ufP.ut cQ.pa .. u:(tl~ln~g pre" . flLts.OOd&n 'I ise cf ~)iU\PlJt \'"oll:aoe fOf -m fa ·t [1iing in'Pu1. If'the slape requi ,nl·~ltts of WI~ output "\I,oltaM of {lie ep- mp ~&,gre ttlt'l" thU11 the sle\~' m,li:e~ d' Slt~m~R occurs,

Pr'Gel! _ 14ft

I. t'tf lind irlput off~~t volra~~. et u t}t~ ~i"Lnl and mea ure the . u.rpu·t 'vo'ha~, Tnp!U{

nffaet vo hage I€ an. rneas ured us i ng 'lht t"~ - res ion , :'tit ~ \ ~ /,~ R J +. Ri) \\1 here \ ~ :;;

output vo~la~"e and ;: U'lput Dffs~~ \"Q'~l ,- ,'~

'. Set u, the ctrenits for roeasuring luput blfts current and input o.fi&e't current, o.t vlltagt. . .. sing tn( e,l{ pteSsiim Vt. = IHI R ,/fnet v.. = I82R; J 81 and I 'c~lculatetl. 'Use the: feUowjng.ex;p ession fa- findjng,hlpul bias 'and Qff~et '.'

. ~ias current In = (lsI + I-tH2)/2 and ftlput'ufrs~t'Ctlueht los ; ~ 181 - 1 B~I 3~ F~. a ~q~1[I~re. wave to input and. cra~ct11a-t'e slew' l-aW uSing the expression wtt~n; tJ. Vo is the volIai~ swing ·and t is the time taken 0 char ge voltage , 4'. Set up the circuit for finding, CMRR .. 'pply a de . ignal o. ~.S : at the jl1lPUl . ;~" Calcul!lce CMRR using Ihe exprt$s.ioo 'c:JIAlUt = v, (~I R~). Expre&.'l UIIl ng the EXpreSslOl1 20lIi)l9{CMRll). ..

eire ~ ~t dmgtalnlS· 'to IDeO ure;o.~a;."J1 parameters'

RflOO k

M oat

-. !we'n:d 'rriv,a~:vo ce qu~ti!run,;

1. WtH~lt are ili~'h.1e3t c;tnaiflOj[iJi$t]~' 'of an 0F~GJmp l'

1. VD~f~m; tgaj n = '00,. '2 murptml~ resrstaace = 1;)

3. Inpuf resistance « -00 4. eall'~ widrn = -;

~ .

5. GMlt" -', :;;;; 00 ,6. ,S]ew 'rate ~ 00

~. What is GrvfRR 1 Wbal is. its lfi& i,fiea.Qce?

I~ i~ the. ratlo.of differentia] mode gain ktOOml'l1QIIL made gain. eM R R m'!:jt b~ lIeq b~ gil 1deaJrny. O,_..«m'9~ust.p;1t)vl~de bil;'lrI ~atn ti~4ff(erenQ€:oftbe.iLrrJ1ut& anti ~m g1rin in ~nl ~;],gn~'1 tb. aiPp~~ _SHnu1t~ne{JU:sly~ ai' the "npu~s of the IIp am,p. " 'f @M R:R is bj ~ no.i~e si@:na;1s ~j~~ui~ at both

input~ wfU be ·~Jtem~.lred. r •

J~ How" doe! tlU~ slew rare 'Qf~n op-, m.p, affi r the fr,equency of eperatien 7

An o~m p i,s ~~'uired tG' h.~ve ani ntfuite slew rate ]d~~ Uy. If. tJ1;e sJ.~w fa~'e rs i5j lilJi;J:.e,, __ the oJrttn1p rnay not foUm,w the;. ft,:t ~tiR~j.ens of (he i~t s.~gn.IJ... I;h~p.E:fHiing OJ) 'the S~tNi rate Hum~ will ~e a maximum frequeD~ fTrJ}fJ.;"X fur i.n~put a.~9~e. ~'IhitJ-1 t~l\~ uu.tpUit wiD tl~, dislltntm, Ma.1ti[il»m f~qjlL1~~Y . s.gi1len by, ftt'La,~ --: (S.P,) 106"1 (2\lf\{J~' wber~ 19R is 8~ew ra~e., V" peak va~ue of t:rurtt.put.

