RAPID ADVICE

Use of antiretroviral drugs for treating pregnant women

and preventing HIV infection in infants
Version 2
WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

Rapid Advice: use of antiretroviral drugs for treating pregnant women and preventing HIV infection in infants, November 2009.
Revised June 2010

1.Antiretroviral agents - pharmacology. 2.HIV infections - therapy. 3.HIV infections - prevention and control. 4.Disease transmission, Vertical - prevention and
control.
5.Pregnant women. 6.Guidelines. 7.Developing countries. I.World Health Organization.

ISBN 978 92 4 159893 4 (NLM classification: WC 503.2)

© World Health Organization 2009

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RAPID ADVICE: USE OF ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS FOR TREATING PREGNANT WOMEN AND PREVENTING HIV INFECTION IN INFANTS
 RAPID ADVICE
Use of antiretroviral drugs for treating pregnant women
and preventing HIV infection in infants

VERSION 2 JUNE 2010

RAPID ADVICE: USE OF ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS FOR TREATING PREGNANT WOMEN AND PREVENTING HIV INFECTION IN INFANTS
RAPID ADVICE: USE OF ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS FOR TREATING PREGNANT WOMEN AND PREVENTING HIV INFECTION IN INFANTS
 CONTENTS
1. Overview 4
1.1 Background 4
1.2 Why a revision? 4
1.3 Guiding principle 4
2. Recommendations at a glance 5
3. The revision process 5
3.1 Retrieving, summarizing and presenting the evidence 5
3.2 Consensus, external review and updating 5
3.3 Publication and timing 6
4. Adaptation, implementation and evaluation 6
5. Companion documents 6
6. Declaration of interest 6
7. Collaboration with external partners 7
8. Key recommendations 7
8.1 ART for HIV-infected pregnant women who need treatment for their own health 7
8.2 ARV prophylaxis for all HIV-infected pregnant women who do not Need treatment
for their own health 8
9. Annex 1 10

