Solutions for

ES 224 Signals & Systems Tutorial Questions

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Q.1 Consider the sinusoidal waveforms:

x1 (t )  10 cos(100 t  450 ) , x2 (t )  10 cos(5000 t  450 )

a) Give the time periods of x1 (t ) , x2 (t ) and x1 (t )  x2 (t ) .

b) x1 (t ) and x2 (t ) are delayed by different amounts of time (from the origin).
Calculate these delays.
c) x1 (t ) lags x2 (t ) by t0 and x2 (t ) leads x1 (t ) also by t0. Calculate t0.
d) x1 (t ) and x2 (t ) are delayed by the same amount of phase(from the origin)
which is 450 or /4 radians. Compare this phase difference with t0 given in part
(c).
e) Considering any two sinusoidal signals, in which case can you state the
following?
“ x1 (t ) lags x2 (t ) by 0 (or x2 (t ) leads x1 (t ) by 0), where 0 is the phase
(angle) difference between the two signals”

Q.2 Consider the SISO system in Fig.1.

a) Is this system linear? Why?

b) Is this system time invariant. Why?

m(t)
s (t )  m(t ) 10 cos(2 105  t )

5
10 cos(2  10  t )

Fig.1

Q.3 Let m(t )  8cos(5  103  t ) .

a) Show that s(t) is periodic and calculate its time period and frequency.
b) Give an approximate sketch of s(t).

Q.4 Consider the sinusoidal waveforms:


x1 (t )  10 cos(100 t ) , x2 (t )  20 cos(50 t  ) , x3 (t )  15sin(15 t )
6

a) Give the time periods of x1 (t ) , x2 (t ) , x3 (t ) and x(t )  x1 (t )  x2 (t ), x3 (t ) .

Prof. Dr. Vedat Tavşanoğlu 1 14 April 2007

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b) Consider the Fourier series expansion of x(t ) and give  k , k , ck , ak and bk .

Q.5 Consider the decaying exponential waveform

e(t )  Ae  t u (t ) ;   0
1
where  t    is called the time constant of e(t).


x(0) x( N ) 1
a) Show that at time t  N x( N )  N
, i.e.,  N and
e x(0) e
x(t  N ) 1
 N
x(t ) e

b) Now consider the sinusoidal waveform with exponential envelope:

x(t )   Ae  t cos(0t   ) u (t ) ;  0
Give the relationship between the time period T0 of the sinusoidal signal and the time
constant of the exponential signal such that

x(10T0 )
 0.01
x(0)

Q.6
(a) The impulse response of an LTI system is given as

h(t )   e t cos(ot   )u (t );   0

Consider h  t  to be the product of the two signals f  t  and g  t  such that

h t   f t  g t 

where f (t )  e  t u (t ) and g (t )   cos(o t   )   cos o (t  )
o
Using the frequency convolution property, or

F  j      0   F  j   0  show that

( cos   o sin  )  j (cos  )

H ( j )  
(  j ) 2  o 2

 1 
 F ( j )  , F{cos ot}   (  o )   (  o ) 
   j 

Prof. Dr. Vedat Tavşanoğlu 2 14 April 2007

 Solutions for
ES 224 Signals & Systems Tutorial Questions
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Hint: To obtain the same result use also the time shifting property for

cos (ot   )  cos o (t  ).
o

(b) If
j
H ( j) 
1 2  j

evaluate      and o and express h  t  using these values.

(c) Let the input to the an LTI system with the transfer function given in part (b)
be of the form

1 4  1 1 
x(t)   2  cos t  cos 3t  cos 5t   
2   9 25 

Evaluate the first four terms of the Fourier series of the output y  t  .

Q.7 Consider the finite duration signal f  t  given in Fig.2.

(a) Evaluate the Fourier transform F  j  of f  t  and show that


sin
F ( j )   2 Fig.2

2

Using the relation between F  j  and ck , evaluate ck for the periodic signal
given in Fig.3.

Fig.3

To
(b) If  N ,where N is an integer, show that ck  0 for k  mN for

m = ± 1, ± 2, ± 3 ............. For N = 3 plot ck .Using the relation between  k and
ck , i.e.  0  c0,  k  2 ck , k  arg ck  , express f p  t  as a sum of real
sinusoidal signals and write the sum explicitly up to and including the 5th
term.

Prof. Dr. Vedat Tavşanoğlu 3 14 April 2007

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(b) The periodic signal given in Fig.4 is related to f p  t  as

g p (t )  2 f p (t  )  1
2

Fig.4

Using ck obtained in part (b) and the shifting property of Fourier transforms
find the Fourier series coefficients ck of f p  t    . Using the result obtained
in part (b), the ck of f p  t    and the relation between f p  t  and g p  t  ,
express f p  t  as a sum of real sinusoidal functions and write the sum
explicitly up to and including the 5th term.

