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Financial Terms related to Value

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VALUE
Adjusted present value

• Abbreviated APV. The net present value analysis of an asset if financed solely by
equity (present value of un-levered cash flows), plus the present value of any
financing decisions (levered cashflows). In other words, the various tax shields
provided by the deductibility of interest and the benefits of other investment tax
credits are calculated separately. This analysis is often used for highly
leveragedtransactions such as a leverage buy-out.

Annualized net present value anpv approach

• An approach to evaluating unequal-lived projects that converts the net present


value of unequal-lived, mutually exclusive projects into an equivalent (in NPV terms)
annual amount.

Assessed value
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• Is the taxable basis of a property. It is imposed by the municipality. Often it is at a


fraction of the market value. Equally, as important, is the rate of taxation on that
assessed value. Assessed values may differ substantially from market values and
appraised values.

Bond value

• With respect to convertible bonds, the value the security would have if it were not
convertible apart from the conversion option.

Book value

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• A company's book value is its total assets minus intangible assets and liabilities,
such as debt. A company's book value might be more or less than its market value.

• The strict accounting value of an asset, calculated by subtracting its accumulated


depreciation from installed cost. Also, the total value of common equity at the date of
the balance sheet.

• Usually Book Value per Share. Calculated by dividing the net worth of a company
(common stock plus retained earnings) by the number of shares outstanding. This is
the accounting value of a share of stock, the value of the company's assets that a
shareholder would theoretically receive if a company were liquidated.
The book value may have no similarity to the actual cost per share on the stock
market (called market value), or even to the sum of money that the shareholder
would receive if the company dissolved. Companies that are running their
businesses very successfully may sell at many times their book value, while those
doing poorly may sell at a discount to their book value.
Increasing book value generally indicates that the company is accumulating assets
faster than debt - a good sign. Decreasing book value may be due to research and
development expenses, writing down assets, losing money from operations, or
issuing more shares.

• The value at which a debt security is shown on the holder's balance sheet. Book
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value is often acquisition cost + amortization accretion, which may differ markedly
from market value. It can be further defined as "tax book," "accreted book," or
"amortized book" value.

Book value per share

• The amount per share of common stock that would be received if all of the firm's
assets were sold for their exact book (accounting) value and the proceeds remaining
after paying all liabilities (and preferred shares) were divided among the common
shareholders.

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• The ratio of stockholder equity to the average number of common shares. Book
value per share should not be thought of as an indicator of economic worth, since it
reflects accounting valuation (and not necessarily market valuation).

• See Book Value.

Book value weights

• Weights that use accounting values to measure the proportion of each type of
capital in the firm's financial structure; used in calculating the weighted average cost
of capital.

Carrying value

• Book value.

Cash surrender value

• An amount the insurance company will pay if the policyholder ends a whole life
insurance policy.

Conversion or stock value

• The value of a convertible security measured in terms of the market price of the
common shares into which it can be converted.

Conversion value
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• Also called parity value, the value of a convertible security if it is converted


immediately.

Current principal value

• Is the adjusted outstanding amount of mortgage indebtedness. It is computed by


multiplying the initial principal amount by the Current Principal Factor. This factor
reflects any accretions in part due to negative amortization, any ordinary principal
payments and accelerated principal payments. The greater the divergence between
the ordinary expectation for principal and current principal amount is a reflection of

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the prepayment events.

Economic value added

• Abbreviated EVA. A popular measure, used by many firms to determine whether


an investment contributes positively to the owners' wealth; calculated by subtracting
the cost of funds used to finance an investment from its after-tax operating profits.

Exercise value

• The amount of advantage over a current market transaction provided by an in-the-


money option.

Expected value

• The weighted average of a probability distribution.

• Is viewed as an anticipated, theoretical or fair value for an instrument.

Expected value of a return

• The most likely return on a given asset.

Expected value of perfect information

• The expected value if the future uncertain outcomes could be known minus the
expected value with no additional information.

Extraordinary positive value


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• A positive net present value.

Extrinsic value

• Is the time value component of an option premium.

Face value

• See: Par value.

• See Par.

Face value of a bond

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• The value that appears on the face of a bond that indicates the bond s value at its
maturity date.

Fair value

• Is viewed as the indifference point from a modeling perspective as to whether to


buy or sell an instrument or market. If the market price were higher than fair value it
would suggest selling the security. If the security was trading at less than fair value it
would suggest buying it. When coupled with related derivative instruments, the
approach becomes an arbitrage one.