RAPID ADVICE: USE OF ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS FOR TREATING PREGNANT WOMEN AND PREVENTING HIV INFECTION IN INFANTS
 1. Overview
1.1 Background
The World Health Organization (WHO) worked
on the revision of Antiretroviral Drugs for Treating
Pregnant Women and Preventing HIV Infection in Infants:
Recommendations for a public health approach, 2006,
through a series of coordinated efforts to review and
synthesize emerging evidence. The key areas of review
are:
a. when to start and what antiretroviral
therapy (ART) to give to pregnant
women living with HIV who are eligible
for ART; and
b. when to start and what antiretroviral (ARV)
prophylaxis to give to pregnant women
who do not need ART for their own health,
but need ARVs to reduce the risk of
mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV.
This evidence was assembled following systematic
reviews, GRADE profile analysis, consultation with key
implementers, cost review, and peer review.
Various individuals were involved in the development
of these recommendations: the Core Writing Group
consisting of WHO staff and external experts, the full
Guidelines Review Committee, and the Peer Review
Group. The members are listed in Annex 1.
The aim was to identify evidence-based
recommendations that would be likely to deliver high
quality care and more effective PMTCT ARV interventions.
The evidence and its quality, risks and benefits,
acceptability, feasibility, cost and financial implication,
were considered by the Guidelines Review Committee
and the Peer Review Group, who agreed on a series of
updated recommendations.
In advance of the release of the full revised guidelines,
WHO is releasing this Rapid Advice, which summarizes the
key recommendations.
1.2 Why a revision?
The availability of a significant amount of new evidence
on ARV prophylaxis to prevent MTCT, as well as new
information on optimal timing for ART initiation
(treatment eligibility) warrants development of revised
2010 guidelines. Particularly important is the evidence
indicating the benefits of increasing the number of
pregnant women started on lifelong ART, and new data
indicating that extended ARV prophylaxis to mothers
or infants is effective in substantially decreasing the risk
of HIV transmission through breastfeeding. Revision of
the guidelines provides an important opportunity to
simplify and standardize current recommendations,
and to provide updated normative guidance for more
effective PMTCT interventions in both resource-limited
settings and globally. Once implemented, these
recommendations can reduce MTCT risk to less than
4 RAPID ADVICE: USE OF ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS FOR TREATING PREGNANT WOMEN AND PREVENTING HIV INFECTION IN INFANTS
5% in breastfeeding populations (from a background
risk of 35%) and to less than 2% in non-breastfeeding
populations (from a background risk of 25%), and will
help promote improved maternal and child health and
survival. More effective interventions in resource-limited
settings make it possible for low and middle income
countries to target the virtual elimination of MTCT and
paediatric HIV/AIDS, as has already been achieved in
many countries.
These recommendations provide guidance to policy-
makers and programme managers responsible for
national PMTCT programmes, and is a resource document
for health care workers involved in the prevention, care
and treatment of pregnant women and their infants.
The guidance also provides a normative framework to
international and bilateral funding and implementation
and support agencies.
This Rapid Advice focuses on two key areas:
1. When to start and what ART to give to
pregnant women living with HIV who are
eligible for ART; and
2. When to start and what ARV prophylaxis to
give to pregnant women who do not need
ART for their own health, but need ARVs to
reduce the risk of MTCT.
1.3 Guiding principles
The WHO guidelines on the use of ARV drugs for treating
pregnant women and preventing HIV infection in infants
were revised in accordance with the following guiding
principles:
1. Women (including pregnant women) in need
of ARV drugs for their own health should
receive life-long ARV treatment (ART).
2. A CD4 cell count available antenatally is critically
important for decision-making with regard to
maternal ART eligibility.
3. Recommended interventions should be aimed at
maximizing the effectiveness of reducing vertical
HIV transmission, minimizing the side effects
for both mothers and infants, and preserving
future HIV care and treatment options.
4. Effective postpartum ARV-based interventions will
allow safer breastfeeding practices.
5. Simple unifying principles for different country
settings are needed.
 2. Recommendations
at a glance
The PMTCT recommendations refer to two key
approaches:
1. Treatment: lifelong ART for HIV-positive women
in need of treatment.
2. Prophylaxis: short-term provision of ARVs, to
prevent HIV transmission from mother to child.
This provides the basis for:
1. Earlier ART for a larger group of HIV-positive pregnant
women to benefit both the health of the mother
and prevent HIV transmission to her child
during pregnancy
2. Longer provision of antiretroviral ARV
prophylaxis for HIV-positive pregnant women
with relatively strong immune systems who do
not need ART for their own health.
This would reduce the risk of HIV transmission
from mother to child
3. Provision of ARVs to the mother or child to
reduce the risk of HIV transmission during
the breastfeeding period. For the first time,
there is enough evidence for WHO to recommend
ARVs while breastfeeding.
3. The revision process
3.1. Retrieving, summarizing and
presenting the evidence
WHO convened an expert consultation in November
2008 to review new evidence accumulated since the
2006 guidelines. This consultation helped WHO to
compile the evidence and make a decision that there
was enough new evidence to warrant the revision of the
2006 guidelines.
Following this initial meeting, WHO drafted the scope of
work and developed PICO1 questions for the key areas
of review. GRADE profiles were prepared for four PICO
questions:
a. when to start ART in pregnant women and what
to give to pregnant women eligible for ART
b. when to start ARV prophylaxis in pregnant
women, and what to give pregnant women
for ARV prophylaxis
c. what to give newborn infants in the immediate
postpartum period; and
d. what to give breastfeeding-exposed infants beyond
the immediate postpartum period.
Based on the PICO questions, systematic review of peer-
reviewed literature and abstracts was performed through
1 PICO is an acronym that describes the elements of a well-formed clinical
question. The structure includes: ‘P’ for the patient or population; ‘I’ for the
intervention of interest; ‘C’ for comparison; and ‘O’ for outcome
RAPID ADVICE: USE OF ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS FOR TREATING PREGNANT WOMEN AND PREVENTING HIV INFECTION IN INFANTS
a collaborative effort between UCSF, CDC and WHO. The
HIV/AIDS Cochrane Collaborative Review Group search
strategy was used for each of the four key questions.
An informal two day meeting with key stakeholders,
cohosted by PEPFAR, was held in Washington in
September 2009. This meeting helped assess the
feasibility of potential new recommendations and the
challenges that countries may face in revising their
national guidelines.
A second feasibility assessment was done through a rapid
assessment in the form of a structured questionnaire to
WHO country offices.
Additional considerations on the feasibility of relevant
PMTCT interventions were provided through a
presentation on the health systems considerations of
PMTCT programmes presented during the Guidelines
review meeting.
Cost information and implications were prepared
by WHO for key ART regimens and ARV prophylaxis
regimens taking into account the different pricing in low-
income, lower-middle income and upper-middle income
countries. Pricing information was based on the Global
Price Reporting Mechanism (GPRM) http://apps.who.int/
hiv/amds/price/hdd/. Cost implications of the proposed
recommendations were presented and discussed during
the Guidelines review meeting.
GRADE evidence profiles will be included in the full
guideline.
3.2 Consensus, external review
and updating
The Guidelines review meeting on the Use of Antiretroviral
Drugs for Treating Pregnant Women and Preventing HIV
Infection in Infants was held in Geneva from October
19-21, 2009. The meeting reviewed evidence around
the four key areas in different sessions. Each of the
sessions included presentations on the related GRADE
evidence, current and proposed recommendations,
cost implications, and the risk-benefit analysis of the key
questions. Discussions were held both in plenary and in
group work sessions.
The proposed recommendations were reviewed and
the final recommendations were formulated taking
into consideration the quality of evidence, the balance
between benefits and harms, the balance between
values and preferences, cost, feasibility, and other factors.
If outcomes of the GRADE analysis were inconclusive,
other factors as listed above were taken into
consideration in making a recommendation. To reach
consensus, the group took into account each of the
factors listed above and went through the risk-benefit
tables to make decisions on recommendations. In a
5
 few cases where there was no initial consensus, there
was further discussion and decisions were reached by
voting. The key recommendations were summarized in
«recommendation tables» according to the four main
questions, and included a summary of key factors that
were considered in making the recommendations.
The summary recommendations were sent for peer
review to six independent peer reviewers and the six
WHO regional offices. They also received the risk-benefit
tables that included the strength of the evidence and
the strength of the recommendation and were asked
to provide feedback on whether they agreed with the
recommendations or not, and if not why; and whether
there were any key points that were not addressed that
would be important to include. Feedback was received
in writing from all of the reviewers. Representing
different regions, countries and perspectives, the peer
review process confirmed overall strong support for the
proposed recommendations.
Comments received from peer review were shared with
the core writing group by teleconference. The draft
recommendations and recommendation tables were
reviewed again, and finalized.
Based on all of the above mentioned steps, the summary
recommendations were finalized and submitted to the
WHO Guideline Review Committee for approval in early
November 2009.
The current guidelines are to be reviewed in 2012, unless
significant new evidence warrants a review process
earlier.
3.3 Publication and timing
This Rapid Advice on Use of Antiretroviral Drugs for Treating
Pregnant Women and Preventing HIV Infection in Infants
will be published online in English and French.
Two guideline writers are assisting in developing the
revised guidelines. After final clearance, publication
and dissemination is exepted to start in June or July
2010. The guidelines target national-level policy and
decision-makers, programme managers and managers
responsible for designing and implementing PMTCT
programmes, including ART for women.
4. Adaptation,
implementation and
evaluation
WHO is working closely with UN and other implementing
partners, as part of the IATT (InterAgency Task Team),
6 RAPID ADVICE: USE OF ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS FOR TREATING PREGNANT WOMEN AND PREVENTING HIV INFECTION IN INFANTS
the PEPFAR PMTCT/Peds technical working group, and
WHO regional offices to plan for rapid dissemination
and implementation of the new guidelines. Much
experience has been obtained from the dissemination of
the previous guidelines, and active support for guideline
revision at country level is needed. Key steps in the
dissemination include:
1. Translation into at least 3 other languages (French,
Spanish and Russian). This will be in both hard
copies and web documents.
2. Development of an adaptation guide, in
conjunction with implementing partners.
This adaptation guide will include a process
feedback document that will provide WHO
