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REPORTED SPEECH IN ENGLISH

1. Quando la reggente presenta un verbo al presente, futuro o passato prossimo, il
tempo verbale della frase riferita rimane invariato.
Es. Mark: “I don't want to go to school” Mark says he don't want to go to school
2. Quando la reggente presenta un verbo al passato, il tempo verbale della frase
riferita necessita di cambiamenti.

Direct speech Indirect speech

Present simple Past simple
He said “I go to school” He said he went to school
Present continuous Past continuous
He said “I'm going to school” He said he was going to school
Present perfect Past perfect
He said “I've gone to school” He said he had gone to school
Past simple Past perfect
He said “I went to school” He said he had gone to school
Past perfect Past perfect (No Change)
He said “I had gone to school” He said he had gone to school

Modal Verb
Direct speech Indirect speech
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Will Would+B.I./Would+Past infinitive.1
He said “I will go to school” He said he would go / would have gone to school
Can Could
He said “I can go to school” He said he could go to school
Must Had to
He said “I must go to school” He said he had to go to school
Shall Should
He said “What shall we learn?” He aked what we should learn
May Might
He said “May I open the door” He asked if he might open the door
Would Would (No Change)
He said “I would go to school” He said he would go to school
Could Could (No Change)
He said “I could go to school” He said he could go to school
Had to Had to (No Change)
He said “I had to go to school” He said he had to go to school
Should Should (No Change)
He said “I should go to school” He said he should go to school
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Con Will solitamente si utilizza il Present conditional (Would+B.I.), ma quando vogliamo specificare che non
è avvenuta l' azione descritta si usa il Past conditional (Would+Past infinitive)

Giacomo Gelmetti Inglese

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Conditional
Direct speech Indirect speech
Zero conditional Zero conditional (No Change)
He said “If water reaches 100°, it boils” He said if water reaches 100°, it boils
First conditional Second conditional
He said “If it rains, i will stay at home” He said if it rained, he would stay at home
Second conditional Second conditional
He said “If I was young, I was able to walk” He said if he was young, he was able to walk
Third conditional Third conditional
He said “If I had seen Mara, I would have told her” He said if he had seen Mara, he would have told

Time change
Direct speech Indirect speech
This (evening, day, morning,...) That (evening, day, morning,...)
Today2 Yesterday/That day2
Tommorrow The following day
Yesterday The day before
Last (week, Friday, year,...) The previous (week, Friday, year,...)
Next (week, Friday, year,...) The following (week, Friday, year,...)
A year ago A year before
Here There
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Con “today” si usa “that day” se ci si riferisce ad una azione avvenuta nello stesso giorno nel quale si riporta
la frase (nell' arco di 24 ore) altrimenti si utilizza “yesterday”

Giacomo Gelmetti Inglese