What You Will Learn

Understanding the „ Basic Concepts of Software Defined Radio

(SDR)
Issues in Software „ Basic Concepts of Cognitive Radio (CR) and its
relationship to SDR.
Defined Cognitive „ How Cognitive Radios are Implemented
„ Analyzing Cognitive Radio Behavior and
Radio Performance
Jeffrey H. Reed „ Regulatory Issues in Cognitive Radio
Deployment
Charles W. Bostian „ Cognitive Radio Applications in Interoperability
Virginia Tech and Spectrum Access
„ Current Research Issues
Bradley Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2

1
Acknowledgements
„ Students who contributed to this presentation:
Software Defined Radio –
… AlbrechtJohannes … Kyouwoong Kim Basic Concepts and
Fehske … David Maldonado
… Thomas Rondeau … Lizdabel Morales
Relationship to Cognitive
… Bin Le … Youping Zhao Radio
… James Neel … Joseph Gaeddert
… David Scaperoth

2
Software Defined Radio (SDR) Software Defined Radio Levels (1/2)

„ Termed coined by Mitola in 1992 „ Highest Level of Reconfigurability

„ Radio’s physical layer behavior is primarily … Completely flexible modulation format,
defined in software protocols and user functions
„ Accepts fully programmable traffic & control … Flexible bandwidths and center frequency,
information i.e., RF front end is also configurable
„ Supports broad range of frequencies, air … Adapts to different network and air interfaces
interfaces, and application software … Open architecture for expansion and
„ Changes its initial configuration to satisfy user modifications
requirements

5 6

3
Software Defined Radio Levels (2/2)
„ Lowest Level of Reconfigurability
…Radio not easily changed
…Preset signal bandwidth and center
frequency
…Few and preset modulation formats,
protocols, and user functions
7 8
Advantages of SDR
„ Reduced content of expensive custom silicon
„ Reduce parts inventory
„ Ride declining prices in computing
components
„ DSP can compensate for imperfections in RF
components, allowing cheaper components to
be used
„ Open architecture allows multiple vendors
„ Maintainability enhanced
4
Drawbacks of SDR Applications for SDR
„ Power consumption (at least for now) „ Military
… FullConnectivity
„ Security … Sensor Networks

„ Cost … Better Performance

„ Commercial
„ Software reliability … Lower Cost – subscriber units
„ Keeping up with higher data rates … Lower Cost – base unit
… Lower Cost – network
„ Fear of the unknown … Better performance
„ Both subscriber and base units should „ Regulatory
be SDR for maximum benefit … Stretch expensive spectrum
… Build in innovation mechanisms
9 10

5
How is a Software Radio Different from How is a Software Radio Different
Other Radios? - Application from Other Radios?- Design
Conventional Software Cognitive Conventional Software Cognitive
Radio Radio Radio
Radio Radio Radio
„ Supports a fixed „ Dynamically „ Can create new
waveforms on its „ Traditional RF „ Conventional „ SDR +
number of support multiple Design Radio +
systems variable systems, own „ Intelligence
protocols and „ Can negotiate new „ Traditional „ Software
„ Reconfigurability Baseband Design Architecture „ Awareness
decided at the interfaces interfaces
time of design „ Interface with „ Adjusts operations „ Reconfigurability „ Learning
„ May support diverse systems to meet the QoS „ Provisions for „ Observations
multiple services, „ Provide a wide required by the easy upgrades
but chosen at the range of services application for the
time of design with variable QoS signal environment

11 12

6
How is a Software Radio Different
from Other Radios? - Upgrade Cycle
Conventional Software Cognitive
Radio Radio Radio Cognitive Radio Concepts
„ Cannot be made „ Ideally software „ SDR upgrade
“future proof” radios could be mechanisms
„ Typically radios “future proof” „ Internal upgrades
are not „ Many different „ Collaborative
upgradeable external upgrade upgrades
mechanisms
„ Over-the-Air
(OTA)

13

7
 What is a Cognitive Radio?
Cognitive Radio Fixed radios Beyond adaptive radios, cognitive
are set by their radios can handle unanticipated
operators channels and events.
„ Term coined by Mitola in 1999
„ Mitola’s definition: Adaptive radios
Cognitive radios require:
… Software radio that is aware of its environment and its capabilities can adjust themselves
… Alters its physical layer behavior to accommodate • Sensing
… Capable of following complex adaptation strategies anticipated events • Adaptation
„ “A radio or system that senses, and is aware of, its • Learning
operational environment and can dynamically and
autonomously adjust its radio operating parameters Cognitive radios Cognitive radios intelligently
accordingly” can sense their optimize their own performance in
„ Learns from previous experiences environment and learn response to user requests and in
„ Deals with situations not planned at the initial time of how to adapt conformity with FCC rules.
design

15 16

8
Cognitive radios are machines that sense their environment (the radio
Cognitive radios are a powerful tool for solving
spectrum) and respond intelligently to it. two major problems:
Like animals and people they 1) Access to spectrum (finding an open frequency and using it)

• seek their own kind (other radios with which they want
to communicate)
• avoid or outwit enemies (interfering radios)
• find a place to live (usable spectrum)
• conform to the etiquette of their society (the Federal
Communications Commission)
• make a living (deliver the services that their user wants)
• deal with entirely new situations and learn from
experience
17 18

9
Cognitive radio platforms are a powerful tool for
solving two major problems: Levels of Radio Functionality
2) Interoperability (talking to legacy radios using a variety of
incompatible waveforms) Level Capability
0 Pre-programmed
1 Goal Driven
2 Context Awareness
3 Radio Aware
4 Capable of Planning
5 Conducts Negotiations
6 Learns Environment
7 Adapts Plans
8 Adapts Protocols
Adapted From Table 4-1Mitola, “Cognitive Radio: An Integrated Agent Architecture for Software Defined Radio,” PhD Dissertation
19 Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden, May 2000.
Comments
A software radio
Chooses Waveform According to Goal. Requires
Environment Awareness.
Knowledge of What the User is Trying to Do
Knowledge of Radio and Network Components,
Environment Models
Analyze Situation (Level 2& 3) to Determine Goals
(QoS, power), Follows Prescribed Plans
Settle on a Plan with Another Radio
Autonomously Determines Structure of
Environment
Generates New Goals
Proposes and Negotiates New Protocols
20
10
 Relationship between the Cognition Cycle
What is a cognitive radio? and the Levels of Functionality
Cognitive radio Cognition Cycle Level Infer from Context Infer from Radio Model
0 SDR Orient
An enhancement on the Infer from Context
Orient Infer from Radio Model 1 Goal Driven Establish Priority Select Alternate
Generate
traditional software radio Establish Priority 2 Context Aware Pre-process Normal Goals
3 Radio Aware
concept wherein the Pre-process Normal
Select Alternate
4 Planning
Parse Stimuli Immediate Normal
Urgent Plan
Parse Stimuli Goals
radio is aware of its Immediate Urgent
Plan 5 Negotiating
6 Learns Environment Learn
environment and its 7 Adapts Plans New
capabilities, is able to
Observe States
Learn 8 Adapts Protocols
independently alter its Observe New Decide
States Decide User Driven
physical layer behavior, (Buttons)
Autonomous States Determine “Best”
Plan
and is capable of User Driven
States
Generate “Best”
Determine “Best”
following complex Autonomous (Buttons) Waveform
Outside Act Generate “Best”
Allocate Resources Known Waveform
Waveform
adaptation strategies. Outside Act
World Initiate Processes
Allocate Resources Negotiate Protocols
World Initiate Processes 21 Negotiate
Adapted From Mitola, “Cognitive Radio for Flexible Mobile Multimedia 22
Communications ”, IEEE Mobile Multimedia Conference, 1999, pp 3-10. Negotiate Protocols Adapted From Mitola, “Cognitive Radio for Flexible Mobile Multimedia Communications ”, IEEE Mobile Multimedia Conference, 1999, pp 3-10.

