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ESPECTROSCOPIA NO ULTRAVIOLETA
•Verde: 490-570 nm
•Laranja: 585-620 nm
•Vermelho: 620-780 nm
ESPECTROSCOPIA NO ULTRAVIOLETA
Types of Transitions
• σ to σ * (alkanes)
• σ to π * (carbonyl compounds)
• π to π * (alkenes, carbonyl compounds, alkynes, azo compounds)
•η to σ * (oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and halogen compounds)
•η to π* (carbonyl compounds)
The UV Absorption process
σ → σ* and σ → π* transitions: high‐energy, accessible in vacuum UV (λmax <150 nm).
Not usually observed in molecular UV‐Vis.
•Any of these require that incoming photons match in energy the gap
corrresponding to a transition from ground to excited state.
•Energies correspond to a 1‐photon of 300 nm light are ca. 95 kcal/mol
IMPORTÂNCIA
Many organic molecules have chromophores that absorb UV
UV absorbance is about 1000 x easier to detect per mole than
NMR
Still used in following reactions where the chromophore
changes. Useful because timescale is so fast, and sensitivity so
high. Kinetics, esp. in biochemistry, enzymology.
Most quantitative Analytical chemistry in organic chemistry is
conducted using HPLC with UV detectors
One wavelength may not be the best for all compound in a
mixture.
Affects quantitative interpretation of HPLC peak heights
π*
What are the π*
π*
π*
π* π*
Example
for a
π* π* π* simple
nature of these n n n
enone
absorptions? π
π
π
π
π
π
π‐π*; λmax=218 n‐π*; λmax=320
ε=11,000 ε=100
Example: π → π* transitions responsible for ethylene UV absorption at ~170 nm
hν 170nm photon
• Phosphorescence: absorption of
radiation to an excited state, followed by
emission of radiation to a lower state of
different multiplicity
• Singlet state: spins are paired, no net
angular momentum (and no net magnetic
field)
• Triplet state: spins are unpaired, net
angular momentum (and net magnetic
field)
Experimental details
What compounds show UV spectra?
Generally think of any unsaturated compounds as good candidates.
Conjugated double bonds are strong absorbers
Just heteroatoms are not enough but C=O are reliable
Most compounds have “end absorbance” at lower frequency.
Unfortunately solvent cutoffs preclude observation.
You will find molar absorbtivities ε in L•cm/mol, tabulated.
Transition metal complexes, inorganics
Solvent must be UV grade (great sensitivity to impurities with double
bonds)
The NIST databases have UV spectra for many compounds
The Quantitative Picture
• Transmittance:
P0 P
T = P/P0 (power in) (power out)
• Absorbance:
A = ‐log10 T = log10 P0/P B(path through sample)
• The Beer‐Lambert Law (a.k.a. Beer’s Law):
A = εbc
Where the absorbance A has no units, since A = log10 P0 / P
ε is the molar absorbtivity with units of L mol‐1 cm‐1
b is the path length of the sample in cm
c is the concentration of the compound in solution, expressed in mol L‐1 (or M, molarity)
An Electronic Spectrum
Make solution of
concentration low
enough that A≤ 1
(Ensures Linear Beer’s
law behavior)
1.0
λmaxwith certain extinction Even though a dual beam
ε UV Visible
goes through a solvent
blank, choose solvents
that are UV transparent.
Can extract the ε value if
conc. (M) and b (cm) are
known
Absorbance
UV bands are much
broader than the
photonic transition
event. This is because
vibration levels are
superimposed on UV.
0.0
200 400 800
Wavelength, λ, generally in nanometers (nm)