Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ES-2008-54011
1
Sagar Institute of Technology & Management, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Barabanki-225010, UP, India E-Mail:brsinghlko@yahoo.com
2
Harcourt Butler Technical Institute, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Kanpur-228002, UP, India E-Mail:onkpar@rediffmail.com
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Copyright©2008 by ASME
are likely to rise between 15 cm to 60 cm. It capacity of 65,000 MW[4]. Today, the capital
is said, and the changes now underway will cost of wind power projects range between
continue for centuries to come. International Rs.4 to 5 crores per MW.
experts are more skeptical that wind will Considering the fiscal benefits
replace coal to a considerable extent, saying extended by the Government this gives a
that while electricity production from wind is levelised cost of energy generation in the
likely to increase rapidly, the sheer scale of range of Rs. 2.00 to Rs. 2.50 per KWh.
energy demands suggests that coal burning Thus, looking in to current scenarios, India
will expand even more. Chinese and Indian would be one of the major player in the
officials are optimistic about relying much global Wind Energy market by year 2020
more heavily on wind. It is estimated that when estimated generation may reach
“India is ideally suited for wind energy. The 45,000 MW and by year 2040, contribution
cost of it works well and India has the of Wind Energy may lead to act as a Novel
manufacturing capability too.” As per Source of future sustainability in the World.
survey conducted in 1998-2000 when India's The report [4] released in March’
contribution was 1080 MW against World 2005 by Global Wind Energy Council
installed capacity of 14000 MW, India was (GWEC) forecasting that wind power has the
ranked 5th largest country in terms of potential to supply 12 per cent of the World’s
installed capacity after Germany, Denmark, electricity by 2020 emphasizes its’ potential,
USA, and Spain. Since Indian wind energy would result in annual reductions of 1,813
sector has an installed capacity of 6480 MW million tons of CO2 in 2020 from 1,245,000
as on December 31, 2006, India is now MW of wind energy installed.
ranked 4th against the world Installed
It is claimed that at the end of 2005 capacity for wind energy, has increased at
there were 59,004 megawatts (MW) of an average rate of 30% per annum and
installed wind capacity [Fig.1], worldwide world installed capacity will reach to 160,000
generating enough clean electricity for the MW at the end of 2010.
equivalent of 18 million homes. Over the
past decade the installed generation
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2.0 WINDPOWER AND THE amount of hydroelectric capacity in
ENVIRONMENT construction and planning stages, and in
particular, hydropower development in the
During 1970s the oil shortages Brahmaputra river basin in eastern India is
pushed the development of alternative expected to result in six large power plants,
energy sources. In 1990s, the push came which will add nearly 30,000 megawatts
from a renewed concern for the environment (MW) of generating capacity. The largest of
[7] in response to scientific studies indicating these will be the 11,000 MW Dihang Upper
potential changes to the global climate if the project, which, when completed in about
use of fossil fuels continues to increase. 2012, would become the world's third-
Wind energy offers a viable, economical largest power plant. Consumption of Electric
near zero pollution alternatives to Generation is shown in Table-3 (Appendix).
conventional power plants in many areas of The various sources of year wise power
the country. Wind is a clean fuel and the generation in India are given below in Table-
wind farms produce no air or water pollution 4 (Appendix).
because no fuel is burnt. The only serious
drawbacks to wind machines may be their 5.0 INDIAN WIND POWER GENERATION
negative effect on wild bird populations and PROGRAMME
the visual impact on the landscape.
5.1 Wind Potential and State Government
3.0 WORLD WIND POWER GENERATION Approval
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Electricity produced from wind is It is estimated that a 200-kilowatt
currently costlier than that from gas, wind turbine replacing a thermal
thermal or hydro plants, but tax power plant would save 120 to 200
breaks, lower equipment import tones of coal.
duties, and cheap loans keep prices Burning that much coal would add
competitive. two to three tones of sulphur
India allows 100 percent of dioxide, 1.2 to 2.4 tones of nitrogen
investment in wind projects to be oxide and 300-500 tones of carbon
written off against tax over a period dioxide to the atmosphere.
of two years. Wind energy is future power. There
With the subsidies, the cost of wind are no emissions and no pollutants.
generation ranges from 2.50 to 3.50 It preserves the environment for
rupees per unit, or kilowatt-hour, on future generations.
par with thermal electricity From zero to 1,500 MW has taken
generation. Power produced by old us about 20 years in India but from
hydro-based units’ costs below one 1,500 MW to 10,000 MW shall take
rupee. us ten years. Wind Power has come
The move to wind is not just limited of age and the next 20 years will
to India as neighboring China, the see greater than 45,000 MW and
world's second-largest power enhanced deployment of Wind
consumer, is witnessing a Electric Generators as a clean and
investment boom in wind power due green source of Power Generation
to the rise in global oil prices and a both onshore and offshore [10].
push for green energy.