-4. Whl' is tb.e i1oput~mlPedafl,c~ of ~be oR-amp to~.h i;gih 1- . • •

Input $t'qge ot op-amp ,~" eqmm.,n eminer ,am'pil~fie'r:. Its i:1 put r~g18ta.1 ee is 'eJ + Pif'e) wbere) l"re,. is :the output resistance 0i Gurrem~ mtO"O[ ci.'c.~j-r! wh·~ti" j's a.f the nrder of severn] kg. So. dl~in,pu1. resJ8,uaJrm't.· pf op .. amp is d(tbe· Qm.er a'f M"D,

5. Vilhfl"t ts 'U'n., sig·n~anc~ ~f' ,~A '~Jl ,IttA:7~1 rt

I ,

~,

It si,gnine.s ~hl) IlJ.ldufactt1rer"'s name, Pah:ctdltl Ltd. (LM'":meafis h is 'TUanuTIictu.~ by . ational semiconduetora L~d).

6. liam.~ef,a few hmgS speeR ep-,~mip$.

'LM31S:, :HA2.500 and4:M31 il

1, Btitrne~nity g~i;iIlIl'fr6,qu.eney. of'~:pI-m1"p 1- What is!1tg, t)'prt!l~ ya,tue l'

1~ is the fteQu~na,y at. wh.ioh open ioop gat" d~relSes to Ilnity~ ~pi'bal value f,Ui 14: > ' 'js 1 IJ'B~~

8" "Vha( ji, l~e fJhy~~id' sigJliijc.~nce ~ . anjnl?t1~ otfse'i ou"~nt of ,2tJ 'nA .?

All iGput nff$e,"cuI1J~.nt of 20 'nh ~mpl es tbat the GJ.!lD7enf tmtill~ll, me b~e ~af qD~ mput[ra~sisto . is mere tl]il~ the. 'eu.~f. allbJ~gh Ute bas~ o;f Jl~hef (np"t '(tJ:Os hrtnt by 2[)' ·n-A.

Aim T1)de8i~, and set ul1llie fonQw~ng b~sit j1jP~'f,~tiomal ampmifi~(f" circuits ..

1. ZerQ croBsillg de'tec.tuli 2. Inven~Q'g a; n.;tpUfiep:

a. Ni:Jn .. ~merdng ampli~iet '(. VotMge fQl~ow:~r

15·" Ad-tier 6'. D ~ff,re)tw ampl'i:ti'~

. 7 n~eg-F.a'tOl 8"., 1)~ifferendator _

ehl,ponenl's QRd equipmmts, - ~qu ~'red Ppwer IUIPH~s, leRe], 'function gpnemtoJi -opa-amp

r 'i81Q.r~t .~apa.cbors and. ;braad b-ostd. _ _ I 1. Zero-crossing ne.tee.to:rlZCD) It i-s, a tompar~QT" tlla.t"swjt'0hes olltpul betwe~n ~Vs~t Bad

V . . shewn nl tifiure

- ~g1 when input crosses z.ero mferenoe vatta;s,t lQ.vettiI1J' ZCD ·ClfCUf't. lS . c' ,',' . " '.

ASf'alJlt~ 'mu t"vib:ratpr with a. (lu;ty :ncl·~ other tllan SO %

A&ta1b~e. multivibrator with different tim,e,_ partlod fer b~gb. and low J1evels of s~t up mo~jfyi~g the .cireuit as '. hewn below • .outing positive iawrEItiOQ ar does n~rt: ttah duC't and capacitor ch arges U~rrdu~ll .the resi stor R" S~rrn.i arty, sltarntiGIt), dJ.'od~ ll'~ dpe'& nbt e OD'p'w,ot: and the cspacitor eb .. arges tl],rough the

-

-

\~

l

,ay talH ~ze¢.