Q.8 (a) A band-pass filter is given by the integro-differential equation

t
dv (t )
v1 (t )  v2 (t )  2   v2 (t )dt
dt 0

Evaluate
V2 ( j )
H ( j ) 
V1 ( j )

and show that

1
H ( j ) 
1
1  (  )2


Plot H  j  versus  .

(b) Given
  o tan   j
F {e  t cos(o t   ) u (t )}  cos 
(  j ) 2  o2

Compare this with H  j  obtained in part (a) and determine the numerical
values of  , 0 and  . Give the impulse response of the band-pass filter as a
function of time.

Prof. Dr. Vedat Tavşanoğlu 4 14 April 2007

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ES 224 Signals & Systems Tutorial Questions
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Q.9 Consider the rectangular pulse waveform p  t  in Fig.5a whose Fourier transform is
given by
a
sin
P  j   2 2 .


(a) Using P  j  and the relationship between the pulse p  t  and the doublet
pulse x  t  given in Fig.5b, evaluate the Fourier transform of x  t  .

(b) Consider the finite duration triangular pulse waveform y  t  given in Fig.5c
and the relationship between x  t  and y  t  . Y  j  is sketched in Fig.7.
Use the integration-in-time property of Fourier transform to show that the
Fourier transform of y  t  is given by
2
 a 
 sin 
Y  j   a 2  2
a  .
 
 2 

Fig.5a Fig.5b Fig.5c

Q.10 Consider the periodic signal given in Fig.6.

(a) Using the Fourier transform Y  j  given above evaluate, as a function of k ,

the Fourier series coefficients ck y of the periodic signal y p  t  given in Fig.6,
where k is any integer representing the harmonics of y p  t  .

(b) Using the integration-in-time-property between X  j  and Y  j  , obtain the

relationship between ck y and ck x , where ck x the Fourier series coefficients of
the periodic signal given in Fig.8. Take a  1 and sketch ck y and Im ck x 
versus k .

Prof. Dr. Vedat Tavşanoğlu 5 14 April 2007

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ES 224 Signals & Systems Tutorial Questions
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(c) Using ck y and ck x express y p  t  and x p  t  as sums of real sinusoidal
dy p (t)
components and verify that = x p (t)
dt

Fig.6

Fig.7

Fig.8

Q.11 The Fourier transform of the triangular waveform given in Fig.9.a is given as:

2
  
 sin 2 
F ( j )   

 
 2 

(a) Using F  j  evaluate the Fourier transforms of the waveforms in Fig.9.b-d.

Prof. Dr. Vedat Tavşanoğlu 6 14 April 2007

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(a) (b) (c) (d)

Fig.9

(b) Give the Fourier transform of f  t  cos0 t where f  t  is the waveform given
in Fig.9.a.

Q.12 Consider the discrete-time LTI system given by the difference equation

y  n   1.08 y  n  1  K   n   x  n 

(a) Sketch a block diagram realising the difference equation given above.

(b) Let
r for 1  n  4
x ( n)  
0 otherwise

and evaluate y  n  in terms of K and r where the initial condition is given as

y(-1)=0.

(c) Let K  10 and show that y  n   0 for n  4 if r  3.019 . Evaluate and plot
y  n  for n  0,1, 2,3, 4,5, 6, 7,........
(d) Is this system stable?

Q.13 Consider the discrete-time LTI system given by the difference equation

3 1
y ( n)  y (n  1)  y (n  2)  x(n)  x(n  2)
2 4
and the arbitrary initial conditions

y (1)  1
y (2)  1

a) Evaluate the impulse response and the unit-step response for n=0,1,2,….7(take
y(-1)= y(-2)=0).

Prof. Dr. Vedat Tavşanoğlu 7 14 April 2007

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b) Evaluate the zero-input response for the initial conditions given above for
n=0,1,2,….7.
c) For the unit-step input determine zero-state response and the complete
response.
d) Sketch the simulation of the first canonical form of the difference equation
given above.
e) For the above canonical form obtain the state equations.
f) Repeat part (a-c) using the state equations.

Q.14 Consider the low-pass filter with the impulse response:

h(t )  e  t u (t )

(a) Using the Fourier transform of h(t), show that the frequency response of the
low-pass filter is given by:

1
H ( j ) 
  j

Plot |H(j)| and show that is the 3db cutoff frequency c.

(b) Show using the Modulation Property of Fourier transform that:

hBP (t )  h(t ) cos o t

is the impulse response of a bandpass filter with the centre frequency o,
provided that:
c Fc
  1
o Fo
Plot |HBP(j)|.
Q.15 The square wave pT(t) in Fig.10 is used for Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM).
pT(t)

t
0 Tf/4 3Tf/4 Tf

Fig. 10
The Fourier series expansion for pT(t) is given as:

1 2 2 2 2
pT (t )   cos( f t )  cos(3 f t )  cos(5 f t )  cos(7 f t )  
2  3 5 7

Prof. Dr. Vedat Tavşanoğlu 8 14 April 2007

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ES 224 Signals & Systems Tutorial Questions
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(a) Let the message signal be represented by f(t). Using the above expression for
pT(t) write down an expression for the PAM signal pT(t)f(t). Using the
modulation property of the Fourier transform give the Fourier transform of the
PAM signal.

