Acids Bases Salts

Example: HCl, HL, H2SO4 Tums, NaOH (Lye) NaCl, KCl, MgCl2
NH3
Ions: Contains ionizable H+ Contains ionizable Dissociates in
in H2O H+ is hydrated OH- aqueous solutions
H3O+ = hydronium
ion
f Taste: sour bitter salty
Electrolyte Strong or weak Strong or weak STRONG!
strength:
Effects on Litmus Blue -> red Red -> blue --
Paper:
Reactions: Acids react with Bases react with --
bases to form a salt acids to form salt +
and water H2O
NaOH + HCl -> H2O +
NaCL
Formation: Oxyacids formed formed by reaction of Forms from reaction
when reaction of metal oxide with of an acid and a base
nonmetal oxide and water
water Na2O + H2O -> 2
SO2+H2O -> H2SO3 NaOH
(Oxyacids: H2SO4, H3PO4, HNO3)

Arrhenius Acids and Bases:

-Acid: produces H3O+ in aqueous solution
HA + H2O <-> H3O+ + A- (NOTE: “A” is a variable)
-strong acids: ionize 100% (strong electrolytes)
( HCl HClO4 HBr HI HNO3 H2SO4 ) + H2O -> H3O+ + NO3-
-weak acids: ionize slightly (weak electrolytes)
HC2H3O2 (CH3COOH) <-> H3O+ = C2H3O2
-Base: produces OH- in aqueous solution
MOH <-> M++OH- (M = Metal)
-strong base: dissociates 100%
group one metal hydroxides and some of the group 2 metal hydroxides (Ca, Sr,
Ba) KOH
-weak base: ionize slightly
NH3 + H2O <-> NH4+ + OH-

BrØnsted-Lowry Acids and Bases:

-Acids: a molecule or ion that is a proton (H+) donor
all Arrhenius acids are BrØnsted Lowery acids where water is the H+ acceptor
-Base: a molecule or ion that is a proton (H+) acceptor
-EX: (conjugate acids and bases go “back the other direction”)

-Monoprotic Acids: an acid that can only donate one proton per molecule (HCl, HNO3,
HClO4)
-Polyprotic Acids: and acid that can donate mere than one proton per molecule (only 1
at a time)
Lewis Acids and Bases:
-Acid: an atom, ion or molecule that accepts an electron pair to form a covalent bond
(all transition metals are Lewis acids)
-Base: an atom, ion or molecule that donates an electron pair to form a covalent bond

Types of Acid/Base Acid Base

Arrhenius H3O+ producer OH- producer
BrØnsted-Lowry Proton (H+) producer Proton (H+) acceptor
Lewis Electron pair acceptor Electron pain donor

Conjugate Acids and Bases:

-base: the species that remains after a BrØnsted-Lowry acid has given up a proton
-acid: the species that is formed when a BL base gains a proton
Ex:

-Strength of Conjugate Acids and Bases:

* strong acid = weak conjugate base
* weak acid = strong conjugate base

Neutralization Reactions:
-the reaction of hydronium ions and hydroxide ions to form water molecules
-OH- + H+ <-> H2O (l)
-salt: an ionic compound composed of a cation from a base and an anion from
an acid

Acid Rain:
-Gases that can cause acid rain: NO, NO2, CO2, SO2
-sulfur dioxide produced from burning of coal and oil will be converted to sulfur tri-
oxide which reacts with water in the atmosphere to produce sulfuric acid
SO2+SO3+H2O -> H2SO4

Chapter 15:
-Self-Ionization of Water: two water molecules produce a hydronium ion and a
hydroxide ion by the transfer of a proton
-Equation: H2O + H2O <-> H3O+ + OH- (VERY weak electrolyte)
-Concentrations of Hydronium and Hydroxide Ions: [H3O+] = [OH-] = 1.0 x 10-7M (for 1
L .0000007 will ionize)

Neutral, Acidic and Basic Solutions:

-Acidic: [H3O] > [OH]
-Neutral: [H3O] = [OH]
-Basic: [H3O] < [OH]

Concentration constant of water: (Kw)

-Kw= [H3O] [OH] = 1.0 x 10-14 ALWAYS
-Kw= (1.0 x 10-7)(1.0 x 10-7) = 1.0 x 10-14 at 25oC
-You always will get the same Kw but you have different ways of getting there
pH = -log[H3O]

pOH = -log [OH-]

pH = pOH = 14 (see above)

pH --(14-pH) pOH –(10(-pOH)) [OH-] –(1.0 x 10-14/[OH-])  [H3O+] –(-log[H3O]) pH

Indicators and pH meters:

-pH meters and indicators tell concentration of a solution
-the range over which an indicator changes color is called its transition interval

Titration:

-“goal” to find concentration of unknown solution

-stop adding when completely reacted (moles are equal) = end
point use indicator to show
-equivalence point: solutions in chemically equivalent quantities
-end point: indicator changes color (must have correct indicator)
-the solution containing a precisely known concentration of a solute
is called a standard solution

The Math:
-only use <-> when you have a weak acid and base
-end point bromythal blue = pH 7 = equivalence point in strong acid and strong base
(green)
-solid metals reacting with acids give off H2 and salt
-phosphoric acid has three “steps” – 3 hydrogens to lose

1) find moles unknown: molarity x volume = moles

2) find the moles of unknown (balanced equation): (mol known)(mol ratio) = mols
unknown
3) find molarity or unknown: mols/liters