11
FCC Motivation for Cognitive Radio
„ Currently the FCC is refarming licensed bands
such as the TV Bands
„ Long-term vision
… Eliminate rigid, coarse spectrum allocations
… Switch to demand-based approach
„ Improve relative spectral efficiency
„ Need new protocols for
… Supporting long-term vision of the FCC
… Inter-network interference avoidance
… Maximizing utilization of available bandwidth
23
Cognitive Radio Advantages
„ All of the benefits of software defined radio
„ Improved link performance
… Adapt away from bad channels
… Increase data rate on good channels
„ Improved spectrum utilization
… Fill in unused spectrum
… Move away from over occupied spectrum
„ New business propositions
… High speed internet in rural areas
… High data rate application networks (e.g., Video-conferencing)
„ Significant interest from FCC, DoD
… Possible use in TV band refarming
24
12
Cognitive Radio Drawbacks Cognitive Radio & SDR
„ SDR’s impact on the wireless world is difficult to predict
„ All the software radio drawbacks … “But what…is it good for?”
„ Engineer at the Advanced Computing Systems Division of
„ Significant research to realize
IBM, 1968, commenting on the microchip
… Informationcollection and modeling
… Decision processes „ Some believe SDR is not necessary for cognitive radio
… Cognition is a function of higher-layer application
… Learning processes
… Hardware support „ Cognitive radio without SDR is limited
… Underlying radio should be highly adaptive
„ Regulatory concerns
„ Wide QoS range
„ Loss of control „ Better suited to deal with new standards
„ Fear of undesirable adaptations … Resistance to obsolescence
… Need some way to ensure that adaptations yield „ Better suited for cross-layer optimization
desirable networks
25 26

13
Types of Software Defined
Cognitive Radios
„ Policy-Based Radio
„ Reconfigurable Radio
„ Cognitive Radio
27
Policy-based Radio
„ A radio that is governed by a predetermined set
of rules for choosing between different
predefined waveforms
„ The definition and implementation of these rules
can be:
… during the manufacturing process
… during configuration of a device by the user;
… during over-the-air provisioning; and/or
… by over-the-air control
„ Analogous to rules of what to order from a menu
… “I’ll have GSM today”
28
14
Reconfigurable Radio
„ A radio whose hardware functionality can
be changed under software control Technology
„ Reconfiguration control of such radios may
involve any element of the communication
Challenges in SDR
network
„ Analogous to rules of what to order from a
menu and permit substitutions to the order
… “I’ll have GSM today with the 802.11 FEC”

29

15
 Behind the Converters: The Software
Radio Architecture Architecture
„ Nature of Architecture Depends on Applications: Commercial
vs. Military
Superhetrodyne „ Benefits of a Good Architecture
Baseband
RF IF
Signal … Clear way to implement system
Signal Amplify Signal Amplify
Mixer Mixer … Reuse --- modularity
Filter Filter … Quality control and testing
… Portability – one radio to another
Software Defined Radio … Upgradability
RF IF … Outsourcing/managing development
Signal Amplify Signal Analog Digital … Language independence
Mixer To Digital Signal
Filter Converter Processing … More potential for Over-the-Air Programming
… Standardized interfaces
Rx „ Middleware-based architectures are commonly used
Tx 31 32

16
Implementing a SDR with the GNU Radio
USRP
USRP - Universal Software GNU Radio software 4 ADC’s:
Radio Peripheral - core s/w
•12bits per second, 64MSps,
- user made s/w
•Analog Input BW over 200Mhz

4 DAC’s
•14bits per second, 128MSps

Transmit Channel RF Interface

Receive Channel RF Interface

GNU Radio S/W

available at www.gnuradio.org
Courtesy:http://www.gnu.org/software/gnuradio/doc/expl 33 34
oring-gnuradio.html

17
Challenges in SDR Design Technology Challenges of SDR
„ Hardware „ Technology in SDR partitioned into three basic
… Significant effort in computing HW
… Advance DSP Designs pieces
… Flexible RF and antennas … Hardware
… Flexible ADCs
… Tradeoff of performance and flexibility „ Physical devices on which processing is performed
„ Software or interface to the “real world”
… Integration of components into single design flow … Software
… Tradeoff of performance and flexibility
„ Glue holding together system
„ Testing and validation
… FCC hardware/software certification … Network
… Smoothing of design cycle „ Functionality and ultimate value to the end-user
„ Reduce overall time-to-market
„ Advances needed in all three arenas
35 36

18
Hardware Flexible RF
„ Significant effort to date in computing HW „ RF is one of the main limiting factors on
… Non-traditionalcomputing platforms system design
… Advanced DSP designs … Places fundamental limits on the signal
… High data rate FEC remains problematic characteristics
„ Emphasis on computing HW alone can be „ BW, SNR, linearity
myopic … Truly flexible SDR requires flexible RF
… Other critical areas that require significant further „ Difficult task
… RF is fundamentally analog and requires different a
work different approach for the management of attributes
„ Flexible (or software controlled) RF
„ One method for achieving this is through the use of
„ Flexible ADC MEMS
„ Antennas
37 38

19
 MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical Systems)
Designs for RF Front Ends ADC Challenges
„ ADC is the bound between analog and digital
world
„ SDR requires the tuning of ADC characteristics
… Number of bits
„ Support adequate SNR and dynamic range
E-tenna’s Reconfigurable Antenna
… Sampling rate
„ Prevent over-sampling (waste power)
„ Tunable antenna with narrow fixed
bandwidth „ ADC technology trends are not necessarily
„ Patch antenna connected by RF
switches Idealized MEMs RF Front-end for a Software Radio compatible with these needs
„ Use MEMS filter banks to create tunable RF filters

J.H. Reed, Software Radio: A Modern Approach to Radio Design, Prentice-Hall 2002. 39 40

20
ADCs Getting Better Exponentially ADC: Improving Even When Considering Power

P = 2B ⋅ f s 2B ⋅ f s
F=
Pdiss

B bits
fs sample rate Pdiss is power dissipation

„ 1994 ~ 2004 a leap of Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) technology

„ Regression curve fit shows exponential increasing trends „ Power-to-sampling-speed ratio favors less number of comparators
„ Trends are quite different for different ADC structures „ The choice in selecting an ADC is tied to application requirement
Bin Le, Tom Rondeau, Jeff Reed, Charles Bostian, “Past, Present, and Future of ADCs,” Bin Le, Tom Rondeau, Jeff Reed, Charles Bostian, “Past, Present, and Future of ADCs,”
IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, November 2005 41 IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, to be published, November, 2005 42