(b) Sketch the frequency spectrums of f(t), pT(t) and pT(t) f(t).

(c) Show how the Double Side-Band Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC) modulated

signal can be generated from the PAM signal.

Q.16 The Fourier series expansion of the periodic signal v(t) is given as:


v(t )   o    k cos(k f t   k )
k 1
(a) Assuming that v(t) is the voltage across a 1ohm resistor, show that the average
power developed during one period is given by:


1 2
P  o   k
2

k 1 2

Using P and the following definition write down the expression giving the rms
value of v(t), Vrms:
T
1 2
T f 0
Vrms  v (t )dt

where Tf is the fundamental period of v(t).

(b) Let v(t) be the periodic triangular wave in Fig.6 whose Fourier series
expansion is given as:

1 4  1 1 
v(t )   2  cos(ot )  cos(3o t )  cos(5o t )   
2   9 25 

Compute the average power of v(t):

(i) Directly from Fig.6;

(ii) Using the expression given in part (a) by truncating the series after the
first five terms given above.

(iii) Compare the values obtained in (i) and (ii) and explain whether the
truncated series is a sufficiently accurate representation of v(t).

Prof. Dr. Vedat Tavşanoğlu 9 14 April 2007

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ES 224 Signals & Systems Tutorial Questions
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Q.17 Consider the square wave in Fig.11 whose truncated Fourier series expansion is given
as:
v p (t )  a0  a1 cos(0t )  a3 cos(30t )  a5 cos(50t )  a7 cos(70t )
where
1 2 2 2 2
a0  , a1  , a3   , a5  , a7  
2  3 5 7
v p (t )

T0 T0 0 T0 T0 t
 
2 4 4 2

Fig. 11
(a) Assuming that v p (t ) is the voltage across a 1ohm resistor and knowing that
the average power P delivered to this resistor is given by:
T
1 0 2
P   v p (t )dt
T0 0
where
T
1 0 2
T0 0
Vrms  v p (t )dt

prove that the rms value of v(t) is given by

1
Vrms  ao 2  (a12  a32  a5 2  a7 2 )
2
(b) Compute the average power P:
(i) Directly from Fig.11.
(ii) Using the truncated Fourier series expansion given in part(a).
(iii) Compare the values obtained in (i) and (ii) and explain whether the
truncated series is a sufficiently accurate representation of v p (t ) .

Q.18 Consider the finite-duration signal v(t) in Fig.12.

Prof. Dr. Vedat Tavşanoğlu 10 14 April 2007

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v (t )

0 T0
t
T
 0
4 4

Fig.12
(c) Evaluate V  j  and show that
T0
T sin
V ( j )  0 4
2 T0
4
(d) Show that the relation between the complex Fourier coefficients ck of
v p (t ) given in Q.17 and the Fourier transform V  j  of v  t  is given as:
1
ck  V ( jk0 )
T0
Using V  j  and the relationship given above evaluate ck .
(e) Also evaluate  k , k , ak and bk and present them in the following table and
confirm with the coefficients given in Q.17.
k ck k k ak bk
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Q.19 A filter transfer function is given by:

0
s
Q
H ( s) 
0
s  02
s2 
Q
(a) Show that the magnitude frequency response is given by:
1
H ( j ) 
 
1  Q 2 (  0 )2
0 
and H ( s ) represents a band-pass filter with center frequency 0 .

Prof. Dr. Vedat Tavşanoğlu 11 14 April 2007

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(b) Evaluate the 3-dB bandwith the 3-dB relative bandwith, the lower and upper cutoff
frequencies, l and u .
108
(c) Let H ( s )  and the input x(t )  cos103 t  cos104 t  cos105 t .
s  10 s  10
2 4 8

Find the approximate output y (t ) .

Q.20 A bandpass filter given by

0
s
Q
H ( s) 
0
s2  s  02
Q
is to be designed to pass only the fundamental of the periodic waveform given in
Fig.1.
v(t)
1v

................
t
0 1ms 4ms 8ms 12ms

Fig.1
(a) Show that the phase response of the filter is given by:
 0 
 2  arctan Q  2   2   0

 ( )   0

   arctan 0 
 
0
 2 Q 02   2
Roughly plot  ( ) versus  .
(b) Determine the value of the quality factor Q such that the second harmonic of
v(t) remains outside the 3-dB pass-band.
1
(c) The magnitude response of the filter is given by: H ( j ) 
 
1  Q 2 (  0 )2
0 
The first four components of the amplitude spectrum and the phase spectrum of
the input v(t) are given as:
k 0 1 2 3
k 0.25 0.45 0.32 0.15
k -  / 4  / 2 3 / 4

Let Q=10. Make the same table for the output of the filter and give its time-
domain expression.