~. OJ~n)'late s qua r,e. l"ave witb (ol~owwfl,g 8pecifitatioH~ frequ<tQty 2: ,H:.z~ all~Y :cycle ;;;' l/4 aluf YohaS'e ,s'WiB$ froll~ +4~.5 V to -. iii ~5 v~.

U s~~l'hre "CQ~)JPi.QatiQn 011he atio;ve aireuits, JJ se two 5 ~ 1 zener di~od:es.

Z. ·DtlI:lye tllQ e~plll'~~on ft.1 the tim~ period (}f astable output waveform Oerol!ral expression tor capacner vohage is gil'en by

Vo< == V,(oo}·~ [V(O) ~ v (a;)He-r.IRG '\vtlere V(O) arui' V(oo} are initi.=d ~;Ild final values @f yobagei. F/Q,m (be ,eap~o]'(or warvefo'~ we ,gle~~

iltQ) ;;::: - ~VA·lL1.' v (00 ) =' V~a,~ ,2Jnd, Vc;; = 8'V~1 at t = T /2

Subst,]lutins 'tnese values in IHe expression. (0' eapaeitor vo~m,g", we gel; J$~itd := ~.~ + '-11'\.~~1 ~ V~d;~ )er T /2RC

I[jl~ ili'1;,vI~l! _ ~ I"') Q,rl,':1T1 !:±l!

,W,"'.a.. VU~· '[UlIIoll, ~ i::l; ~~~, .... 1 = ~

: ~JU To dlesignand. set UP! a monosufbJe muitivi brator IJ]sing op-amp fOr ;a puh\ewidlth 'all 1 m.s:. IComllal~m1a flud e:qui:pmnu Feqmr~ Power suppl ies, CR~ Breadboar-d! st;g:nat g,errernto~, op-aIDp., diQde., resisto N: ant! .. apaSlkrrs.,

Thebi y Manos,taPrl~' mllUivibm~or i', a[SfJ' called ope sh at. .It has a ' t ble sale hlUld a q~asistabje s~te. The ··ci~tlit rerna'D' in sUlible state until triggmng signa~ causes a,: tr-ans,jtion ttl ~l1as.t;.itable iU~.te:.. Af,~, .3.. time w:li1terrv,a,~" rnt returns to the s!lable state. So 8 sing:(€' pU~S'e i~.

iel'8tttt~d w h011 a, twigge'w is. ,D'ilplied ..

C~2H~sider the : , illtnl at which the output 1/0 = + Vst.t NDW the d1iJQd~ Dil clamps. the

capaci~er. voltu"g .• ' Vc at ~l7 V. Feedbac:· on Ige av,a~~,' ble at .nQn-~nvert'ih1,g. termirnaJ ms +.l1Vso-t· Wh~l~ 'tlle n,eg'~tiv .. goin§ trigger i1S Jtppllt;,d such t iat the po~e:ndal a~ nO]'l_-it)'lJeJting lerJ1lin~. bec:om~s le ss than '117 V.. the ou tp'ut swit~h~ to, -11 ~t. Now ~ ,"c_ clap'at~i ~or G1t8'r~ ~frurfjl1,eb R towards - Vsfi~' because U~J€ dilQiI,€ 'be;r;Qmes reverse' b,i.ed. W~(1l, the, ca;plcita't 'v~~tage beelClmes more negati V6 than - fjVt.n Illle com ' .' ItlJr _ ,,' .e! b;;i;1ii t f V.. toaJid ~itore stamchllrgjng to +\1:;: thnu.lgl! R ~~~th 0..'1 _y aru:l_C' becomes;.t;~pe~ t~ 0.7 V.

h pUlse Width is,gj,-;en by T = Rd{n~ apprOlfmalely liP = 0,', T = 0.6 Re. ne time peritjti ~;f the trIgger m(U,sI he larger tHan the 'Output ,pulae lVidt'h T~ Ttl . Gi.rcu~.do>'· no~ mp61~d to a h:iggtr 'Ib:a.t apPean; beflJftl the :.p:cti'fi"fd 9111]!ut ph;cWid~ and hence if is calltll

rnJ)'flt-retrlueral:i~e.. monoshor,

P ·cedu.