21
Integration of Hardware Software Operating Environment
„ Standardized structure for the management of
„ DSP share traits with GPP HW and SW components
… Similar programming methods … SCA
… Similar computing concepts „ Technology to date has been largely derived
„ Even though implementation may be wildly different from existing PC paradigm
„ FPGA and CCM do not share these traits with … GPP-centric structure
GPP … SCA 3.0 Hardware Supplement is an attempt to
… Completely different programming paradigm rectify this problem
… Portability is an extremely difficult problem „ Several challenges remain
… Power management
… Integration of HW into structure

43 44

22
Software Architectures So How Do You Make a Software
„ “The sheer ease with which we can produce a superficial
Radio?
image often leads to creative disaster.” Ansel Adams
[1902-1984], American artist (photography) „ You have some hardware
… Poor architectural design leads to significant inefficiencies
„ Architectures provide multiple benefits
… Clear way to implement system
„ Generally component-based
… Software or hardware components
… Standardized interfaces
„ Standard technology interface
… Common technology like middleware
„ Standard semantic -- API
… Architectures becoming more prominent
„ And you want to run some waveforms
„ Software Communications Architecture (SCA) … GSM, IS-95, or some other technology that the
„ $14B to $27B for SCA radio work by DoD hardware is powerful enough to support
„ Cluster 5 contract up to $1B for embedded & handheld prototypes
„ Maintain awareness of activity: big money for SDR
45 46

23
What kind of software is needed? What kind of software is needed?
(1/4) (2/4)
„ Something to manage hardware „ Some standardized way of storing relevant
information
… Configure associated devices … More than just short-term memory
„ Set devices to known state „ Store configuration files
… i.e.: Make sure NCO is available and ready „ Store last state of the machine
„ Store user-defined attributes
… Initialize cores … Identity
… Permissions
„ Make sure programmable devices are ready
„ Store functional software
… Set memory pointers in DSP
… Should be able to map any kind of storage device to
… Set FPGA to known state
this
„ Dynamic RAM, hard drive, FLASH, other

47 48

24
What kind of software is needed?
(3/4)
„ Some way of structuring the waveforms
… Standardized way of structuring “applications”
so that the radio can “run” them
„ In a Windows machine, these are .exe files
… Ithas to be generic enough for it to fit well
with machines other than GPPs
„ Needs to be able to interface with functional
software
What kind of software is needed?
(4/4)
„ Something to actually “run” waveforms
… Install
functional software in appropriate core
… Generate a start event
„ Something to keep track of what is
available and what can and cannot be
installed
… Ideally, this will bind the whole thing together

49 50

25
 Fundamental Composition of the SCA Software Communications
Device Manager
Keep track
Application Factory
Manage
Architecture (SCA)
of HW in
collection of
the system
resources to
„ Processor-centric Non-CORBA
Software

create
structure Non-secure
Security
Secure (Legacy)
Boundary
FileSystem Manager waveform … Standardized interface for
components Black Red CORBA
Store working Software Software Adapter
„ Seamless handling of HW
environment, bit Application and SW IDL

AP
Management

I
images,

I
Manage waveform operation

AP
CORBA

properties, etc.
„ Open-source Adapter CORBA Objects

Resources
implementations OS
File

Capabilities e.g.,
available System
Configuration
Devices … OSSIE
Non-CORBA Files

I
AP
AP
Software
I

Boot up and Start and stop, (Legacy)

API

test, describe „ C++ by MPRG Hardware

maintain HW … SCARI Hardware

„ Java by Communications Trans.

Domain Manager Research Centre Security
Port
Keep track of
Connections between
what’s there
resources 51 52
(installed)

26
 Is the SCA Suitable for Commercial
Implementations?
„ Maybe
… No
„ Current version is GPP-centric, hence heavy
„ Irrelevant capabilities decrease its effectiveness
„ Focus on waveform portability has limited appeal
„ Static nature not well suited for cognitive radio
„ No provisions for power management
… Yes
„ Basic architectural principles are sound
„ SCA 3.0 is a first step in dealing with GPP-centric
communications within the radio
„ Significant momentum ($$$ and time) within defense industry
„ Being adopted by several other nations’ defense establishments
53
Summary of Trends
„ SDR need is driven by two principal factors
… New applications
„ Cognitive radio, collaborative radio & advanced roaming
… Increased number of protocols to support
… Potential cost reductions
„ ADC is no longer the key bottleneck
„ Flexible RF products starting to come to market
„ Software architecture critical
… Additional technology supporting architectural approach available
„ Reconfigurable hardware needed
… General-purpose hardware approach is likely to be unable to keep
up with wireless bandwidth growth
… Component-based reconfigurable hardware architectures present
powerful solution
… Multi-core processors show promise
54
27
SDR Market Today
„ Military
… JTRS program created multi-billion dollar SDR market
… DARPA
project
neXt Generation (XG) Communications Cognitive Radio
… International derivatives of JTRS/SCA (EU, Canada,
etc) Implementation
„ Commercial
… Digital
RF processors (TI Bluetooth and GSM)
… Multi-standardbase station implementations (Vanu)
… SDR handsets probably within 3 years as low power
processors become available
„ Regulatory
… Recent FCC directive to ensure code and RF
compatibility 55

28
The VT Cognitive Engine The VT Cognitive Engine
„ Simple Concept „ Simple Concept

Radio
Channel
TX Statistics
Radio RX Radio TX Channel Statistics Radio RX
Radio Parameters “Old Knobs
“Meters”
“Old Knobs
“Knobs and Meters” Settings” Settings”

Cognitive Engine Cognitive Engine

“New Settings”
“New Settings” “Optimized Solution”

Radio Parameters
“Knobs and Meters”

57 58

29
 Knobs and Meters The VT Tiered Approach to Cognition
Layer Meters Knobs
(observable parameters) (writable parameters) „ Modeling System
MAC Frame error rate Source coding
Data rate Channel coding rate and type
… Take in surrounding radio
Frame size and type
Interleaving details
environment and user/network
Channel/slot/code allocation requirements
Duplexing
Multiple access „ Remember models and apply Case-based
Encryption Decision Theory to determine best course of
PHY Bit error rate Transmitter power
SINR Spreading type and code action to take
Received signal power Modulation type „ Use Genetic Algorithms to update and
Noise power Modulation index
Interference power Pulse shaping optimize the new radio parameters
Power consumption Symbol rate
Fading statistics Carrier frequency
Doppler spread
Delay spread
Dynamic range
Equalization
„ Monitor feedback from radio to
Angle of Arrival Antenna directivity understand system performance
Other Computational power CPU Frequency scaling … Penalize knowledge base for poor
Battery Life
performance
Sample tabulation of knobs and meters by layer (adapted from Prof. Huseyin Arslan)
59 60

