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Renewable resources can be replenished at a comparable rate to the rate of consumption.

Energy sources like hydroelectric power, solar energy, and wind power are considered
³perpetual resources´ because they run no risk of depletion.

Hydropower (water) energy comes from the energy that is created through the turbines which
are turned by the flow of water.

Wind means the energy that is created through the turbines which are turned by the blowing
of the wind.

Geothermal: energy comes from the steam wells which are heated by the earth¶s core however
it is debated if it is a renewable or non renewable energy.

Solar energy comes from photovoltaic (PV) cells that convert heat from the sun directly into
electricity.

Biomass is produced from vegetable oils, animal fats, recycled restaurant greases, and other
byproducts of plant, agricultural, and forestry processing or industrial and human waste
products.

Ocean, tide energy comes from the the turbines which are turned through the force of tides or
ocean waves.

'



Nonrenewable resources are energy sources like petroleum, propane, natural gas, coal, and
nuclear energy that take millions of years to form and cannot be regenerated in a short period
of time.

Nonrenewable energy sources come out of the ground as liquids, gases and solids

Liquid: Crude oil (petroleum), NGL

& ()*+ ,-is formed from animals and plants that lived

millions of years ago when heat and pressure turned decayed matter into crude oil.

Gas: Natural gas and propane

'(,)+.consists primarily of methane but includes significant quantities of ethane,

butane, propane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, helium, and hydrogen sulfide.
&)*&' is produced as a byproduct from natural gas processing and crude oil refining. It
burns hotter and more evenly than other fuels.

Solid: Coal

/*+is formed from trees and plants in vast primeval forests, when heat and pressure
turned decayed matter into coal. Coal
is a part of the fossil fuels family.

Coal, petroleum, natural gas, and propane are all considered fossil fuels because they formed
from the buried remains of plants and animals that lived millions of years ago

Uranium ore, (solid) is mined and converted to a fuel. Uranium is not a fossil fuel. These
energy sources are considered nonrenewable because they can not be replenished (made
again) in a short period of time.


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Million Tons oil equivalent:

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oc Energy security means having:

c Odequate,

c affordable,

c reliable,

c timely,

c clean 4


c uninterrupted supplies of energy.

oc Energy security matters because energy is essential to economic growth and human
development.

oc No energy system can be entirely secure in the short term, because disruptions or
shortages can arise unexpectedly, whether through sabotage, political intervention,
strikes, technical failures, accidents or natural disasters.´
 oc ³In the longer term, under-investment in 

 or 

(and
refining) can lead to shortages and consequently unacceptably high prices.

oc So energy security, in practice, is best seen as a problem of risk management ¢
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oc Energy security does not stop at national borders and goes all the way to the final
consumer (from the , through   to the 
)

oc The external (geopolitics), internal (operations and investment) and temporal (short
and long term) components of energy security calls for a multidimensional (and
international) policy approach to protect against energy system disruptions

"1
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! (2003 ± March
2008):

oc Total # of incidents: Ê

oc Ê
. March 27, 2008:

Gunmen blew up an oil pipeline in Zubair area west of Basra.

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When we talk about United Kingdom, the fact that they are the largest oil producer and
second largest natural gas producer in European Union plays a big role in their economy
domestically and externally. The country was not an importer before 200Ê moreover after the
rise in production in 1

0s the country¶s production has been declining because of the
inability to open up newer fields. Due to these problems the UK government started new
policies such as increasing domestic production, establishing necessary import infrastructure
such as liquefied natural gas receiving terminals and transnational pipelines and investing in
energy conservation renewable¶s.

*

Occording to p4
›4$ 4¢p›$the UK had 3.1 billion barrels of proven crude oil
reserves in 2010, the most of any EU member country. In 200
, the UK produced 1. million
barrels per day (bbl/d) and consumed 1.7 million bbl/d of oil

"

 &


The UK Continental Shelf (UKCS), contains the countries most of the oil reserves which are
located in North. There are also sizable reserves in the North Sea north and west of
the Shetland Islands. Besides these offshore assets, the UK also has the Wytch Farm field
located in the Wessex Basin, the largest onshore oil field in Europe, which has produced more
than Ê00 million barrels of oil over its 3-year life.

Total oil production (including condensates, natural gas liquids, and refinery gain) in
the UK was 1. million bbl/d in 200
, a -percent decline compared with the 2008 production
levels. The 200
production was about one half of the peak annual production in 1


.
The UK government expects oil production in the country to continue to decline, reaching
between 0.8 and 1.2 million bbl/d by 201. Reasons for this decline include 1) the overall
maturity of the country¶s oil fields, 2) the application of new crude oil extraction technologies
that accelerate field exhaustion, and 3) increasing costs as production shifts to more remote
and inhospitable regions.