6.0 FUTURE PROJECTION
5.3 Long Term Benefits
More than 90 per cent of our
Wind power works out cheaper than electricity comes from highly polluting fossil
conventional energy over the long- fuels [11]. Not only do they pollute the Earth,
term due to almost non-existent damage the environment, but also they are
running costs. Farms can be set up running out, so new ways of generating
quickly to bridge power shortfalls. electricity are required. According to a
It pays in the long-term since there recent study, there are enough resources of
are no recurring costs unlike thermal “clean energy” like wind, solar, and bio-
power which requires a constant energy, to make up 70 per cent of our
fuel supply. required electricity supply by 2040 [12].
India produces more than 120,000
megawatts of power, about 12 6.1 progress in windmill technology
percent less than total demand.
The subsidies and a power-starved The latest technology is
market have attracted foreign firms continuously introduced into new wind
such as Danish NEG Micon, the generators. A modern wind generator
world's biggest wind turbine maker produces more than 100 times the annual
Vestas, Germany's Enercon GmbH, output of a 1980 vintage generator.
and local player Suzlon. In the near future, wind energy will be the
India has the potential to produce most cost effective source of electrical
65,000 Megawatts of wind power, power. The actual life cycle cost of fossil
and the government has identified fuels (from mining and extraction to
210 locations where farms can be transport to use technology to environmental
installed, and is continuing its impact to political costs and impacts, etc.) is
search for more locations. not really known, but it is certainly far more
Clean energy such as wind, biogas than the current wholesale rates. The
and solar energy offer an attractive eventual depletion of these energy sources
option for India, which imports 70 will entail rapid escalations in price that
percent of its crude oil needs at a would be unacceptable by present
cost of more than $40 billion a year. standards. The major technology
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developments [13-19], enabling wind power total electric power requirement by
commercialization have already been made. 2020.
Of course there will be infinite refinements
and improvements. In future, the eventual REFERENCES
push to full commercialization and [1] Campbell, C. J., 2000, “Peak Oil
deployment of the technology including Curve,” lecture at the Technical
other renewable resources [20-24] will University of Clausthal – December’
happen in big way. 2000, (web:
http://www.hubbertpeak.com/de/lect
7.0 CONCLUSIONS ure.html ).
[2] Christof Rühl, 2007, “BP Statistical
From the above study, it is evident that Review of World Energy 2007,”
more than 90 per cent of our electricity World growth in coal consumption
comes from highly polluting fossil fuels. 2006, London,
They are also running out, so new ways of (Web:http://www.bp.com).
generating electricity are required. Thus in [3] Pachauri, R. K., 2007, - “Climatic
the near future, wind energy will be the most Change 2007,” Intergovernmental
cost effective source of electrical power Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
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are drawn:- Feb’2007 & Synthesis Report-
Nov’2007, IPCC Plenary XXVII
(Valencia, Spain, 12-17 November
Wind energy offers a viable,
2007).
economical alternative to
[4] Randall Swisher, 2005, “Global
conventional power plants in many
areas of the country. Wind Power Continues Expansion” -
American Wind Energy Association
Wind is a clean fuel as wind farms
(Web:
produce no air or water pollution
http://www.awea.org/news/03-04-
because no fuel is burned.
o5-GlobalWindEnergyMarkets.pdf).
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“clean energy” like wind, solar and [5] Rajsekhar, B., Van Hulle, F.,
bio- energy to make up 70 per cent Jansen, J.C., 1999, “Indian wind
energy Programme: Performance
of our required electricity supply by
and future directions,” Energy
2040 and major contribution would
Policy, 27, pp 669-678.
be of Wind Energy.
[6] Kumar, S., 1999, Wind Energy -
The cost of wind generation ranges
from 2.50 to 3.50 rupees per unit, or India Overview -Vestas RRB India
kilowatt-hour, at par with thermal Ltd., New Delhi- Renewable Energy,
16, pp 961-964.
electricity generation.
[7] Singh, Sanjay, 2008, “World Wind
Presently Germany, USA, Denmark,
Power Capacity”- JNN, New Delhi -
India and Spain contribute more
10th May’2008, pp 13.
than 80 % of World installed
capacity. India’s installed capacity [8] Kane, Anil, 2008, “Wind turbines
generate more than 1 % of the
reached 6250 MW by Dec’2006,
global electricity” - The World Wind
7850 MW by Dec’2007 and striving
Energy Association, Germany -
hard to increase it further.
Press Release - Feb, 21 – 2008.
India’s installed capacity would be
45,000 to 65,000 MW as against [9] Akella, A.K., Sharma, M.P., and
world estimated capacity of 1, 000 Saini, R.P., 2007, “Optimum
utilization of renewable energy
GW by 2020; thereby India would
sources in a remote area” -
contribute approximately 4.5 to
Renewable and Sustainable Energy
6.5%.
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on World Map as its contribution Source, 2007, “Wind Potential in
India” – Indian Wind Turbine
worldwide would be 12-15% in the
Manufacturing Association
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(IWTMA), -(web: Storage”- POWER2006-88124-
http://www.indianwindpower.com). Proceedings of ASME Power,
[11] Singal, S.K., Varun, and Singh, May,2006 Atlanta, GA, USA.