1. ~df:f whether Use op-errtp 's ingood'c;onm 'on lo1<iriag it as ZeD or vluge IbIlowcr.

2 ~. . , • ,.JI ~..;Ii 6" l{_ ~ I"'ID H re wave .at dle trfggt

. .'let up the mo nosteble mu 1 UV'tom-Mor alllu '6~ . 1 pp' "ly.. :t squ a l .

.,I..'V1J,:31' : - - I

I. Wll'llt atm 111(; apphUtiau!! of II 1l1!W:Ja,~"le nlUltIvil!rafi')r '1

-tied bme l'hh tiralli. mn.n be1l..s~d'tll tr~gger SCR !!Ina genera 'e a !lil:igfe pulse fbr a Iipec! 0ttitJralll'

1.. Detivi; fbi! ex~S]1»l fqr til. time period: of quasi stable st_ Qf ,mOOIJ fable mull!

General ~"Pll!!Ssion for capaClto.r V()l(lIg1l ° & gi~nb}'

Vc = V(oo) + [V{{!) - V(fXJ)le-~fRC Prant~hl!: capm~ifor waVeform we £~;

\1 (0) ~ 0, V (ool "" ~ It.. alii! Va "" -!1v".t at t = T

S bstJtllpng ibc&e vnlllllg 111 'Ihe.e p1leSston. f(fr eapncilor v.ol tage, we get: -;6v,. .. ! ",,' -v'ru\ + (6 + 1<'!iL)e-TIR,Co RetlCl;: T = RO!Tll~j§

1m To~ "umn:OReD

" - :r

~mp, dj .

ding two ie~

litu oltage Q)f

D~'~ln

Frequency J = 4R,~JbC' Let J be ' IcHz.

f'ealt to poo~ 4pulpu[ 'Of ramp 1/opp ~ 2 ~ X V&at

·Ler ~JW Be5 V and l1.at == 13 V

Assume ,RI == 1 k. Then R'z ~ 1,,0 D. Also, take G =:: eLl ttF

Sub~tuJing ~(hesle ~a:lueB; we get!, R3 ~ 1 g- k. Use 12 k s fa Amswet'ied· '~hla vl!)~e qll~tl¢pllS

1. $}ttrive the ,~xp're$S1Qn fOlr the frequenoy.

leory '11~ t&dll ae may

n be co,

1. 'Proaf of 1 = ~R3C n .. inverti

- ~ - .~re lfV~h,

~llU.me Ihl!.t the tomparatar 1lutp;Ul: IS. + V""". The," the yoltl'!8e at the; pbilt P Lt V;~~* tee tile d

tbis. till1€; i~~~grab~F otrl;put is s:te$dH~ falling .. When ~he ramp YU~:t~&g;at P qp;mls ~comes: 10 eomllar~tor' s,wltche~tQ ~ppoai,t~ saturati~~'n h:tve;[. rn the is

50, peak amplill.ldgcb'f tamp Vra"lP = V at ~ = I1Vs . t where iJ = -t. ~k to Il!lJk iiliij!: Rease \rl'tt~ =2V4"dt· Th~ exprc;gsion ii'll' tl1e intewatm; I'lUtput is V" = -n1t: J ~ .. dt.] . nm:es

t,tl swj.~t.'- ffYiiim ~ l~ ...i!1....-,l. 'fIA 1/' . ',iIi ... b,,~H'" 'l'll'iilf'll'jJ. .FIIl:I V,' :;,..'" ;ifi, ·T-·~.~/~ turaUort.

' .doIO,' . ltV' , ". i[-'q'l',UiliP IL..'''-'-V· TilimM ~ .Ii.~~IIII. <II iJr, •• H. Iuo:iII - . .5!,."'t ~ QI J ~~

mirHtt :r.l

• If.