with important information on the quality,
usefulness and impact of the guidelines.
3. Briefings, support and joint planning for
dissemination with IATT partners, PEPFAR, Global
Fund, etc.
4. Regional workshops to disseminate the guidelines
and support country adaptation. (Nearly all WHO
regions have included this in their workplans
for 2010, and PEPFAR has provided specific
support for joint regional workshops.)
5. Rapid country adaptation - WHO will work directly
with 2-3 high burden countries to support the
rapid adaptation and implementation of the new
guidelines, in order to learn first-hand how to
accelerate the process.
5. Companion
documents
Simple tools to accompany the full guidelines are being
developed in collaboration with key implementing
partners. These tools are designed to:
• assist countries in the revision of the national
PMTCT guidelines and
• support the choice of regimen taking into account
the resources and limitations within the country.
The first of these important tools is this rapid advice
document.
6. Declarations
of interest
Declaration of interest forms were collected from every
member of each group. All individuals attending the
Guidelines review meeting completed the required
 declaration of conflict of interest form. Altogether five
individuals declared some conflict of interest: L Kuhn, S
Luchters, R Shapiro, and L Guay each declared receiving
research support in the past and present. None of the
participants received funding from pharmaceutical
companies. The support is mainly as research grants
from universities and government funding. The WHO
Secretariat felt that the declarations did not represent
significant conflicts (standard publicly-funded research
support) and would not unduly affect the individual’s
judgment or the outcome of the meeting. The
declaration from E Nyankesha was not seen as a conflict
of interest. A Mushavi from the Peer review group
declared some conflict but the WHO Secretariat did not
feel that the magnitude of the disclosure warranted any
further clearance.
7. Collaboration with
external partners and
funding
There are no external collaborators specific to this Rapid
Advice. However, several partners have been engaged in
the development of the guideline. All collaborations will
be detailed in the full guideline.
Funding to support this work comes from PEPFAR and
UNAIDS.
8. Key recommendations
8.1 ART for HIV-infected pregnant
women who need treatment
for their own health
RECOMMENDATION 1
In pregnant women with confirmed HIV serostatus,
initiation of antiretroviral therapy for her own health
is recommended for all HIV-infected pregnant women
with CD4 cell count ≤350 cells/mm3, irrespective of
WHO clinical staging; and for all HIV-infected pregnant
women in WHO clinical stage 3 or 4, irrespective of
CD4 cell count.
(Strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence)
Remarks: The criteria for initiating ART for pregnant
women are the same as for non-pregnant women. The
recommendation places a high value on the health of the
woman and a relatively low value on the potential risks
and increased cost. Available data show that maternal ART
during pregnancy and continued during breastfeeding is
efficacious in reducing HIV transmission or infant death,
and is the most effective intervention for promoting
RAPID ADVICE: USE OF ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS FOR TREATING PREGNANT WOMEN AND PREVENTING HIV INFECTION IN INFANTS
the HIV-infected mother’s health and decreasing HIV
transmission risk, in this group with the highest risk of
mother-child HIV transmission.
Table 1. Eligibility criteria for ART or ARV prophylaxis
in HIV-infected pregnant women
CD4 cell count available
CD4 <350 cells/mm3 CD4 >350 cells/mm3
ART ART
Regardless of clinical If symptomatic
stage (stage 3 or 4)
WHO clinical stage
Stage 1
Stage 2
ARV prophylaxis
ARV prophylaxis
Stage 3 ART
Stage 4 ART
RECOMMENDATION 2
HIV-infected pregnant women in need of ART for their
own health should start ART irrespective of gestational
age and continue throughout pregnancy, delivery and
thereafter. (See table 2)
(Strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence)
Remarks: The timing of ART initiation for HIV-infected
pregnant women is the same as for non-pregnant women,
i.e. as soon as eligibility is established. The recommendation
places a high value on the health of the woman. It places
relatively low value on the potential risks for the mother and
unborn infant.
RECOMMENDATION 3
In pregnant women in need of ART for their own
health, the preferred first-line ART regimen should
include an AZT + 3TC backbone: AZT + 3TC + NVP
or AZT + 3TC + EFV. Alternative regimens that are
recommended include TDF + 3TC (or FTC) + EFV and
TDF + 3TC (or FTC) + NVP2.
(Strong recommendation, low quality evidence)
Remarks: The preferred ART regimens recommended for HIV-
infected pregnant women are the same as for non-pregnant
women. The recommendation places a high value on the
health of the mother and the benefit for reducing MTCT. It
places relatively low value on the potential drug toxicity risks
for the mother and unborn infant. The decision should be
guided by the experience, availability and potential toxicity
of these regimens in pregnancy. EFV-based regimens should
not be newly initiated during the first trimester of pregnancy
(see also adult ART guidelines).
2 AZT: zidovudine; 3TC: lamivudine; NVP: nevirapine; EFV: efavirenz;
TDF: tenofovir; FTC: emtricitabine
7
 RECOMMENDATION 4
Infants born to HIV-infected women receiving ART for
their own health should receive
a) for breastfeeding infants: daily NVP or AZT from
birth until 4 to 6 weeks of age
(Strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence)
b) for non-breastfeeding infants: daily AZT or NVP from
birth until 4 to 6 weeks of age
(conditional recommendation, low quality evidence)
Remarks: The recommendation places a high value on
preventing perinatal transmission of HIV and providing
protection to the newborn infants in addition to the
protection received from the mother’s ART regimen. Among
breastfeeding infants, there is evidence that daily NVP for 6
weeks is efficacious in reducing HIV transmission or death