Fair value difference

• Is the disparity between an instrument s trading price and its computed value.

Firm's net value of debt

• Total firm value minus total firm debt.

Future value

• The amount of cash at a specified date in the future that is equivalent in value to a
specified sum today.

• The value of a present amount at a future date found by applying compound


interest over a specified period of time.
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• Suppose you invest $100 at 10% for 1 year. At the end of one year, you will receive
100 + 0.1 x 100 = (1 + 0.1) x l00 = $110. This amount, $110 is called the future value
of $100 invested at 10% for 1 year.

Future value interest factor

• The multiplier used to calculate at a specified interest rate, the future value of a
present amount as of a given time.

Future value interest factor for an annuity

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• The multiplier used to calculate the future value of an ordinary annuity at a
specified interest rate over a given period of time.

Interest discounted annually present value of reversion

• Is calculated by the following formula:

Amount = (1 + interest rate)-t or, Amount = __1___ (1 + i)t where i is the interest rate
and t is expressed decimally (.05 for 5 percent). Also, t is the time and .5 refers to
1/2 of a year, 2 equals 2 years and 7.75 equals 7 3/4 years.

Interest impact on present value of ordinary annuity of 1 per period

• Is calculated by the following formula:

Amount = 1 -[1/(1+i)t] i where i is the interest rate and t is expressed decimally (.05
for 5 percent). Also, t is the time and .5 refers to 1/2 of a year, 2 equals 2 years and
7.75 equals 7 3/4 years.

Intrinsic value

• Is the amount that an option is in-the money.

Intrinsic value common stock

• Inherent worth.

Intrinsic value of a firm


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• The present value of a firm's expected future net cash flows discounted by the
required rate of return.

Intrinsic value of an option

• The amount by which an option is in-the-money. An option which is not in-the-


money has no intrinsic value. Related: in-the-money.

Intrinsic value warrant

• The positive difference between the current market price of a firm's common

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shares and the exercise price of the warrant.

Investment value

• Related: straight value.

Liquidation value

• Net amount that could be realized by selling the assets of a firm after paying the
debt.

• Is the expected or realized value of cash remaining after a complete liquidation


occurs.

Liquidation value per share

• The actual amount per share that would be received if all of the firm's assets were
sold for their market value, liabilities (and preferred shares) are paid, and any
remaining money were divided among the common shareholders.

Loan value

• The amount a policy holder may borrow against a whole life insurance policy at the
interest rate specified in the policy.

Market value

• The price at which a security is trading and could presumably be purchased or


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sold.

• (1) The price at which a security is trading and could presumably be purchased or
sold. (2) The value investors believe a firm is worth; calculated by multiplying the
number of shares outstanding by the current market price of a firm's shares.

• The price at which a security is trading and could presumably be purchased or


sold. Market Value accounting reflects the current prices of all assets and liabilities.

• The price at which investors buy or sell a share of common stock or a bond at a
given time. Market value is determined by the interaction between buyers and

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sellers.

• Is the value of an open position. It is determined by multiplying the known or


implied prevailing price by the quantity.

Market value ratios

• Ratios that relate the market price of the firm's common stock to selected financial
statement items.

Market value weighted index

• An index of a group of securities computed by calculating a weighted average of


the returns on each security in the index, with the weights proportional to
outstanding market value.

Market value weights

• Weights that use market values to measure the proportion of each type of capital in
the firm's financial structure; used in calculating the weighted average cost of capital.

Maturity value

• Related: par value.

Net adjusted present value

• The adjusted present value minus the initial cost of an investment.


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Net asset value

• NAV is the price of a share in a mutual fund or investment company. This price is
calculated once or twice daily. Net asset value is the amount by which the assets'
value exceeds the company's liabilities. It is calculated by adding up the market
value of all securities owned by the company, subtracting the company's liabilities,
and dividing this value by the number of shares of the company outstanding. Thus,
the NAV indicates the current buying or selling price of a share in an investment
company.

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• Abbreviated NAV. The value of a fund's investments. For a mutual fund, the net
asset value per share usually represents the fund's market price, subject to a
possible sales or redemption charge. For a closed end fund, the market price may
vary significantly from the net asset value.

• Abbreviated NAV. The value of a Mutual Fund share calculated once a day, based
on the closing market price for each security in the fund's portfolio. It is computed by
deducting the fund's liabilities from the total assets of the portfolio and dividing this
amount by the number of shares outstanding.