R.P., 2007, “Rural electrification of a [19] Randall Swisher, 2008, “Making a
remote island by renewable energy Strategic Commitment to a Stable,
sources”- Renewable Energy, 32, Clean Energy Supply” - Wind Power
pp 2491–2501. Outlook-2008 - American Wind
[12] Dudhani Surekha, Sinha, A.K., and Energy Association, Washington,
Inamdar, S.S., 2006, “Renewable DC-20005.
energy sources for peak load [20] Ranch, Lee, 2002, “New Mexico
demand management in India” - Wind Resource Assessment”-
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Systems, 28 pp 396–400. 2003 - Kirkland, Washington 98033.
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[15] Iniyan, S., Suganthi, L., potential and choose the right
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Energy, 14(1- 4), pp. 453-457. www.oecd.org/dataoecd/5/49/37841
[17] Carolin, M. Mabel, and Fernandez, 330.xls.
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Power Plant With Wind Turbines f/B_the_Crest.pdf).
and Compressed Air Energy
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APPENDICES
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
1.Net 396.0 412.6 411.6 470.7 504.3 529.1 548.0 563.5 556.8 558.33 587.3
Generation 7
2.Hydro- 71.9 68.2 73.9 82.2 79.9 73.7 73.0 63.5 68.5 73.77 84.50
electric
3.Nuclear 6.5 7.2 10.4 10.6 11.4 14.1 18.2 17.8 16.4 17.77 16.84
4.Geo / solar / 0.5 0.8 0.9 1.0 2.3 2.9 3.9 4.1 4.2 n/a n/a
wind /
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biomass
5.Conventiona 317.2 336.1 355.8 376.8 410.7 438.5 453.0 478.2 467.7 466.82 486.0
l thermal 3
Net
369.8 385.2 411.6 439.0 470.1 493.4 510.9 525.4 519.0 n/a n/a
Consumption
Imports 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4
Exports 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
n/a - not applicable
Note: generation components may not add to total due to rounding
Source: DOE/EIA and Government of India
Technical Installed
Gross Potential
Sl. Potential Capacity
State (MW)
No. (MW) (MW)
(a)
(b) (c)
1. Andhra Pradesh 8275 1920 121.1
2. Gujarat 9675 1780 667.0
3. Karnataka 6620 1180 847.0
4. Kerala 875 605 2.0
5. Madhya Pradesh 5500 845 58.0
6. Maharashtra 3650 3040 1485.0
7. Orissa 1700 780 2.0
8. Rajasthan 5400 910 470.0
9. Tamilnadu 3050 1880 3460.0
10. West Bengal 450 450 1.6
11. Other States - - 0.5
Total 45195 MW 13390 MW 7114 MW
Source: M N E S
a. Assuming 0.5% of land availability for Wind Power generation in potential areas.
b. As on 31.03.98, assuming 20% grid penetration.
c. As on 31.03.2007 (achieved 6 % of total Electric Power Generation 1, 20,000 MW).
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Table 6 Possible Generation in India
Third Penalty on
Other
Items Wheeling Banking Buy-back party- kVARh
Incentives
sales consumption
Andhra 2% of energy - Presently Allowed NOT Van Drawal
Pradesh Rs.3.37 as per Available 0.10p/unit.
w.e.f E.Act 2003 NEDCAP To Give 10
01.04.2004 subject to Lakhs / MW to
(frozen for APERC APTransco
5 years) Regulation 1 lakh /to
s NEDCAP
Tamilnadu 5% of energy 5% for Rs. Not NIL No generation
12 months 2.90/kwh Allowed tax.
(No
Escalation)
Karnataka 5% of energy 2% every Rs. 3.40 / Allowed to Same as for No generating
+1.15Kwh as month for kwh HT other tax for 5 years
cross subsidy 12 months no consumers industries Van Drawal
for 3rd party exalation 0.40p/unit
sale for 10
years
Kerala To be decided - 3.14 for - 15% (max -
by SERC 20 years Rs. 5 Lakhs)
Uttar Pradesh 2% of energy 12 months Rs. Allowed Same as for -
2.25/kwh other
(5% Esc. industries
95-96)
West Bengal 2% of energy 6 months to be Not - -
decided on Allowed
case to
case basis
Gujarat 4% of energy 6 months Rs. Not - R.P.<10%
3.37/kwh Allowed energy
0.10 P.>10%
0.25p
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Madhya 2% of energy Not Present Allowed Same as for 27 paise per
Pradesh +Transmission Allowed Rs.3.90p/k other kVARh
charges by wh industries
SERC
Maharashtra 2% of energy 2% for Rs. Allowed 30% (max Sales tax
+5% T&D loss 12 months 3.50/kwh Rs. 20 Lakhs (Exemption
per project) for 6 years
subject to a
minimum PLF
of 20%)
Rajasthan 2% of Energy 2% for Present Allowed - -
12 months Rs.
3.32/kwh
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