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EXPERIMENT NO 2

Water analysis (pH, TDS, Conductance) of different samples.

Apparatus:

 Beakers
 pH meter
 conductivity meter

Chemicals:

 Buffer solution of pH 10.


 Samples

Procedure:

 Take all the samples in separate beakers.


 Find their conductivity and total dissolved solids using conductivity meter.
 Also find their ph using pH meter.

Observations:

Sr. No. Samples pH Conductivity in µS/cm T.D.S


in ppt
1. Wapda town 9.16 739 0.4
2. Fccu 9.08 990 0.5
3. Shadra 9.31 1023 0.5
4. Fccu (filtered) 9.14 932 0.5
5. Sufi 9.50 416 0.2
6. Punjab Housing Society 8.89 1700 0.9
2000

1500

1000

500

0
W Town Fccu shadra Fccu sufi P.H.S
(filtered)

Fig.1 graph between samples and their conductance

9.6
9.5
9.4
9.3
9.2
9.1
9
8.9
8.8
8.7
8.6
8.5
W Town Fccu shadra Fccu sufi P.H.S
(filtered)

Fig. 2 Graph between Samples and their pH.

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
W Town Fccu shadra Fccu sufi P.H.S
(filtered)

Fig. 3 graph between samples and their TDS


Results:

While observing pH of all samples, it is noticed that all the samples are basic in nature. Pure
water has pH of 7 but samples shows a great variation; among all the samples Punjab Housing
Society has pH better than other samples. pH describes the presence of H+ ions in solution.
Specific conductivities and TDS that all samples contain a lot of ions in them. Punjab Housing
Society has the highest conductance as well as dissolved solids. Due to improper procedure
followed and impure chemicals, variations is observed.

Discussion:

Low pH means solution is acidic, i.e. concentration of hydronium ions is high and high pH
means low concentration of hydronium ions, show that solution is basic.

pH < 7 Acidic solution

pH = 7 Neutral solution

pH > 7 Basic Solution

pH of pure water at room temperature is 7.

Specific Conductance means ability to conduct electricity due to the presence of ions in
solutions. It SI unit is S/m but here we use µS/cm, it varies with temperature. Conductivity
estimates the amount of TDS in given water sample.

Water is a good solvent and picks up impurities easily. Dissolved solids" refer to any minerals,
salts, metals, cations or anions dissolved in water. Total dissolved solids (TDS) comprise
inorganic salts mainly calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, bicarbonates, chlorides and
sulfates and some small amounts of organic matter that are dissolved in water.

In general, the total dissolved solids concentration is the sum of the cations (positively charged)
and anions (negatively charged) ions in the water. Therefore, the total dissolved solids test
provides an qualitative measure of the amount of dissolved ions, but does not tell us the nature or
ion relationships.
References:

 http://www.water-research.net/standards.htm
 http://www.lakeaccess.org/russ/conductivity.htm

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