Prof. Dr. Vedat Tavşanoğlu 12 14 April 2007

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Q.21
(a) Given any discrete-time signal y(n) prove that:
Y  ( z )  Z +  y (n)  Z  y (n)u (n)
+
where Z and Z represent the one-sided and double-sided z-transforms,
respectively.

(b) Using the one-sided z-transform find the unit-step response of the LTI discrete-
time system given by:
y (n)   y (n  1)  x(n)
and y(-1)=1.
(c) Identify the zero-input response (ZIR), the zero-state response (ZSR), the natural
response (NR), the forced response (FR) and complete the table below:
Type of response Expression Reason
Zero-input response
Zero-state response
Natural response
Forced response
(d) Plot ZIR, ZSR, NR, FR and the complete response versus n.
 k
 1 1
Z +  x(n  k )  z  k  X  ( z )   x(n) z n  , Z + u (n)  , Z +  nu (n) 
 n 1  1 z 1
1   z 1
(e) Repeat (b)-(d) for x(n)  u (n  2) .
Q.22 A discrete-time dynamical LTI system is given by the following input-output
difference equation:
y ( n )  a1 y ( n  1)  a2 y ( n  2)  b0e( n )  b1e( n  1)  b2 e( n  2)
where y(n) and e(n) represent the output and the input signals, respectively.

(a) Rewrite the above equation in the form

y ( n)   a2 y ( n  2)  b2e( n  2)  a1 y ( n  1)  b1e( n  1)  b0e( n)
and draw the corresponding canonical form simulation by showing the signals at
all points on the simulation.
(b) Take a1  1, a2  0.5, b0  1, b1  0, b2  1 in the difference equation in part (a)
and compute the impulse response h(n) for n=0,1,2,…,7 ( y (1)  0, y (2)  0 ).
(c) Assign state variables to appropriate internal signals and obtain the
corresponding Canonical State Model Equations (or the Canonical State
Representation or the Canonical State Realization) corresponding to the
difference equation in part (a).
(d) Compute the impulse response using the state equations found in part (b).

Prof. Dr. Vedat Tavşanoğlu 13 14 April 2007

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SOLUTIONS
Q.6
1
(a) F  f  t  g  t   F  j  * G  j 
2
1
F  j  
  j
 
j j
G  j        o      o   e o
      o  e j     o  e  j  e o

We know that:
F  j   *    o   F  j   o  

Therefore:
1
H  j    F  f t  g t   
1
2   j 

*      o  e j     o  e j  
 cos   o sin   j cos   
H  j  
  j    o2
2

(b) Let
j
H  j 
1 2  j 
We also have
 cos   o sin   j cos   
H  j  
 2  o2   2  j 2  

Comparison of the two yields:


 cos   o sin   0  tan  
o
1
 cos  1  cos 

 2  o2  1  1 3
   o 
2  1  2 2

Therefore,
1
tan      30 o
3
3 2
cos    
2 3

Prof. Dr. Vedat Tavşanoğlu 14 14 April 2007

 Solutions for
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2 2 t
1
 3 
ht   e cos  t   u t 
3  2 6
(c)  0 H  j 0  0
 1 H  j 1  1  1  0
j3
H  j 3 
o
 3  0.351e  j 69.44
8  j 3
j5
H  j 5 
o
 5  0.204 e  j 78.23
24  j 5
4 
y t   2 cos t 
 
0.351
9
cos  3t  69.44 
0.204
25

cos 5t  78.23o    

4

y t   2 cos t  0.039 cos  3 t  69.44  0.00816 cos 5 t  78.23o  

  
1

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6
|H(jw)|

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
w

1.5

0.5
arg(H(jw))

-0.5

-1

-1.5
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
w

Q.7
 2
1   j 2 

1  j t  2 j 
(a) F  j   f t  e
 j t
dt   e  j t
dt   e  e e 2 
  2
j  2 j  

Prof. Dr. Vedat Tavşanoğlu 15 14 April 2007

 Solutions for
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  
sin  
 2 
F j    
2
1 2
Ck  F  j k o  where o 
To To
 k 
sin  
  To 
Ck 
To k
To

To
(b) If  N then we have,

  
sin  k 
1  N
Ck 
N 
k
N

1 sin m 
Since m  1,  2 ,  3 ,  and k  mN  Ck  0
N m

 k 
sin  
1  3 
N 3  Ck 
3 k
3

k 1 2 3 4
Ck 3 3 0 3

 2 4
Ck 3 3 0 3
 2 4
k 0 0  

Prof. Dr. Vedat Tavşanoğlu 16 14 April 2007

 Solutions for
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 o  Co 

 
f p  t     k cos  k o t   k  ;  k  2 Ck  for k  1
k 0  
 k  arg  Ck 
1 3 1 1 
f p t     cos o t   cos  2 o t   0  cos  4 ot  
3   2 4 