,t litl"Ojlg turn, nse gative \tQ ij henee,c

Sa:w to mneh ]a~. neramrs ~

J.'~

~'

~

d. .. ~l n ..... S; (II tArs D and ~, Elect

ann ;md paralll ftC lleliWQr.K in the ~,glJlmng a •••• · ~",_,,,,,,,,. ' ... i .,. ~ :' are cOlin . . .'

die remaining two aitds. '1l'1e condition 0f zero ph~5@ sfilfi around. the. clii'(';uit is !l:!:b'~

b3.~nciFli'dtl1e ~ilge. ~e rmquel1~ or;O'sciHatii lS'!Qe ret~Oi'Ial1lt ... ~~l'lf(!-:t 0t Ibe ~~ ~f I

. ~ art IS glVtlIl by tne, ~P'~SJ 1M] I ~ = 21r RC - Ii"· m .. re an.u¥SJS 0 thg c;,ire' ~. I!lack I

be ~n that ~ ~~db!iCk fa~'Qr !} = 1/3,:3.1 tl11t: .~ueIIDY of oscillation, Theret;1 t, .

u r..mumd OOCI Ilation, tile amp Uti er must fl.a ve a gam of S. ,~ ProCl!

t. ~.

L ,Set up the cilCllit:rf~ Verif1ing wllefher the."Op...amp is in good CQn.dltmn 2. ,., ',TEe down ~he.amph:mde Bud frequency 0). outpUf \\'~aveform.

,_ ircmrit diagrB,in

'Ie Ir

H,enGe, H __ ~

n.:2 ~ I

-- In

'For sta:e:

1'a~R I

"t}

"', t

(" ~11'T1e:i l 'V:1.

lu:njt nse

'loUage a,t tie inverfag t_~ ~II-'

"1 'unp1" fier b6Cot1lE~ --- -. ......... ·i ......

Ctllmjuc~ion, This reiduees

vo:il~&e across WLQad to ",1I-'I"1 ~~.S itni tarl!· I, iii ny im,cre.;me m

" " elQlse 'ex-ami nan t·Uowe.r. The 1J()J'tage td;

I.

2.

~h -. luud ll811lr :"""-----,' ," ''''"' in ,'-" ' It ~d \; J ~hl~, i t111 lp,~m 'tL'«

Set 'the input POWer: SUfmh (! i, angl! ~!O eutpu,t

'Mod Vo along y~_

5, No B ~be outplU c 1JJL. Note lie OY .

of 1 00 [Jl. . It is -

C~ pl?e.~sion"

Vh~ 3{l V .

Design

~~= 1~. 5~~;ln= = fJ 'V

'1 . t2

t£;'r dle. current thnJugh lo,ftd 'reS"is{Br RJj, l~~ 1DO mAo 'mn fi;L. = lrlt~A- = 1],9 n.

U;SJe.a rbeIDsfat. to' va~ ;:he. ~:ba,d, le~rr;en~ 'ttl find. l~ad I 'e'gRlation.

Let the c'l}trent ID ~th[iO'ugk th~ ve:n sror-divider fit and R2 b& 1 rnA., He~b :o~: E-=o Vrel-"VQ ~ 1,\.' UiA6 ,= 1 I' ,L, 11' l il1' e 1 k.· '~im-.J1

., ~I!i'j;.(""" 1''{;1I:, -- 1 D ~ 1 tn ,~ .. ~ .. U!lJ'. 171m.

R~ ~ ~ - 6 'V 1tf:: ~'"" U'· ~ 5' JJ:.. k· ,~td

. ~ - 'IEI =-- 1 n~A. ~ u ~ '. ~'"" ... \J, ~I ," .'

Fer &tabUtty Rs ~ lr-1tJA; ~ As ~eE data sheet, lit, <: R3 < a. 5~; k

, ] . -,~~. . '. .

Take It:. = ~.2 N" ChnOJD$~e C-l == o.i pF and C2 '~ lOOpF.

Line regulation

'lin V.0.1l.s Vo V~U~,
I
1
,
I· ~l

II <k~ ~,A

.. ' --

", ,Rhelli;i\'po,t.