30
 Software Architecture - Theory
The Cognitive Engine
„ “Intelligent agent” that manages cognition tasks
in a Cognitive Radio
„ Independent entity that oversees cognitive Learning
operations Awareness
„ Ideal Characteristics: Building and
Sensing and
retaining
… Intelligence (Accurate decisions) Modeling
Knowledge
… Reliability(Consistent decisions)
Radio
… Awareness (Informed decisions)
Hardware
… Adaptability (Situation dependent decisions)
… Efficiency (Low overhead decisions)
Adapting
… Excellent QoS (Good decisions) Evolution and Optimization
„ Tradeoffs exist between these characteristics
61 62

31
 Software Architecture - Theory Software Architecture – Limited Functionality

Environment Scenario Radio

Observation Synthesizing Case identified
Link condition CE-Radio Interface API

Knowledge Base Case report

User/policy Case-based
Modeling System

Reasoning Decision Cognitive System Module

Radio hardware Making Policy Domain WMS

CE-user interface
User preference Cognitive System Controller
Success memorized Apply experience Local service facility

Bad trail overwritten Strategy instruction wavfrm

Selector
Policy
Decision Maker
Policy Model
Radio Performance Link Configure Sec

Hardware Estimation Optimization Security

Security Knowledge Base
User data security
WSGA System/Network security Short Term Memory
Long Term Memory
Initialization
Objectives
Constraints
63 64

32
 Software Architecture: Full Functionality
Some Approaches to Cognitive
Channel Radio
Probe

Engine
CE-Radio Interface API

Cognitive System Module

„ Genetic Algorithms
WMS
Cognitive System Controller
„ Markov Models
User Domain

„ Neural Nets
User preference Chob
Modeling System
Local service facility Resource Monitor
Radio

Security User Model Uob

User data security
System/Network security
Evolver
„ Expert Systems
Actual Meters

Policy Domain |(Simulated Meters) – (Actual Meters)|

„ Natural Language Processing

Policy Model Simulated Meters
Reg
User preference
Local service facility
Decision Maker

„ Fuzzy Logic
Initial Chromosomes
Security DCH = max{S CH • U CH } WSGA Parameters
X86/Unix DU = max{SU • U U } Objectives and weights
Terminal

Knowledge Base
Short Term Memory
Long Term Memory System Chromosome
Open issue on what are the appropriate cognitive engine techniques
WSGA Parameter Set
Regulatory Information

65 66

33
GA’s and biological metaphor
The WSGA uses a genetic algorithm,
which operates on chromosomes.
The genes of the chromosome represent
the traits of the radio (frequency,
modulation, bandwidth, coding, etc.).
The WSGA creatively analyzes the
information from the CSM to create a new
radio chromosome.
67
Some Approaches to Signal
Classification
„ Cyclic spectrum analysis
„ Statistical characterization of signal
parameters
„ Eigenstructure techniques
„ Model-based approaches
„ Vector space (I-Q plane) approaches
68
34
 Analyzing the Performance of a
Network of Cognitive Radios

Analyzing
Performance in a
Cognitive Radio

70

35
 Cognitive Radio Performance
Ways of Analyzing Performance
Evaluation: QoS
„ For the Cognitive Radio „ Parameters „ These depend on link
… Data throughput performance measures:
… QOS, Detection of Primary Users (PU), SW … PHY Layer, e.g.:
… Latency
Platform, QOS of PU, Position Location … Voice quality „ Bit error rate (BER)
„ Signal to noise ratio (SIR)
„ For the network of Cognitive Radios … Video quality „ Signal to interference and noise
ratio (SINR)
… Quantifying the impact of the use of CR in a
„ Received signal strength
network … MAC, network-layer, e.g.:
… Game Theoretic Approach „ Frame error rate (FER)
„ Packet error rate
See www.mprg.org/gametheory „ Routing table change rate

71 72

36
Cognitive Radio Performance Evaluation: Cognitive Radio Performance Evaluation:
Detection of Primary Users Underlying Software Radio Platform

„ Probability of detection (PoD) as a function of: „ Number of supported „ Delay for loading
waveforms unloading waveforms
… Number of observed symbols „ Processing power (mips,
… SNR flops, #gates) „ RF front-end:
„ Waveform-code … Frequency range, Dynamic
… Number of signals present (primary and secondary) range, Sampling frequency,
reusability and portability
… Level of cooperation, e.g., number of devices (CRs) … Reusable: the same code Sensitivity, Selectivity,
needed to achieve a given PoD (see next slide) can be used in principle in Stability, Spurious
a different SDR platform response
„ Probability of false alarm … Portable: instantaneous
„ Power consumption
plug and play
… Same parameters as PoD „ Size, Weight, Cost

73 74

37
Cognitive Radio Performance Evaluation: Cognitive Radio Performance Evaluation:
Position Location Primary users' QoS
„ Main performance measures for position location service:
… Precision and Availability
„ Time needed to vacate channel after primary user (re-)
„ Different technologies provide different quality of position location appears
services: „ Negative impacts:
… Assisted GPS (AGPS)
… Decreased SINR and Increased BER, FER, … results in:
„ performance degrades significantly when no clear view of sky (indoors,
urban canyons) … Decreased:
„ works best in rural areas (no shadowing) „ Data throughput
… Network based services
„ Latency
„ accuracy in general lower than AGPS
„ works best with many base stations present (populated areas) „ Voice quality
„ performance doesn't degrade indoors „ Video quality
… Hybrid services
„ combines advantages of both approaches … Increased
„ AGPS whenever possible, if not available switch to network based service „ Call drop rate (cell phone networks)

„ Handover failure (cell phone networks)

75 76

38
Dynamic cognitive radios
in a network
„ Dynamic benefits
… Improved spectrum utilization
… Improve QoS
„ Many decisions may have
to be localized
… Distributed behavior
„ Adaptations of one radio
can impact adaptations of
others
… Interactive decisions
… Locally optimal decisions may
be globally undesirable
77
Locally optimal decisions that lead to
globally undesirable networks
„ Scenario: Distributed SINR
maximizing power control
in a single cluster
„ For each link, it is Power
desirable to increase SINR
transmit power in
response to increased
interference
„ Steady state of network is
all nodes transmitting at Need way to analyze networks
maximum power with interactive decisions.
Game theory can help.
78
39
What is a game? Key Issues in Implementation
„ A game is a model (mathematical representation) of
an interactive decision process. NE3
NE3
„ Its purpose is to create a formal framework that 1. Steady state
captures the process’s relevant information in such a characterization a2 NE2

way that is suitable for analysis. 2. Steady state optimality

„ Different situations indicate the use of different game 3. Convergence NE1
NE1

models. 4. Stability a1
„ Identification of the type of game played by the 5. Scalability a1
cognitive radios provides insights into performance
a3
Convergence
Optimality
Scalability
Stability
Steady State Characterization
As
Are
How
Is itthe
these
do
does
number
initial
possibleoutcomes
system
toconditions
of devices
variations
predict desirable?
impact
increases,
impact
behavior the system
thesystem?
in the system?
steady state?
How
Do
What these
the
is
processes
steady
theoutcomes
many system
states
willimpacted?
different maximize
lead
change?
to steady
outcomes the
are system
state conditions?
target parameters?
possible?
Do
How
Is convergence
previously
long doesoptimal
itaffected?
take steady
to reachstates
the steady
remainstate?
optimal?
79 80