and infant mortality. Among non-breastfeeding infants,
there is no evidence assessing the efficacy of daily NVP for any
duration beyond a single dose. However, there is high quality
of evidence that 6 weeks of daily infant AZT prophylaxis in
conjunction with maternal antepartum AZT prophylaxis for
more than 4 weeks significantly prevents MTCT of HIV. There
is additional evidence that AZT for 6 weeks to the infant
provides significant protection when mothers have received
less than 4 weeks of antepartum prophylaxis. For mothers
on ART, infant prophylaxis provides added early postpartum
protection, especially for mothers who start ART late, have
less than optimal adherence and have not achieved full viral
suppression.
8.2 ARV prophylaxis for all
HIV-infected pregnant women
who do not need treatment
for their own health
RECOMMENDATION 5
All HIV-infected pregnant women who are not in need
of ART for their own health require an effective ARV
prophylaxis strategy to prevent HIV transmission to the
infant. ARV prophylaxis should be started from as early
as 14 weeks gestation (second trimester) or as soon as
possible when women present later in pregnancy or in
labour or delivery.
(Strong recommendation, low quality of evidence)
Remarks: Despite the lack of direct evidence showing that
starting prophylaxis earlier (than 28 weeks) is associated
with lower rates of intrauterine transmission, the panel
placed a high value on reducing the potential lost to follow-
up and delayed start of prophylaxis by waiting until the
third trimester, and recognized that there is some risk of
intrauterine transmission throughout pregnancy. Available
observational studies show the benefits of the early start of
prophylaxis. This will minimize delays between HIV testing
in pregnancy and initiation of ARV prophylaxis. Given the
median time of the 1st antenatal visit in most settings, most
8 RAPID ADVICE: USE OF ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS FOR TREATING PREGNANT WOMEN AND PREVENTING HIV INFECTION IN INFANTS
women would not start ARV prophylaxis at 14 weeks, but
the goal is for a majority of women to start during the 2nd
trimester, rather than the middle of the 3rd trimester
RECOMMENDATION 6
For the mother
For all HIV-infected pregnant women who are not
in need of ART for their own health, ARV prophylaxis
option A consists of:
• antepartum daily AZT;
• sd-NVP at onset of labour*;
• AZT + 3TC during labour and delivery*;
• twice daily AZT + 3TC for 7 days postpartum*.
(Strong recommendation, low quality of evidence)
* sd-NVP and AZT+3TC intra- and post-partum can be omitted if
the mother receives more than 4 weeks of AZT during pregnancy
For the infant
In breastfeeding infants, maternal ARV prophylaxis
should be coupled with sd-NVP at birth and then daily
administration of NVP to the infant from birth until one
week after all exposure to breast milk has ended.
(Strong recommendation, moderate quality of evidence)
In non-breastfeeding infants, maternal ARV prophylaxis
should be coupled with sd-NVP at birth and then daily
administration of NVP or AZT from birth until 4 to 6
weeks of age.
(Conditional recommendation, low quality of evidence)
Remarks: The maternal component of this ARV prophylaxis
strategy is the same as the one recommended in the 2006
guidelines, although the revised recommendation is to start
earlier during pregnancy (See Recommendation 5).
For breastfeeding infants, the panel placed a high value
on an intervention that would allow safer breastfeeding
practices as long as the child is exposed to breast milk
in settings where breastfeeding is the norm. Although
data are only available for the provision of NVP up to 6
months of age, the panel felt there is a need to provide
ARV prophylaxis throughout the breastfeeding period to
minimize the risk of transmission. The panel also felt that the
PMTCT ARV guidelines should not put a target duration for
breastfeeding; WHO will provide separate guidelines on HIV
and infant feeding, in the context of ARVs.
As in Recommendation 4, for non-breastfeeding infants,
there is no evidence assessing the efficacy of daily NVP
for any duration beyond a single dose. However, there is
high quality of evidence that 6 weeks of daily infant AZT
prophylaxis in conjunction with maternal antepartum AZT
prophylaxis for more than 4 weeks significantly prevents HIV
MTCT. There is additional evidence that AZT for 6 weeks to
the infant provides significant protection when mothers
have received less than 4 weeks of antepartum prophylaxis.
This conditional recommendation was primarily
based on programmatic issues that would facilitate its
implementation in the field: countries should have the
 option of using NVP or AZT prophylaxis in infants; 6 weeks is Table 2 summarizes the two recommended ARV prophylaxis
also the first immunization visit for children in most settings, options for HIV-infected women who are eligible for ART:
which implies that they will be seen on site at that age. • Option A: Maternal AZT
• Option B: Maternal ARV prophylaxis
RECOMMENDATION 7
For the mother There is a strong benefit of providing effective
For all HIV-infected pregnant women who are not and sustained prophylaxis to women not eligible
eligible for ART, ARV prophylaxis option B consists of for ART during pregnancy, labour and delivery,
triple ARV drugs provided to the pregnant women as well as throughout breastfeeding in settings
starting from as early as 14 weeks of gestation until where breastfeeding is the preferred practice. Both
one week after all exposure to breast milk has ended. recommended options provide significant reduction of
The recommended regimens include: the MTCT risk. There are advantages and disadvantages
• AZT + 3TC + LPV/r 3 for both options, in terms of feasibility, acceptability and
• AZT + 3TC + ABC4 safety for mothers and infants, as well as cost. The choice
• AZT + 3TC + EFV for a preferred option should be made at a country level,
• TDF + 3TC (or FTC) + EFV bearing in mind these advantages and disadvantages.
(Strong recommendation, moderate quality of evidence)
3
LVP/r: lopinavir/ritonavir;
4
ABC: abacavir