I·

'VG ~19'v

1

: a-LA

_, -

'6V

MenSlli~ilUCl1t ,elf 1.4 aliQ l-e '~~~1i to tll~ g~~. \¥h, l? Lis lileithet 11~ '100.1c .,ror1n: cap1'tt1r.C. It'w,u befHIi 'ffi"ee nJ J,.. W't}:en ~flI:p t frewutficy ~, .~ 101. veo {lI:Yq~nc! iU ~b~( words~ "leo Cotlpl'Ur~ illlp! t freq le,tlJ.:)!. 'If the in tbt1o-w~ Ole inp~l (rnqt.te-ncy ll.P'liO' ~he 'limll of JL'~. lftll ~ins i is wli~na[ OO'mitte -tn:q~-ey. If tllpm trequ~1l CQutd to hrL'~' , frll!'II~.e,ne.y enJ, at IG?- lnhe inllut ~~ ro11P'\9$ the '~I1iW'LU '[reqruette'? up' ~o f 1,,1; 'r tn,pllll f're.qi1~ ~~~£req{lJC'1l)C'.

U ok. 51 ;Jtl C r~2 - J fJ rtn.oe d Jhie ir_s 1im f,lUl~

,1Jtll) i~1rpul r~u~t)tY.. £.~9l1lf~ l':On.ge i6;2... - I el"b 1$ , PLL i a~:e t10 c..apf~ re tnQ ~npul fte~u:C~y.

[IJ]ock lI~8pm nr-SiS rL:

P,in 'iJllult' , L V-

2. Ihptlt

3. ]np'lll~

4. veo olttp'blt

5:.: m.t~e iQlJiUpammiIVCO i [I_PlIt' . 'e:ef~~, Olal~!Jl

Pro~ed$Jre

I. SJ}t urp tie CE~ll:rt ajCl Qbs ,ave iller waio'e.'fWll tte~neliley. n iSJlTh tttt runn1I'litTf~ue~y 2, Feed all input si:m'la], eiUiLe,r s:iJl1t· sti1u~ ~ its f~u~l:lcy '~ tow to hi&' 'and 'nore do

'1 Dem~utt. 8- ibte:rmd]

m. V+ I] Ul1.~-,.

~ -= -Ie 1/

\ 't;; -.---Y = 2. 'i, kH % :t~

=. 1-, '?

- .~

· h_"'quiftd eend i l J on 2. J; < .R,!, < 20k ~lOuF

-:::;;:-~~ = ± 1 t .. H i

~ ~.

a ~~ lO'k~ 0;( J.t:j-~ ~ 66·.5 Hz

'esult . ,_

iP. • f I 8-

• ee rUlIl,n Ing requency J'O' ~ , • ~

Lock range fL = ,0, • ~ H z ~ Capture range Ie = . ~. H

,'"

Ann To design a fir$t grd~r l1~,r.rh-pi~'C_'~ b 'f",. _oNtNd I

. b '~"'" oU"te'nyortb iii - ~ .IV .t..-t1UtH"'¥J

kHz WI h a pass ~,and gain of . ,fer lor a lower cut on U~

OllJponeots and equipme its reqUired (} ,.

nal ~nemtorl breadlJ't1arQ and Crto~ . P-alllP, resistors, capadjtom. dual pe sollf'

Vut ;;: ~;p --
f'~) Vo {Vorts} l:~g'f 2:0 l!t')g(Ya·/V in) db
I
I
I
I
I
I j
I
I
I
-
~ -.

,B

2: -~~-~-.---~--

'R' ,~,ult . -:

Tht"rejjca] /11- ;:::,. . . ~ .If z

Jne,ot~,~it;~l"p.aSJ ~a~d, g~ri ~ ~ ~ " ,)~U-dff = .. dS! iJ,ecade

,Sol've~ eomri'uation 'qu'lStblDS'

ill. :Snt UI\»n LPF FgI ~ ron aff' 0" ,..,6'0 dB/d¢ieade.

U'se,it second ~,me;rlPf. c~sc'aJled w~tb an~lJitber fj,rst Qr-der ,hrPF.,

2. Set lJ1JiP a ~pal0 at!t izv\e ftlrer.

OHlserved 18 == ~ , '. Hz Observed pass: 'b~and. gain ~ · ~ ·

:

whe;r,e A"F := 1 + RF>}R~ For I second Qrder~sle,Dl1,1

2.:U First order higJI P3fJS filter