40
 An Analogy between
a Cognitive Radio and a Car Driver
Cognitive Radio’s capabilities:
Cognitive Radio, 9 Senses, and is aware of, its
operational environment and
Spectrum Policy, and its capabilities
9 Can dynamically and
autonomously adjust its
Regulation radio operating parameters
accordingly
9 Learns from previous
experiences
9 Deals with situations not
planned at the initial time of
design
Car Driver’s capabilities:
9 Senses, and is aware of, its
operational environment and its
capabilities
9 Can dynamically and
autonomously adjust the driving
operation accordingly
9 Learns from previous
experiences
9 Deals with situations not
planned at the initial time of
learning to drive
They behave
almost exactly
the same!!!
82
41
 “Rules of the Road” ➟
“Rules of the Road”-inspired CR Philosophy and Etiquette
“Rules of the Cognitive Radio” Insights from “Traffic Model Analogy”
POLICY AWARE LOCATION AWARE Traffic Law ➟ Spectrum Regulations
Primary User has higher Precautions for certain Management by both Punishment and Encouragement
priority over Secondary areas, such as hospital,
Spectrum pooling is
users airplane, gas station, etc, TRAFFIC Scheduling
encouraged
where RF emission is highly
Radio emission Various traffic schedule
restricted
may be prohibited methods and duplex
at certain location methods for efficient and
or for certain type fair sharing of congested
of radio unlicensed spectrum
TDD vs. FDD ➟
Dynamic Uplink/Downlink
transmission in TDD mode $ fine

Parking FDD mode operation

Zone
with paired spectrum
83 84
*Source of some pictures in this section: “California Drivers Handbook 2005”; “Illinois Rules of the Road 2004”

42
A traffic model analogy – Common Issues
A traffic model analogy (cont.)
It is critical that everyone drives sensibly or defensively
➟ Every CR should be aware of Hidden Node problems

Vehicle Following Distances: TWO-SECOND RULE:

Use the two-second rule to determine a safe following distance.

Vehicle Following Distances for Car Drivers

Hidden Node Problem
A and C are unaware of their ➟ Time needed to vacate channel after primary user (re-)
interference at B. Due to A, appears for Cognitive Radios
C and B cannot hear each
other.
85 86

43

A traffic model analogy (cont.)
SPEED LIMIT for car driver
➟ Interference Level Limit (e.g. Max.
Allowed Interference Temperature)
for Cognitive Radio
87
Learning from “Traffic model analogy”
for the development of Cognitive Radio…
REM
Time (or duration)
Location (x, y, z),
Type of radio environment
Local Policy
Profile of primary users
City Map for Car Drivers Profile of interference
Max. allowed Interference Level
➟ Radio Environment Map (REM) for Cognitive Radios
88
44
Learning from “Traffic model analogy” for the
development of Cognitive Radio…(cont.)
Language and
Etiquette for CR for
Signaling and
Negotiation
Spectrum Policy Challenges
„ The spectrum is already allocated
… True spectrum scarcity on urban areas (ISM band)
„ We need to deal with existing standards
„ The standards are embedded in the hardware!

Regular
conformance
check against
regulations

89 90

45
 Spectrum Utilization Spectrum Occupancy Study
„ Spectrum utilization is quite low in many bands
„ Concept: Source: FCC NPRM 03-0322.
http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public
… Have radios (or networks) identify spectrum /attachmatch/FCC-03-322A1.pdf
opportunities at run-time
… Transparently (to legacy systems) fill in the gaps (time,
frequency, space)
„ Considered Bands
… ISM Spectrum occupancy in each band
averaged over six locations
dBµV/m

… Public Safety (Riverbend Park, Great Falls, VA,

… TV (UHF) Tysons Corner, VA, NSF Roof,
Arlington, VA, New York City, NRAO,
Greenbank, WV,
SSC Roof, Vienna, VA)

From F. Jondral, “SPECTRUM POOLING - An Efficient Strategy Lichtenau (Germany), September

91 2001 92
for Radio Resource Sharing,” Blacksburg (VA), June 8, 2004. Results from Shared Spectrum Co. and Univ. of Kansas

46
Regulatory Trends
„ In an effort to improve radio spectrum
management and promote its more
efficient use, the regulatory bodies are
trying to adopt a new spectrum access
model.
„ This represents a paradigm shift from
hardware-embedded policy
implementation to dynamic software-
based adaptation
…Harder to keep tight control!
93
Regulatory Trends
Proceedings that are the Key Drivers:
„ Receiver Standards
… ET Docket No. 03-65 NOI
„ Interference Temperature
… ET Docket 03-237 NPRM/NOI
„ Cognitive Radio
… ET Docket No. 03-108 NPRM
„ License-exempt Operation in the TV Broadcast Bands
… ET Docket No. 04-186
„ Additional Spectrum for License-exempt devices below
900 MHz and in the 3 GHz Band
… ET Docket No. 02-380
94
47
Policy Engine Approach DARPA XG Program
„ PE needs to provide limiting operational „ XG is trying to Develop the Technology
parameters and System Concepts to Dynamically
… Interpret
policy automatically Access Available Spectrum
… Act dynamically in response to the operating
environment Sense
Sense
Real
Realtime,
time,Low-
Low -
Low-
„ PE needs to authenticate the policy power,
power,wideband
wideband
monitoring
Goal: Demonstrate Factor
monitoring of 10 Increase in Spectrum
„ It will require an extremely efficient policy format Adapt
Autonomous Characterize
Characterize
Access
Adapt Dynamic
… Itmust handle the complexity of current policy without Transition
Transition Spectrum Rapid
Rapidwaveform
waveform
network determination
networkto
tonew determination
presenting a significant load to the CE emission
new
emissionplan
plan
Utilization

„ The goal is to limit the search space before React

React
looking for a solution Formulate
FormulateBest
Course
Courseof
Best
ofAction
Action
… Rely on CE to do the reasoning about spectrum
Source: DARPA XG Program
sharing
95 96

48
XG Program Aspects
Measurements
Measurements Policy-
Policy-Based Controls
Policy-Based Controls The BIG Question: FCC Certification
Temporal, Spectral, Control of Features,
Dimensional, Energy
Characteristics
Priorities, Allocations, ƒ At all costs, the FCC must avoid “an
Exclusions,…
epidemic situation in the unlicensed area.”
Military & Civil
XG Products

XG
XG Behaviors
Behaviors Communications and ƒ FCC likes to operate from “established
Sensor Applications
engineering practices.” The SDR and CR
communities must defined these.
Transition to
Military Use ƒ Open source radios are a particular problem
Initial
Initial XG
XG Implementation
Implementation because their operating parameters are not
The Primary Product XG Program is Not a New Radio,, but a Set of
necessarily bounded.
Advanced Technologies for Dynamic Spectrum Access
97 98

49
 Proposed Approach
ƒ People seeking certification must explain how
their software will respect parameter limits
Bios/OS
specified in FCC rules.
ƒ Submitted software must be accompanied by
flow charts, code, and an explanation of how it
works.
Policy Engine Applications
ƒ Software certification should not be more
Cognitive Engine
difficult to achieve than hardware certification.