"

Just like Libya, UK oil is light and sweet which makes it more attractive to foreign buyers
because of its quality. The UK was a net exporter of crude oil between 1
81 and 200 and has
since become a net importer. The imports most dominantly come from Norway which makes

 of their total import. The UK also continues to export a significant amount of crude oil.
In 200
, the country exported 87,000 bbl/d, with crude oil going to the Netherlands (Ê0
percent), United States (2Ê percent), and Germany (17 percent). The remaining 1
percent of
crude oil exports were sent to a number of other countries, including France, Spain, Canada,
and Chile.
Pipelines: BP operates the 110-mile, 3 -inch Forties-Cruden Bay pipeline, linking fields in
the Forties system to the oil terminal at Cruden Bay, Scotland also operates a 110-mile, 3 -
inch pipeline connecting the Ninnian system to the Sullom Voe oil terminal on Shetland
Island. Britoil Plc operates a 10-mile, 2Ê-inch pipeline linking the Bruce and Forties fields to
Cruden Bay and Talisman operates a 130-mile, 30-inch pipeline connecting the Piper system
with Flotta on Orkney Island. Shell and Esso jointly operate a
3-mile, 3 -inch connection
between the Cormorant oil field and Sullom Voe. UK does have a few onshore crude oil
pipelines, including a
0-mile, underground pipeline operated by BP that links the Wytch
Farm field to the refinery at Fawley and the nearby oil export terminal at Southampton.

.
*:

BP is the largest oil producer in the UK, with 23 fields producing a total of 2Ê7,000 bbl/d for
the 12 months ending Opril 2010, according to the British Department of Energy and Climate
Change (DECC). Other large oil producers in the UK include Nexen, Shell, and Total. The
Canada-based Nexen operates Buzzard, UK¶s largest oil field, which accounted for close to
1 percent of total UK.

'
Ofter the 1 percent decline in 2010 the natural gas reserves fort he UK was predicted about
10.3 trillion cubic feet . They seem to ocur in associated fieldsin the UK continental shelf, non
associated fields in the Southern Gas Basin, and in non-associated fields in the Irish Sea.
Instead of coal the governement encouraged the use of natural gas in industrial areas and
electricity production.

 "

 &


The UK produced 2.1 Tcf of natural gas in 200
, falling more than 1 percent compared with
the previous year, which was the largest year-on-year production decrease in at least 30 years.
Ot 2.1 Tcf, UK¶s production reached the lowest level since 1

3. While the country was one
of the largest producers of natural gas in the world only a few years ago, it has since slipped
to thirteenth place.

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There are four main pipeline systems in the UK that carry natural gas from offshore platforms
to coastal landing terminals. The Shearwater-Elgin Line (SEOL), operated by Shell, transports
gas from the Shearwater-Elgin area to the landing terminal at Bacton, England. ExxonMobil
operates the 200-mile, 30-inch Scottish Orea Gas Evacuation (SOGE), which transports
associated natural gas from UKCS fields to the landing terminal at St. Fergus, Scotland. The
20-mile, 3 -inch Central Orea Transmission System (COTS), operated by BP, links fields in
the Central North Sea to Teesside. Finally, Shell operates the 283-mile Far North Liquids and
Gas System (FLOGS) linking associated gas deposits in the Brent oil system with St. Fergus.
Once brought onshore, the responsibility for transporting natural gas throughout the country
belongs to the utilities operating in the UK, including National Grid and Scotia Gas Networks
‘  4  4
 
O consortium of companies operates the Interconnector pipeline between
Bacton, England and Zeebrugge, Belgium. The Interconnector, inaugurated in 1

8, is
capable of bi-directional operation, meaning either it can export natural gas from the UK to
continental Europe (Forward Mode), or it can import natural gas into the UK (Reverse Mode).
The UK also imports natural gas through the Frigg pipeline system, operated by Total. Frigg
connects the St. Fergus gas terminal with the Frigg gas field in the Norwegian sector of
the North Sea. Finally, the UK-Eire Interconnector connects the UK with the Republic of
Ireland, running from Moffat, Scotland to Dublin

+5 ' +'

Currently, the UK has four LNG import terminals and the country was the eighth-largest
importer of LNG in 200
. The longest-operating LNG terminal in the UK is National Grid¶s
Grain LNG terminal on the Isle of Grain.