 
(c) g p t   2 f p  t    1
 2
f p t   Ck

ko k
  j j
f p  t    Ck e 2
 Ck e 3

 2

“  1 ” only affects Co as it is a DC term. Therefore

g 1 1
Co p  2  1  
3 3
For g p :
k 1 2 3 4
Ck 2 3 3 0 3
  2
k 3 2 3   4  
    
   3  3

1 2 3   1  2  1   
g p t      cos  o t    cos  2 ot    0  cos  4o t    
3 π   3 2  3  4  3 

dv t 
t
Q.8 (a) Given: v1 t   v2 t   2   v2 t dt
dt 0

Differentiating both sides, we get

dv1  t  dv2  t  d 2 v2  t 
   v2  t 
dt dt dt 2

The fourier transform of both sides yields

jV1  j   jV2  j    2 V2  j   V2  j 

Prof. Dr. Vedat Tavşanoğlu 17 14 April 2007

 Solutions for
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V  j  j
H  j   2 
V1  j  1   2  j

 1
H  j   
1    2 2 2
 2  1
1   
 

(b) Dividing both sides by cos we get

1
F  e t cos ot    u  t     j   2o tan2  2  j2  2 o tan 
cos    j    o   o    j 2  
Setting

 2  o2  1 , 2  1 , tan  
o

we obtain
1 1 
 , o  and 
2 2 4

Therefore
  2 t 
1
 1  j
2F e cos  t   u t    H  j
 1  o  j 
2
  2 4
hence

1
 t  1
ht   2e 2
cos t   u t 
 2 4

Q.9 (a)
x(t) can be written as

 a  a
xt   p t    p t  
 2  2

Prof. Dr. Vedat Tavşanoğlu 18 14 April 2007

 Solutions for
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The Fourier transform of x(t) yields
a a  a 
a a j j sin  
j j e e2 2
 2 
X  j   e 2 P  j   e 2 P  j   4
2 
hence
2
  a     a  
 sin     sin  2  
 a 
  j4   
 2 
X  j   4 j sin  
 2    
 
 

(b) From part (a), we can write

X 0  e j 0 P0  e  j 0 P0  0

Therefore from

1
X  j   X  j      X  0 
j
we obtain
1
Y  j  X  j
j
Now using the result of part (a), we get
2 2
 a   a 
1  sin 2   sin
2 
Y  j  X  j  4   a  a
2

j     
   2 

Q.10 (a) We know that the Fourier coefficients Ckx and Cky of x p (t ) and y p (t ) are given
as:

1
Ckx  X  j k o 
T0
1
Cky  Y  j k o 
T0

The fundamental period T0 of x p  t  and y p  t  is 2a . Therefore, the fundamental

1 1
frequency (frequency of the first harmonic) is given as: Fo   which yields
T0 2a

o  2 Fo  . Using this we obtain
a

Prof. Dr. Vedat Tavşanoğlu 19 14 April 2007

 Solutions for
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1  
Ckx  X  jk 
2a  a
1  
Cky  Y  j k 
2a  a
Let us now find C ky :
2
  
 a    k 
2
a  
2  sin k   sin k  2a  sin 2 
a a
C ky   2    2  2  
2a    2 k   k2
 a   
 k a   2 
 2 
 
2

k even  sin k   0
 2 
2 
  
k odd  sin k   1 
 2 

(b) According to the integration-in-time property the relationship between the

Fourier transforms of x(t) and y(t) is given as:

X  j  j Y  j

Substituting   k and dividing both sides with T0, we obtain
a
1    1  
X  jk   jk Y  jk 
T0  a a T0  a
Now considering that

1  
Ckx  X  jk 
T0  a
1  
Cky  Y  j k 
T0  a

the relationship between Ckx and Cky is obtained as:


C kx  jk C ky
a
Taking a  1 ,we obtain

Prof. Dr. Vedat Tavşanoğlu 20 14 April 2007

 Solutions for
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2
k   2

1  sin  2 (sin k )
Cky   2 and C x  2

2 k  
k
k
 2 
ck y and Im ck x  are sketched versus k below:

(c) From part (a) we can write

2
  
  sin k 
2
y p t   2   2  e jk t
 k    k 
 
 
where
 2 k odd
 for 
 k  k  0
2
2
  
2  
sin k 
2 k even
   0 for 
2  k   k  0
 
   1
 for k 0
 2
Therefore for k  0 , we can replace k with 2k '1 ; and for k  0 with 2k "1 , hence:

Prof. Dr. Vedat Tavşanoğlu 21 14 April 2007

 Solutions for
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2 1 1 1 2  1
y p t   2  e j  2 k " 1 t
  2 e j 2 k ' 1 t
 k " 2k "12
2  k '1 2k '12

which yields


1 4 1
y p t     2k  1 cos2k  1 t
2 2 k 1
2

or
1 4  1 1 
y p t    2  cos  t  cos 3 t  cos 5 t  
2   9 25 

y p t   C k
y
e jk t
k  

dy p  t  

dt
 
k 
j k  Cky e j k  t

Considering the integration-in-time property between x p (t ) and y p (t ) given above as

C kx  j k  C ky
we can write
dy p  t  

dt
 C e
k 
x
k
jk t
 xp t  Q.E.D.

Q.11 (a) The waveform in Fig.9b can be given as:

df t 
g t   
dt
Therefore its F.T. is:
2
 
 sin 2 
G  j    j F  j    j 

 
 2 
On the other hand the waveform in Fig.9c can be given as:

g  t  0.5 
whose F.T. is given as
2
  
 sin 
F  g  t  0.5  e j 0.5G  j    je j 0.5   2 
 
 2 

The waveform in Fig.9d is given with the function:

 g  t  0.5 
whose F.T. is computed as:

Prof. Dr. Vedat Tavşanoğlu 22 14 April 2007

 Solutions for
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2
  
 sin 
F  g  t  0.5  je j 0.5   2 
 
 2 

(b)
   o     o 
sin   sin 
1 1 1  2  1  2 
F  f  t  cos ot  F   o   F   o   
2 2 2   o 2   o
2 2

Q.12
(a) The block diagram for the difference equation

y  n   1.08 y  n  1  K   n   x  n 
is given below.

(b) The difference equation given above has two inputs: (i) K  (t ) and
(ii)  x(n)  r (n  1)  r (n  2)  r (n  3)  r (n  4) . Therefore we can first
find the response to K  (t ) , y1 (t ) , and then the response to –x(n), y2 (t ) and
add the two to obtain the complete response, y (t )  y1 (t )  y2 (t ) . In fact, the
response to K  (t ) will be Kx( the impulse response h(t) ) which can be found
as follows:

Since for  (t ) as the input the output is given as y(t)=h(t),the impulse response,
then we can write from the above difference equation

Prof. Dr. Vedat Tavşanoğlu 23 14 April 2007

 Solutions for
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h(n)  1.08h(n  1)   (t )
which yields

n0 h(0)  1.08 h(1)  1  1 as h(1)  y (1)  0

As  (n) disappears for n>0 we will have

n 1 h(1)  1.08 h(0)
n2 h(2)  1.08 h(1)  1.082 h(0)
... ....
... ....
nk h(k )  1.08k h(0)  1.08k

It follows from the above that

h(n)  1.08n u (n)

y1 (n)  Kh(n)  K1.08n u (n)

Now using  x(n)  r (n  1)  r (n  2)  r (n  3)  r (n  4) as the input the

difference equation for this input is given as:

y2 (n)  1.08 y2 (n  1)  x(n)

it is evident that

y2 (n)  rh(n  1)  rh(n  2)  rh(n  3)  rh(n  4)

Hence
y  n   y1  n   y2  n  
 K1.08n  r 1.08n 1 u  n  1  1.08n  2 u  n  2   1.08n 3 u  n  3  1.08n  4 u  n  4  
For we should have n  4 y  4   y1  4   y2  4   0
For n = 4 y(4)=0

y1 (4)  K1.084
y2 (4)  r 1.083  1.082  1.08  1
1.3604  101
1.36 K  4.506 r  0 r   3.019
4.506

Now that for n=4 y(4)=0 we should show that

y  n   y1  n   y2  n  for n  5

What we have proved above is that for n=4

y2 (4)   y1 (4)

Prof. Dr. Vedat Tavşanoğlu 24 14 April 2007

 Solutions for
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We also know that for n  5 y1  n   K1.08n u (n) will still be valid. However,
y2  n  will have to be recalculated as the input causing y2  n  has become zero
for n  5 . This is easily done as the difference equation for n  5 is obtained as

y2 (n)  1.08 y2 (n  1)

for n  5 with the initial condition

y2 (4)   y1 (4)   K1.084

Since the solution of this difference equation is given as

n5 y2 (5)  1.08 y2 (4)   1.085 K

and for n  5 we have
n5 y2 (n)   1.08n K
It is obvious that
y  n   y1  n   y2  n   0 for n  5 Q.E.D.