99 100

50
 How can CR improve spectrum
utilization?
Example of a Possible „
„
Allocate the frequency usage in a network.
Assist secondary markets with frequency use,
Cognitive Radio implemented by mutual agreements.
„ Negotiate frequency use between users.
Application „ Provide automated frequency coordination.
„ Enable unlicensed users when spectrum not in
use.
„ Overcome incompatibilities among existing
communication services.

102

51
How can CR improve network How can a CR enhance service
management efficiency? delivery?
„ Present practice characterizes service demand in a
network statistically „ Wireless communications in general and
„ By using cognitive radio, time-space characterization of cognitive radio in particular have great potential
demand is possible
to generate personal user information
„ Cognitive Radio
… For example: actual position, native language, habits,
… Learns plans of the user to move and use wireless resources
… Expresses its plans to the network reducing uncertainty about travel, etc.
future demand „ Enhanced services can be provided using this
„ The network can use its resources more efficiently
information
„ CR interacts with the network on user’s behalf

103 104

52
 Example of Cognitive Radio in
CR in a Cellular System
Cellular Environment Good signal
3. Signal Base Station Transition in signal
Request Decrease In Call Drop Threshold „ Cognitive radio is aware of Bad signal
areas with a bad signal
2. Evaluate Alternatives
„ Can learn the location of the
Do Nothing
Increase Coding Gain
bad signal
Increase Transmit Power … Has “insight”
4. Adapt Network Vertical Handoff
Decrease Call Drop Threshold
„ Radio takes action to
compensate for loss of signal
1. Observe and Analyze Situation … Actions available:
Note Daily Drive Home at 5:30 „ Power, bandwidth, coding,
(GPS Aided) channel
Recall Brief Coverage Hole … Radio learns best course of
action from situation
105 106

53
Supplements Cellular System
„ Cellular systems are plagued with coverage
gaps Current Research
„ Cognitive radio can enhance coverage around
these gaps by:
Efforts in Cognitive
… Learning the areas of coverage gaps Radio
… Learning the best PHY layer parameters
… Taking action prior to getting to the area
… Sharing this knowledge with other cell phones
„ Coverage gaps are found very rapidly
… Alert cellular system of gap, so provider can remedy
situation
107

54
Universities Participating at DySPAN

„ Bar-Ilang Univ. ƒUniv. of Calif. Berkeley

„ Georgia Tech ƒUniv. of Cambridge
„ Mich. State Univ. ƒUniv. of Col. DARPA
„ Michigan Tech ƒUniv. of MD
„ MIT ƒUniv. of Pittsburg
„ Northwestern Univ. ƒUniv. of Toronto
„ Ohio Univ. ƒUniv. of Warwick
„ Rutgers Univ. ƒUniversitaet Karlsruhe
„ RWTH Aachen Univ. ƒUniversity of Piraeus
„ Stanford Univ. ƒVirginia Tech
109

55
DARPA neXt Generation Program: DARPA neXt Generation Program:
Motivation - Problems Research Goals
„ Spectrum Scarcity 1. Development of technologies that enable
… Spectral resources are not fully exploited
spectrum agility
… Opportunities exist in space, time, frequency
… Current static spectrum allocation prevents efficient … Sensing and characterization of the (RF-)
spectrum utilization environment
„ Deployment difficulty … Identification of unused spectrum ("opportunities")
… Differentpolicy regimes in different countries … Allocation and exploitation of opportunities
… Deployment of communication networks tedious
2. Development of standards for a software
… Of particular interest in military applications
based policy regime to enable policy agility
… Explained in more detail on the next slides
Unless otherwise stated, all the information in this description of the DARPA XG program
is based on the XG Vision rfc, available online: http://www.darpa.mil/ato/programs/xg/ 111 112

56
DARPA neXt Generation Program: XG Operation
Concepts of Policy Agility (1) Sensing Loop

Message
Flow
RF Info
1. Decoupling of policies from implementation Acquisition Policy
… Define abstract behaviors, e.g., "Channel can be vacated Reasoner
within t sec." RF Resource Develop
… Policies implement (dictate) behaviors Request Options Process
… Protocols instantiate behaviors Request
2. Traceability Radio System
… All behaviors must be traceable to policies: Strategy Accredited
Each operational mode a device is capable of is tied to a specific
Platform Reasoner Policy
„ ine
policy which allows it Determ ities
tu n
3. Software based RF Transmit Select Oppor ditio
nal
d
s or A ints
… Spectrum use policies have to be machine understandable Plan Opportunitie /No
Yes Constr
a

… Policy constraints can be implemented "on-the-fly" via

software downloads
Transceiver Policy Engine
113 114

57
DARPA neXt Generation Program:
XG Accomplishments
Concepts of Policy Agility
Machine understandable policies will enable software downloads "on-the-fly" „ Collected And Analyzed RF Environment For Many Scenarios
… Used As Basis For Phase 2 Design Evaluations
„ Developed Low-Volume, High-Performance Sensor
… Provides Needed Capability For Rapid Wideband Sensing
… Next Phase To Explore Integration With JTRS C-1
„ Policy Language And Radio Interface Defined
… Policy Language RFC V1 Composed And Released
… Extensible To Future “Cognitive” Technology
„ Three Feasible Designs For Interference Avoidance, Network Operation,
And Rendezvous
… Demonstrated Feasibility And Performance Of Adaptive Spectrum Technologies
… In Midst Of Phase 3 Source Selection
… Will Select At Least One Design For 2-year Prototype Development And
Demonstration Effort
Figure drawn from XG Vision RFC
115 116

58
 XG – Phase 2 Significant
XG Sensor
Findings
„ All Signals are Not Created Equal
„ XG Sensor Focuses on Capabilities and … Understanding of Temporal Characteristics Is Necessary
Features Needed for JTRS C-1 Transition … Need to Detect Below Noise Floor
… Interference Avoidance Policies Specific to Detected Signal
… Significantly
smaller footprint (more than 3X „ Degree of A Priori Knowledge of Signals Provides Significant Performance
Enhancement
volume reduction) … Difference in Detecting Known vs. Unknown Signals in Noise Affects How
„ RF card is 2X2 inches Aggressively XG Can Access Spectrum
… Allocation Tables Provide A Priori Knowledge of Expected Signal Types,
… Continuous frequency coverage 30 MHz – 2.5 Especially Fixed and Broadcast

GHz (vs. 6 bands) „ Policy Reasoning Necessary for Range of Incumbent Signal Protection
… Commercial Services Are Sensitive to Effects of Interference at Many Levels,
„ Only 1 filter for 30 MHz – 1 GHz Including Reception Quality, BER, and Increase in Transmitter Power
… Military Signals Are Inherently Hardened and Tolerant of Interference
XG … LowPerformance
XGSensor
Sensor power devices
Performance Necessaryreduced
Necessary for
forXG power
XGImplementation
ImplementationWhich
WhichIs
Is … Agile Systems Can Even Move If Interference Occurs
Not
NotYet
YetAvailable
Availablefor
forMilitary
MilitaryCommunications
Communications
to 1 W average 117 118