The country¶s electricity sector has been privatized in which the largest producer happens to
be Electricité de France (EDF). EDF controls most of tge nuclear power capacity and
generates one sixth of the total electricity supply. Other important generating companies
include E.ON UK, RWE-npower, Scottish and Southern Energy (SSE), and ScottishPower
(SP). National Grid owns and operates the national transmission system
in England and Wales, whereas SSE and SP operate the grid in Scotland, and Northern Ireland
Electricity (NIE), operates the grid in Northern Ireland.The UK has slowly integrated the
formally-separate electricity markets of its component parts (England, Northern
Ireland, Scotland, and Wales). The British government formed the New Electricity Trading
Orrangements (NETO) in 2001 to integrate the electricity markets of England and Wales. In
200, the British government extended NETO to Scotland as the British Energy Transmission
and Trading Orrangements (BETTO).

/

(
Conventional thermal plants continue to provide the bulk of the electricity supply in the UK.
Occording to the DECC, conventional thermal generation in 200
consisted of natural gas (ÊÊ
percent), coal (28 percent), oil (1 percent), and other (1 percent). The long-term trend
in UK power generation has been a move from coal-fired plants to combined-cycle, gas-fired
turbines (CCGFT).

'
Currently, there are 10 nuclear power plants in the UK, eight of which are operated by EDF
Energy, which acquired BE in September 2008. In 2008, the UK government announced its
support for additional nuclear power plants to meet projected energy needs. The government
issued a series of national policy statements (NPSs) in 200
, identifying potential sites for
new plants and outlining its policy that promotes building of new nuclear power plants by
202. Following the announcement and the NPSs, a number of companies proposed nuclear
power plant projects. Omong those, EDF proposed four new European pressurized reactors
(EPR) totaling ,Ê00 MW, the first one of which would start up in 2017.

/

The UK had an estimated 171 million short tons (Mmst) of recoverable coal reserves in 200.
The country produced 22 Mmst in 200, remaining one of the top ten coal producers in the
EU. Coal production in the UK has declined steadily and dramatically since the early 1

0s.
Decreasing domestic consumption and a surge of low-cost imports have been the principle
causes of the production decline. Occording to DECC, the UK imported ÊÊ Mmst in 200,
accounting for 71 percent of total coal supply in that year.

)
The UK government has introduced regulations that require electricity distributors to source a
portion of their electricity supply from renewables (including hydroelectricity), which totaled
2,222 GWh of electricity in 200
. Investments in wind power have increased substantially,
aiming to take advantage of the natural geographic advantage that the UK has in this regard.
Wind is the single-largest contributor of electric power generation among the renewable fuels,
followed by hydroelectricity and biomass.

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Recoverable Coal reserves have 11
years, gas reserves have 2.8 years and oil reserves have
Ê2 years of life.

#   

  


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!  .
 
 
   

World will not be out of oil reserves in Ê2 years because there is a high chance that there will
be new technologies and searching for new areas. Modern renewable fuels ± wind, solar and
biofuels will expand significantly. Coal will decline sharply in OECD countries, but continue
to be the predominant fuel for power generation in Non OECD countries. Technology will
continue to evolve and play a key role in increasing efficiency, expanding supplies and
mitigating emissions. These three elements must be pursued with vigor and constancy of
purpose in order to meet our global energy and environmental challenges.

%-  





 

,.

oc Middle East region is very important to U.S because of its dependency to oil (about
Ê of whole world oil is consumed by U.S) and also to fosil fuels. Middle East has
the cheapest and largest oil reserves in the world so it is not hard to see why this
region is important to big energy consumers. Through out the time we can see policies
specifically fort his topic. The Carter Doctrine was a policy proclaimed by President
of the United States Jimmy Carter in his State of the Union Oddress on January 23
1
80, which stated that the United States would use military force if necessary to
defend its national interests in the Persian Gulf region.

oc The doctrine was a response to the 1
7
invasion of Ofghanistan by the Soviet Union,
and was intended to deter the Soviet Union²the Cold War adversary of the United
States²from seeking hegemony in the Persian Gulf.
 oc Ofter stating that Soviet troops in Ofghanistan posed "a grave threat to the free
movement of Middle East oil," Carter proclaimed:

oc Let our position be absolutely clear: On attempt by any outside force to gain control of
the Persian Gulf region will be regarded as an assault on the vital interests of the
United States of Omerica, and such an assault will be repelled by any means
necessary, including military force.

Greenspan:
³I am saddened that it is politically inconvenient to acknowledge what everyone knows:
The Iraq war is largely about oil

General Obizaid (retired Commander of CENTCOM):

³Of course it is (Iraq war) about oil, we can¶t deny that.
We¶ve treated the Orab World as O Collection of Big Gas stations´
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