For the infant

In breastfeeding infants, the maternal triple ARV
prophylaxis should be coupled with the daily
administration of AZT or NVP from birth until 4 to 6
weeks of age.
(Strong recommendation, low quality of evidence)

In non-breastfeeding infants, the maternal triple

ARV prophylaxis should be coupled with the daily
administration of AZT or NVP from birth until 4 to 6
weeks of age.
(Conditional recommendation, very low quality of
evidence)

Remarks: The provision of maternal triple ARV prophylaxis

during pregnancy in women who are not eligible for ART
results in very low intrauterine and peripartum transmission
rates. A high value is also placed on the simplicity of the
intervention as it contains only one maternal and one infant
regimen and may be available as a single daily fixed-dose
combination.

For breastfeeding infants, available data suggest that

maternal triple ARV prophylaxis started in pregnancy and
continued during breastfeeding is efficacious in reducing
HIV transmission and HIV transmission or infant death. The
panel placed a high value on providing an intervention that
would allow safer breastfeeding practices for as long as the
child is exposed to breast milk.

For non-breastfeeding infants, the conditional

recommendation was primarily based on programmatic
issues that would facilitate its implementation in the field: 6
weeks is also the first immunization visit for children, which
implies that they will be seen on site at that age.

RAPID ADVICE: USE OF ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS FOR TREATING PREGNANT WOMEN AND PREVENTING HIV INFECTION IN INFANTS 9
 Table 2. ARV prophylaxis options recommended for HIV-infected pregnant women who do not need treatment for
their own health

Option A: Maternal AZT Option B: Maternal triple ARV prophylaxis

MOTHER MOTHER
• Antepartum AZT (from as early as 14 weeks Triple ARV from 14 weeks until one week after all
gestation) exposure to breast milk has ended
• sd-NVP at onset of labour* • AZT + 3TC + LPV/r
• AZT + 3TC during labour and delivery* • AZT + 3TC + ABC
• AZT + 3TC for 7 days postpartum* • AZT + 3TC + EFV
* sd-NVP and AZT+3TC can be omitted if mother receives >4 • TDF + 3TC (or FTC) + EFV
weeks of AZT antepartum
INFANT INFANT
Breastfeeding infant Breastfeeding infant
Sd-NVP at birth plus daily NVP from birth until one AZT or NVP from birth until 4 to 6 weeks
week after all exposure to breastmilk has ended
Non-breastfeeding infant
Non-breastfeeding infant AZT or NVP from birth until 4 to 6 weeks
Sd-NVP at birth plus AZT or NVP from birth until 4
to 6 weeks