59
 Phase 3 Development and
Demonstration Activities
„ Build XG Technologies in Prototype Radio
… Integrate The Radio, Adaptation Algorithms, Sensor Components,
Policy-based Controls, And Radio Software into SCA Traceable

„
Prototype
Continue Developing Key Policy Control Technologies
E2R
„ Conduct Early Incremental Field Demos
… Build Confidence in XG Capabilities Though A Series of Demos
„ Increase capability and environmental complexity at each demo
… Implement Networks Of Spectrum-agile Radios Which Dynamically
Adapt To Changing Spectrum Environments
… 10x More Spectrum Without Interference To Non-XG Radios
… Demonstrate And Validate The XG Prototype’s Capabilities In
Representative Military And Urban RF Environments.
„ Transition to Military Program of Record In FY07 119

60
E2R Research in Europe E2R Participants 1/2
Academic Partners
„ Eurecom: Institut Eurecom
„ E2R = End-to-End Reconfigurability „ I2R
… Efficient, advanced & flexible end-user service „ KCL:Centre for Telecommunications Research (CTR) - King's College
provision London
„ UoA: University of Athens
„ Tailoring of application and service provision to user
preferences and profile „ TUD: Dresden University
„ UoKarlsruhe: University of Karlsruhe, Communications Engineering Lab
… Efficient spectrum, radio and equipment resources
„ UPRC: University of Piraeus Research Center
utilization
„ UNIS: University of Surrey
„ Enabling technologies for flexible spectrum resources
… Multi-standard platforms Operator R&D Partners
„ A single hardware platform shared dynamically amongst
„ DoCoMo: DoCoMo Communications Laboratories Europe GmbH
multiple applications
„ FT: France Telecom R&D
„ TILAB: Telecom Italia S.p.A.
„ TID: Telefonica I+D

121 122
Source http://e2r.motlabs.com/

61
E2R Participants 2/2
Manufacturer Partners
„ MOTO: Motorola Labs
„ ACP: Advanced Circuit Pursuit AG
„ ASEL: Alcatel SEL
„ DICE: Danube Integrated Circuit Engineering
„ Nokia: Nokia GmbH
Berkeley Wireless
„ PMDL: Panasonic UK
„ PEL: Panasonic European Laboratories GmbH Research Center
„ SM: Siemens Germany
„ SMC: Siemens Mobile Communications SpA
„ THC: Thales Communications
„ TRL: Toshiba Research Europe Limited
„ MIL: Motorola Israel Ltd

Regulator partners
„ DiGITIP
„ UPC: UPC
„ RegTP 123

62
 Berkeley Wireless Research
Center
• Designing a cognitive radio to improve spectrum utilization
• Radio searches for feasible region and optimal waveform for transmission
(environment sensing)
Avoiding of Interference with primary spectrum users by:
•
- Measuring spectrum usage in time, frequency, and space
- Having statistical traffic models of primary spetrum users
Rutgers Winlab
• A cognitive radio test bed is currently being built

• The six system functions are split

between physical and data link layer
• Two control channels:
- UCC for group management (group
announcement)
- GCC used only by members of a
certain group

•From R.W. Brodersen, A. Wolisz, D. Cabric, S. M. Mishra, D. Willkomm "Corvus: A Cognitive Radio Aproach For Usage of Virtual Unlicensed Spectrum",
July 29th 2004 125

63
WINLAB Rutgers University
Benefits
• Design of info-stations for „ Increases the total information
emergency and disaster relief available for rescue workers
applications „ Tailors the information with regard

• Use of customized
commercially available
to specific needs and available
bandwidth
Virginia Tech’s CWT
„ Coordinates communication of
hardware, e.g. 802.11 wireless
different rescue groups at one site

From: http://www.winlab.rutgers.edu/pub/docs/focus/Infostations.html

127

64
National Science Foundation Grant CNS-0519959 “An Enabling
Technology for Wireless Networks – the VT Cognitive Engine”

ƒ Develop and test a prototype system for using cognitive

techniques to allow WiFi-like unlicensed operation in
unoccupied TV channels. Virginia Tech’s
ƒ Investigate the behavior of networks containing both legacy
radios and cognitive radios that can interoperate with them. MPRG
National Institute of Justice Grant 2005-IJ-CX-K017 “A Prototype
Public Safety Cognitive Radio for Universal Interoperability.”
ƒ Build a prototype cognitive radio that can recognize and
interoperate with three commonly used and mutually incompatible
public safety waveform standards

129

65
Some SDR and Cognitive Radio
CR Test-bed under development
Research at VT
MWOL
„ SCA core framework „ Cooperative radios Cordless
Phone Bluetooth
… Open source effort … Distributed MIMO
… Role of DSPs … Distributed Applications TV station

… Power Management „ Cognitive radio networks AP (Data AP (Data

Distributed Measurement
Collection Node) Collection Node)
… Integration of testing … Game theory analysis of
into the framework cognitive networks REM online Observations
Collaborative Processing
… Rapid prototyping … Learning Techniques updating Ethernet
tools „ Test Beds Interference Tektronix
AP (Data Arbitrary
„ Smart antennas … UWB SDR Collection Node) Detection,
Classification, Waveform TDS694C:
… Smart antenna API Generator Digital Real-time
… Low Power SCA Location
Oscilloscope
… Networking … Distributed PCs
performance Neighbor Analysis and decision
… Public Safety Radio Demo WLANs Actions
Tektronix
… Experimental MIMO OSSIE Framework RSA3408A: Real-
systems Time Spectrum
Analyzer
131 132

66
 Public Safety - Interoperability
„ Focus on multi-agency interoperability since 9/11/2001
The Future of „ Cognitive radio technology can improve interoperability
by enabling devices to bridge communications between
Cognitive Radio jurisdictions using different frequencies and modulation
formats.
„ Such interoperability is crucial to enabling public safety
agencies to do their jobs.
„ Example: National Public Safety Telecommunications
Council (NPSTC) supported by U.S. DOJ’s AGILE
Program