Q.13

3 1
y ( n)  y (n  1)  y (n  2)  x(n)  x(n  2)
2 4

For the impulse response we take

x(n)   (n) and y (1)  y (2)  0

Prof. Dr. Vedat Tavşanoğlu 25 14 April 2007

 Solutions for
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which yields
n  0  y (0)  1
3 3
n  1  y (1)  y (0)   0.866
2 2
3 1 3 1 1
n  2  y (2)  y (1)  y (0)  1    1  
2 4 4 4 2
3 1 3 3
n  3  y (3)  y (2)  y (1)     0.6495
2 4 4 8

3 1 9 1
n  4  y (4)  y (3)  y (2)     0.4375
2 4 16 8
3 1 7 3 3 3
n  5  y (5)  y (4)  y (3)     0.2165
2 4 32 32

Q.19

(a) h(t )  e  t u (t ) ;   0

h(t )  H ( j )  e
 t
u (t )e  jt dt

 
 e e  t  jt
dt   e  (  j ) t dt
0 0

1  e  jt
 e  (  j )t e  t

(  j ) 0 (  j ) 0

Prof. Dr. Vedat Tavşanoğlu 26 14 April 2007

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Since for t =  e  t  0 , we obtain


1 1  j tan 1
H ( j )   e 
  j  2  2

1
H ( j ) 
  2
2

1 1
H (0)  , H ( j ) 
 2
hence
1 H ( j ) 1
H (0)  , 
 H (0) 2

We can conclude that the 3-dB cutoff frequency and the 3-dB bandwith are given by
c  W3dB  

1 1
(b) F h(t ) cos 0t  H  j (  0 )   H  j (  0 ) 
2 2
1/ 2 1/ 2   j 
F e  t u (t ) cos 0t     H ( j )
  j (  0 )   j (  0 ) (  j )  0
2 2

Prof. Dr. Vedat Tavşanoğlu 27 14 April 2007

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1.4

1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

Bandpass
0.2
Lowpass
0
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30


A measure for testing whether H ( j ) represents a bandpass filter is

H ( j0 )
 1
H (0)

For   0
 
H (0) 
  0 2
2

For   0

   j0   j0
H ( j0 )   2
(  j0 )  0
2 2
  j 20
and for   0

   j0   j0 
H ( j0 )   2  H ( j0 )
(  j0 )  0
2 2
  j 20

   2  2
H ( j0 )  H ( j0 )  0

 4  4 2 2 0

Prof. Dr. Vedat Tavşanoğlu 28 14 April 2007

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 2   02

H ( j0 )  4  4 2 02 1  0 2
    
H (0)  2  
 2  0 2
Since   c

c
 1
0
implies that

H ( j0 )
 1
H (0)

hence H ( j ) represents a bandpass filter.

Q.21
(a)
 
Y ( z )   y (n)z
 n
  y(n)u(n) z n
 Z  y (n)u (n) Q.E.D.
n 0 n 

(b) One-sided z-transform of y (n)   y (n  1)  x(n) yields

Y  ( z )   z 1 Y  ( z )  y (1) z   X  ( z )
and we obtain

 X  ( z) z z
Y  ( z)  y ( 1)   y (1)  X  ( z )  Y1 ( z )  Y2 ( z )
1 z 1
1 z 1
z  z 

1
Since x(n)  u (n)  X ( z )  and the above yields
1  z 1

 X  ( z)  1
Y  ( z)  y ( 1)   y (1)  
1 z 1
1 z 1
1 z 1
(1   z )(1  z 1 )
1

z z2
 y (1) 
z  ( z   )( z  1)

Prof. Dr. Vedat Tavşanoğlu 29 14 April 2007

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Y2 ( z )
Expanding into partial fractions, we obtain
z
Y2 ( z ) z k k
  1  2
z ( z   )( z  1) z   z  1
where

Y2 ( z )  z   
k1  ( z   )    
z  z  z  1  z    1 1  
Y2 ( z )  1
k2  ( z  1)  
z  z 1 1  
Now we can write

 z 1 z  1 1 1
Y2 ( z )    
1   z   1   z 1 1   1   z 1
1   1  z 1

Taking the inverse transform of both sides gives

 n 1
y2 ( n )   u ( n)  u ( n)
1 1

On the other hand we have

  y (1) 
y1 (n)  Z -1
Y1

( z )  Z -1  1 
1   z 
  y (1) nu (n)

and finally the complete response is obtained as:

 n 1
y (n)  y zir (n)  yzsr (n)   y (1) nu (n)   u ( n)  u ( n)
1 1
1   n1
 y (1) n1u (n)  u ( n)
1

(c) The complete response is given as:

 X  ( z) z z
Y  ( z)  y ( 1)   y (1)  X  ( z )  Y1 ( z )  Y2 ( z )
1 z 1
1 z 1
z  z 
hence
   
y (n)  Z -1 Y  ( z )  Z -1 Y1 ( z )  Z -1 Y2 ( z )  y1 (n)  y2 (n)

where the first term is due to the initial value of the state, y (1) , and the second term is
due to the input, x(n) . Evidently, y1 (n) is obtained from y (n) when the input is is zero
and y2 (n) is obtained from y (n) when the initial value of the state, y (1) , is zero, that is:

Prof. Dr. Vedat Tavşanoğlu 30 14 April 2007

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y1 (n)  y (n) x ( n )0 , y2 (n)  y (n)  y ( 1)0

Henceforth y1 (n) and y2 (n) will be called the Zero-Input Response and the Zero-State
Response, respectively:
y1 (n)  y zir (n) and y2 (n)=y zsr (n)
Therefore
y (n)  Z -1 Y  ( z )  y zir (n)  yzsr (n)
i.e.,

Complete response (CR)= Zero-input response (ZIR) + Zero-state response (ZSR)

Now considering

z
Yzir ( z )  y (1)
z 
and
 z 1 z
Yzsr ( z )    Y  ( z )  Yzsr ( z )
  1 z   1   z  1 zsr 1 2

we see that Yzir ( z ) and Yzsr 1 ( z ) have the same denominator which is the denominator of the
transfer function and gives rise to same type of response. On the other hand, the denominator
1 z
of Yzsr ( z )  is the same as that of the z-transform of the input. Therefore we can
1  z 1
regroup the partial fractions according to their denominators which yields:
Terms due to the poles of the system function Terms due to the poles of X  ( z )
 
y ( n)  yzir (n)  yzsr1 (n)  y zsr2 (n)
 
Natural Response Forced Re sponse

The complete response is also given as:

Complete response =Natural response (NR) + Forced response (FR)

We also know that NR is due to the roots of the characteristic polynomial, i.e., the
denominator of the transfer function and FR is due to the denominator of the z-transform of
the input.

Now considering

 y (1) z
Y1 ( z ) 
z 
and

Prof. Dr. Vedat Tavşanoğlu 31 14 April 2007

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 z 1 z
Y2 ( z )  Y21 ( z )  Y22 ( z )  
 1 z   1   z 1
 z 1 z  1 1 1
Yzsr ( z )      Yzsr 1 ( z )  Yzsr 2 ( z )
1   z   1   z 1 1   1   z 1
1 1 z 1

we see that Y1 ( z ) and Y21 ( z ) have the same denominator which is the denominator of the
transfer function and gives rise to same type of response. On the other hand, the denominator
1 z
of Y22 ( z )  is the same as that of the z-transform of the input, hence the following:
1   z 1
Natural Response
    Forced Response

y2 (n)  y1 (n)  y21 (n)  y21 (n)

y2 ( n )  y1 (n)  y21 (n)  y21 (n)
  
Zero-input response Zero-state response

Type of response Expression Reason

Zero-input response y1 (n)  y (1) n1u (n) The part of CR originating
from the initial state value
only,i.e., y (n)  y1 (n) x ( n )0
Zero-state response 1   n1 The part of CR originating
y2 ( n )  u ( n) from the input only,i.e.,
1
y (n)  y2 (n)  y ( 1)0
Natural response  The part of CR originating
 y (1) nu (n)   nu ( n ) from the denominator of the
 1
transfer function
Forced response 1 The part of CR originating
u ( n) from the denominator of the
1
z-transform of input

  X  ( z)  1
Y ( z)  y (1)   y (1)  
1 z 1
1 z 1
1 z 1
(1   z )(1  z 1 )
1

 y (1) z z2
   Yzir ( z )  Yzsr ( z )
z  ( z   )( z  1)

 X  ( z)  1
Y  ( z)  y ( 1)   y (1)  
1 z 1
1 z 1
1 z 1
(1   z )(1  z 1 )
1

z z2
 y (1)   Y1 ( z )  Y2 ( z )
z  ( z   )( z  1)

Prof. Dr. Vedat Tavşanoğlu 32 14 April 2007

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hen
ce
 z 1 z  1 1 1
Yzsr ( z )      Yzsr 1 ( z )  Yzsr 2 ( z )
1   z   1   z 1 1   1   z 1
1 1 z 1

hence
   
y (n)  Z -1 Y  ( z )  Z -1 Y1 ( z )  Z -1 Y2 ( z )  y1 (n)  y2 (n)

where the first term is due to the initial value of the state, y (1) , and the second
term is due to the input, x(n) . Evidently, y1 (n) is obtained from y (n) when the
input is is zero and y2 (n) is obtained from y (n) when the initial value of the state,
y (1) , is zero, that is:

y1 (n)  y (n) x ( n )0 , y2 (n)  y (n)  y ( 1)0

Henceforth y1 (n) and y2 (n) will be called the Zero-Input Response and the Zero-
State Response, respectively:

 Yzsr 1 ( z )  Yzsr 2 ( z )

 n 1
y zsr (n)  y zsr1 (n)  yzsr2 (n)   u ( n)  u (n)
1 1

Prof. Dr. Vedat Tavşanoğlu 33 14 April 2007