9. Annex 1
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
Guidelines Committee Review Meeting on the Use of Louise Kuhn
Antiretroviral Drugs for Treating Pregnant Women Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center
and Preventing HIV Infection in Infants - 2009 version College of Physicians and Surgeons
Columbia University, New York, USA
Château de Penthes, Geneva, Switzerland, Ik24@columbia.edu
19-21 October 2009
Marc Lallemant
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS Programs for HIV Prevention and Treatment (PHPT)
29/7-8 Samlan Road, Soi 1 - Prasing, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200,
CONTENT (PMTCT) EXPERTS Thailand
marc3@phpt.org
Elaine Abrams
The International Center for AIDS Care and Treatment Programs James McIntyre
Mailman School of Public Health Perinatal HIV Research Unit
722 West 168th Street University of the Witwatersrand
New York, NY 10032, USA Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital
eja1@columbia.edu PO Bertsham, Johannesburg 2013
South Africa
François Dabis mcintyre@pixie.co.za
Unité INSERM 330
Institut de Santé Publique, Epidémiologie et Développement Lynne M. Mofenson
(ISPED) National Institutes of Health
Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, 6100 Executive Boulevard, Room 4B11
33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France Rockville, MD 20852, USA
Francois.Dabis@isped.u-bordeaux2.fr LM65D@nih.gov

Laura A. Guay Roger Shapiro

Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation Harvard Medical School
1140 Connecticut Ave. NW, Suite 200 110 Francis Street, Suite GB
Washington, DC 20036, USA Boston, MA 02215, USA
lguay@pedaids.org rshapirosph.harvard.du

10 RAPID ADVICE: USE OF ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS FOR TREATING PREGNANT WOMEN AND PREVENTING HIV INFECTION IN INFANTS
 Jeffrey S. A. Stringer Nipunporn Voramongkol
University of Alabama at Birmingham Maternal and Child Health Group
Center for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia (CIDRZ), Department of Health
Lusaka, Zambia Ministry of Public Health
jeff.stringer@cidrz.org Tivanon Rd., Muang District
Nonthaburi 11000
Thailand
COUNTRY REPRESENTATIVES/ PROGRAMME EXPERTS job8018@yahoo.com
Marcelo Araújo de Freitas
Care and Treatment Division METHODOLOGISTS
STD and Aids Department
Ministry of Health, Brazil Health systems:
SAF Sul Trecho 02, Bloco F, Torre 1, Pierre Barker
Edifício Premium, Térreo, Sala 12 Department of Paediatrics
CEP: 70070-600 - Brasília DF University of North Carolina
Brazil Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA
marcelo.freitas@saude.gov.br Pierre_barker@med.unc.edu

Kevin M. De Cock GRADE expert:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Nancy Santesso
KEMRI, Mbagathi Road Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics,
Off Mbaganthi Way, Nairobi McMaster University
Kenya 1200 Main Street West
kdecock@ke.cdc.gov Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5
Canada
Nonhlanhla Rosemary Dlamini santesna@mcmaster.ca
Deparment of Health
Private Bag X 828 Pretoria 0001 IMPLEMENTING PARTNERS
Hallmark Building, Room 1513
235 Proes street, Pretoria 0002 Omotayo Bolu
South Africa PMTCT Team,
DlamiR@health.gov.za Global AIDS Program, CDC
1600 Clifton Road
Svitlana Komar Atlanta, GA 30333
Centre «Clinic for Treatment of HIV-infected Children» USA
Chornovola str., 28/1, Kiev, 01135 obb3@cdc.gov
Ukraine
skomar@yandex.ru Margaret Brewinski
USAID Office of HIV/AIDS
Dorothy Mbori-Ngacha 1300 Pennsylvania Ave, NW
University of Nairobi (Kenya) Washington, D.C. 20523-3600
Dept. of Pediatrics & Child Health USA
P.O. Box 19676, Nairobi mbrewinski@usaid.gov
Kenya
Dngacha@cdcnairobi.mimcom.net René Ekpini
dngacha@ke.cdc.org PMTCT - Pediatric care and treatment
Health Section, Program Division
Elevanie Munyana UNICEF
Clinical Prevention Department 3 United Nations Plaza
PMTCT at TRAC Plus Ministry of Health New York, NY 10017
P.O. Box 84, Kigali USA
Rwanda rekpini@unicef.org
MunyanaE@tracrwanda.org

Sarah Shalongo
Paediatric ARV
Ministry of Health and Social Services
Harvey Street, Windhoek
Namibia

Florence Soroses
Global Fund
Ministry of Health and Social Services
Harvey Street, Windhoek
Namibia
FSoroses@globalfund.com.na