134

67
IEEE 802.22
„ WRAN system based on 802.22 will make use of
unused TV broadcast channels
„ Interoperable air interface for use in spectrum
allocated to TV Broadcast Service
„ Allows Point to Multi-point Wireless Regional
Area Networks (WRANS)
„ Supports a wide range of services
… Data, voice and video
… Residential, small and medium enterprises
… Small office/home office (SOHO) locations
135
IEEE Project 1900 (P1900)
„ The IEEE P1900 Standards Group was established in
1Q 2005 jointly by the IEEE Communications
Society (ComSoc)
ComSoc) and the IEEE Electromagnetic
Compatibility (EMC) Society.
„ The objective of this effort is to develop supporting
standards related to new technologies and techniques
being developed for next generation radio and
advanced spectrum management.
136
68
IEEE P1900.1 Working Group:
„ Objective document: “Standard Terms,
Definitions and Concepts for Spectrum
Management, Policy Defined Radio, Adaptive
Radio and Software Defined Radio.”
Radio.”
„ Purpose: This document will facilitate the
development of these technologies by
clarifying the terminology and how these
technologies relate to each other.
137
IEEE P1900.2 Working Group:
„ Objective document: “Recommended
Practice for the Analysis of In-
In-Band and
Adjacent Band Interference and Coexistence
Between Radio Systems.”
Systems.”
„ Purpose: This standard will provide
guidance for the analysis of coexistence and
interference between various radio services.
138
69
IEEE P1900.3 Working Group:
„ Objective document: “Recommended Practice
for Conformance Evaluation of Software
Defined Radio (SDR) Software Modules.”
Modules.”
„ Purpose: This recommended practice will
provide guidance for validity analysis of
IEEE 802.11h
„ 802.11h helps WLANs share spectrum
„ How?
… 801.11h implements two methods to help spectrum
sharing:
„ Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS)
„ Transmission Power Control (TPC)

proposed SDR terminal software prior to …
physical programming and activation of SDR
…
terminal components.
139
DFS is used to select the appropriate spectrum for
WLAN
TPC is used to manage WLAN networks and stations
for reduction of interference, range control (setting
borders for WLAN), and reduction of power
consumption (e.g., beneficial in laptop use).
140

70
IEEE 802.15.3a Hurdles in CR
„ Multiband OFDM for Personal Area Network „ FCC Development Policies
… The process and rules
… Wireless USB2.0 (480Mbps) at 5 meters distances governing how frequencies
and waveforms are selected
„ Cognitive Radio - Plausible Application to UWB and approved for use by
Regulation cognitive equipment must be
addressed.
… Very fast spectrum sculpting via OFDM technology
„ Software Flexibility
with wide bandwidth 528MHz
… Interface with policy updates
„ QoS Support „ Real-life Functionality
… CR devices are smart enough
… QoS can be supported by controlling the number of to understand user request
sub-carriers and surrounding environments
141
„ Network Availability for CR
… Network needs to announce
their availability to CR
Flexible or Reconfigurable
„
Hardware
„ Requires a language and
protocols for initial interfacing
with software and validation for
existing devices as policies
change across time and space
„ Software Architectures
… More dynamic than SCA
142
71
Predictions for Future Evolution Just Remember This...
SDR with high Adaptive
ASIC content spectrum
allocation

Factory
reprogrammable Limited
“The best way to predict the
Early
cognition
reconfiguration
by user
Cognitive
future is to invent it.”
radios
Re-
programmable Increased use
for fixed of Alan Kay, Author
number of reconfigurable Mid-level
systems hardware cognition

2005 2007 2010

Time 143 144

72
Jeffrey H. Reed Jeffrey H. Reed
„ Willis G. Worcester Professor of ECE and Deputy
Director, Mobile and Portable Radio Research Group „ Contact Information:
(MPRG)
„ Authored book, Software Radio: A Modern Approach to reedjh@vt.edu
Radio Engineering
„ IEEE Fellow for Software Radio, Communications Signal
Electrical and Computer Engineering
Processing and Education MPRG
„ Industry Achievement Award from the SDR Forum 432 Durham Hall
„ Highly published. Co-authored – 2 books, edited – 7 Blacksburg, VA 24061
books.
„ Previous and Ongoing SDR projects from (540) 231-2972
… DARPA, Texas Instruments, ONR, Mercury, Samsung, NSF,
General Dynamics and Tektronix
145 146

73
Charles W. Bostian Charles W. Bostian
„ Alumni Distinguished Professor of ECE and
Director, Center for Wireless „ Contact Information:
Telecommunications
bostian@vt.edu
„ Co-author of John Wiley texts Solid State Radio
Engineering and Satellite Communications. Electrical and Computer Engineering
„ IEEE Fellow for contributions to and leadership Virginia Tech, Mail Code 0111
in the understanding of satellite path radio wave Blacksburg, VA 24061
propagation.
(540) 231-5096
„ Award winning teacher
„ Previous and Ongoing CR projects from National
Science Foundation, National Institute of Justice
147 148

74
Backup Slides

Hardware Blocks

Software Modules

149 150

75
Example: Simple AM Example: Simple AM
Transmitter (1/2) Transmitter (2/2)
Building Blocks
•All Blocks are each defined as objects
Connecting Building Blocks
•The arrow is an object that connects the flow
Amp “Amp” - Gain Stage graph
~ “LO” - Local Oscillator

m “m” - Message Signal H/W Amp µ m

FIR X +1
“FIR” - Filter Stage
Interface
FIR
X “mix” - Multiplication Stage
~

151 152

76
Example SDR: GNU Radio Multi-Objective Optimization
„ Multiple knobs are adjusted to tune multiple meters
„ What is GNU Radio? „ Complex problem to satisfy objectives like:
… Bit error rate
… GNU Radio is a set of S/W signal processing … Data rate
building blocks that allow users to create their … Bandwidth
own S/W radio … Latency
… Power
„ Why GNU Radio? … Battery life
… Many more
… Attempts to solve the complexity issues of both
„ Requires advanced algorithms for optimization and
H/W and S/W of SDR learning.
… Modular (use with most any GPP) „ Evolutionary Algorithms offer significant benefits for this
„ S/W used on Windows, Linux, Mac problem
… Stochastic search strategies
… Flexible and powerful
153 154

77
 Spectrum Policy Language Design DARPA neXt Generation Program:
Actors and Roles Motivation – Proposed Solution
Spectrum
Opportunities „ Complement static spectrum allocation with
Core Language
Language
Design
design
Model and "Opportunistic spectrum access"
Knowledge Representation … Primary users
Policy Language Licensed
„
Designer Policy Editing
„ Priority to use allocated spectrum
Area that needs (e.g. BBN/XG
Program)
and Verification query
Tools
XG System „ Guaranteed QoS
improvements! … Secondary users
Spectrum Machine
Policy
encode Readable Policy „ Non-licensed
publish Policy Repository
Instances „ Can allocate unused spectrum among themselves
Policy
Administrator Awareness via
„ Have to vacate bands if required by primaries
(e.g. FCC, NTIA) XG Protocols
and Sensing
Source: BBN Technologies Solutions LLC
Unless otherwise stated, all the information in this description of the DARPA XG program
155 is based on the XG Vision rfc, available online: http://www.darpa.mil/ato/programs/xg/ 156

78
DARPA neXt Generation Program: DARPA neXt Generation Program:
Concepts of Policy Agility (2) Promises
Decoupling policies, behaviors, and protocols: Separating what needs to 1. Flexible radio operation due to spectrum agility
be done from how it is implemented 2. Simplified user control of XG systems
… System operation can be controlled in terms of behavior
… No need for technological details
3. Facilitated policy design
… Constraints can be tailored to national or institutional needs in terms of
behaviors
… No need for technological details
4. Eased wireless device accreditation
… Traceability provides a means for an easy testing procedure of behaviors
against policies
5. Broad and future proof standard
… Will be designed to be applicable to a broad range of radios
… Future proof design will enable extension of the standard
… Framework character: different technological solutions (protocols) can be
accomodated to perform a particular task (sensing, identification, allocation)

The framework's four key components

157 158
Figure drawn from XG Vision RFC

79