RAPID ADVICE: USE OF ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS FOR TREATING PREGNANT WOMEN AND PREVENTING HIV INFECTION IN INFANTS 11
 CIVIL SOCIETY / PLWHA Isseu Diop-Toure (AFRO)
Regional Office for Africa
Jane Mwirumubi Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
ICW East Africa Tagore Crescent diopi@afro.who.int
Plot 15, Kamwokya, Kampala
Uganda Ying-Ru Lo
jane_mwirumubi@yahoo.co.uk Prevention in the Health Sector
Department of HIV/AIDS
Portia Nomzuzu Ngcaba loy@who.int
7.16 Goodhope Road
Vuyo Gardens , Amalinda Eleonora Marini
East London 5247 marinie@who.int
South Africa
portia@tac.org.za Françoise Renaud-Théry
Systems Strengthening and HIV
Department of HIV/AIDS
GRADE REVIEWERS theryf@who.int
Jaco Homsy Nigel Rollins
Institute for Global Health Newborn and Child Health and Development
University of California, San Francisco Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Development
50 Beale St rollinsn@who.int
San Francisco, CA 94105
USA Charles Sagoe-Moses (AFRO)
jhomsy@psg.ucsf.edu Regional Office for Africa
Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
Jennifer S. Read sagoemosesc@whoafr.org
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
Executive Building, Room 4B11C Nathan Shaffer
6100 Executive Boulevard MSC 7510 Prevention in the Health Sector, PMTCT
Bethesda, MD 20892-7510 Department of HIV/AIDS
USA shaffern@who.int
jennifer_read@nih.gov
Tin Tin Sint
George Rutherford Prevention in the Health Sector, PMTCT
Institute for Global Health Department of HIV/AIDS
University of California, San Francisco sintt@who.int
50 Beale St, San Francisco, CA 94105
USA Isabelle de Vincenzi
grutherford@psg.ucsf.edu Control of Sexually Transmitted and
Reproductive Tract Infections
Amy Sturt Department of Reproductive Health and Research
Stanford University devincenzii@who.int
300 Pasteur Drive, S-101
Stanford, CA 94305 Marco Vitoria
USA Antiretroviral Treatment and HIV Care
amysturt@gmail.com Department of HIV/AIDS
vitoriam@who.int
WHO SECRETARIAT
20 Avenue Appia
CH-1211 Geneva 27
Switzerland

Boniface Dongmo Nguimfack

Strategic Information
Department of HIV/AIDS
dongmonguimfackb@who.int

Siobhan Crowley
Antiretroviral Treatment and HIV Care
Department of HIV/AIDS
crowleys@who.int

12 RAPID ADVICE: USE OF ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS FOR TREATING PREGNANT WOMEN AND PREVENTING HIV INFECTION IN INFANTS
 RAPPORTEURS (Guideline writers) CORE WRITING GROUP

Renaud Becquet James McIntyre (Expert)

INSERM, Unit 897 François Dabis (Expert)
Research Centre in Epidemiology and Biostatistics Lynne M. Mofenson (Expert)
Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2
146, rue Léo Saignat
Ying-Ru Lo (WHO)
33076 BORDEAUX Cedex Nathan Shaffer (WHO)
France Tin Tin Sint (WHO)
Renaud.Becquet@isped.u-bordeaux2.fr Marco Vitoria (WHO)
Siobhan Crowley (WHO)
Stanley Luchters Isabelle de Vincenzi (WHO)
International Centre for Reproductive Health Stanley Luchters (Writer)
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Renaud Becquet (Writer)
Ghent University
De Pintelaan 185– P3, 9000 Ghent
Belgium
stanley.luchters@ugent.be

EXTERNAL PEER REVIEWERS

Sostena Romana
Global PMTCT Initiative
Clinton Foundation HIV/AIDS Initiative
Boston, USA
sromano@clintonfoundation.org

Angela Mushavi
PMTCT and Pediatric Treatment
CDC - Namibia and Namibia MOH
mushavia@na.cdc.gov

Suna Balkan
Médecins Sans Frontières
Medical Department MSF Paris
8, rue Saint-Sabin
75011 Paris, France
sbalkan@msf.org

Mary Glenn Fowler

Makere University
Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration
Kampala, Uganda
mgfowler@mujhu.org

Marc Bulterys
CDC China
Beijing, China
Zbe2@cdc.gov

Landry Tsague
UNICEF - Rwanda
ltsague@unicef.org

RAPID ADVICE: USE OF ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS FOR TREATING PREGNANT WOMEN AND PREVENTING HIV INFECTION IN INFANTS 13