• Refers to the value of a share or unit of investment. It is computed by adjusting the


market value of all investments by the liabilities. Then this net dollar amount is
divided by the number of shares or units outstanding. Unless there are additional
charges to be imposed upon redemption, the Net Asset Value becomes the bid and
transaction market price. Most open end funds only calculate transactional net asset
values once a day based on the closing and settlement prices.

Net book value

• The current book value of an asset or liability; that is, its original book value net of
any accounting adjustments such as depreciation.

Net present value


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• Abbreviated NPV. The present value of the expected future cash flows minus the
cost.

• Abbreviated NPV. A sophisticated capital budgeting technique; found by


subtracting a project's initial investment from the sum of the present value of its cash
inflows discounted at a rate equal to the firm's cost of capital.

• NPV shows the change in wealth as a result of taking a project. NPV is computed
as the discounted cash flows. To maximize wealth, take all projects with positive
NPV and reject all projects with negative NPV.

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• Is one of the building block processes for finance. It provides a methodology for
evaluating and pricing securities and projects. In a simple case it is the discount
mechanism for a zero coupon security. Here, there is one payment predicated either
on interest or principal. By knowing the time left to maturity, assuming no option
features, and knowing the discount rate, one can price or evaluate the zero coupon.
Pricing bonds is an extension of this process. Now, instead of evaluating, one
payment, there is an entire interest and principal payment stream. For equities, the
process evaluates expected cash or dividend flows and the residual value of the
enterprise. Complexity arises when there are multiple discount rates (bids and
offers), yield curve shapes, and credit differences. Even the selection of discrete,
compounding or accretion modeling can make a substantial impact on the value of a
simple zero coupon bond.

Net present value approach

• An approach to capital rationing that is based on the use of present values to


determine the group of projects that will maximize owners' wealth.

Net present value of future investments

• The present value of the total sum of NPVs expected to result from all of the firm's
future investments.
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Net present value of growth opportunities

• A model valuing a firm in which net present value of new investment opportunities
is explicitly examined.

Net present value profiles

• A table and/or graph that shows the net present value for a project at various
discount rates.

Net present value rule

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• An investment is worth making if it has a positive NPV. Projects with negative
NPVs should be rejected.

Net salvage value

• The after-tax net cash flow for terminating the project.

Original face value

• The principal amount of the mortgage as of its issue date.

Par value

• Also called the maturity value or face value, the amount that the issuer agrees to
pay at the maturity date.

Par value stocks

• Is the accounting term for the capitalization of the equity. It is usually arbitrary.

Parity value

• Related: conversion value

Present value

• The amount of cash today that is equivalent in value to a payment, or to a stream


of payments, to be received in the future.

• The current dollar value of a future amount. The amount of money that would have
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to be invested today at a given interest rate over a specified period to equal the
future amount.

• Suppose you wish to receive $110 one year from now. How much must you invest
today at 10%? We already know the answer: $100. $100 is called the present value
of $110 at 10%.

• The value today of a future payment or stream of payments, discounted at some


appropriate interest rate.

Present value factor

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• Factor used to calculate an estimate of the present value of an amount to be
received in a future period.

Present value interest factor

• The multiplier used to calculate at a specified discount rate the present value of an
amount to be received in a future period.

Present value interest factor for an annuity

• The multiplier used to calculate the present value of an annuity at a specified


discount rate over a given period of time.

Present value of a future payment

• The value today of a future payment discounted at an appropriate rate of interest.

Present value of growth opportunities

• (NPV) Net present value of investments the firm is expected to make in the future.

Price value of a basis point

• Abbreviated PVBP. Also called the dollar value of a basis point, a measure of the
change in the price of the bond if the required yield changes by one basis point.

Relative value
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• The attractiveness measured in terms of risk, liquidity, and return of one instrument
relative to another, or for a given instrument, of one maturity relative to another.

• The ratio of the current PE to the five-year Average PE. It measures whether the
current value of the stock is less or more than the average value that investors were
willing to pay during the last five years.
The current PE is affected by current price and earnings. The average PE depends
upon any changes made to average high and low PEs. Attractively valued stocks
have a relative value of one or less. A range of about 0.75 to 1.10 may be

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acceptable. Lower relative values may indicate a risky situation.

• Is the comparative analysis between two or more assets. It is also a form of spread
trading.

• The attractiveness measured in terms of risk, liquidity, and return of one instrument
relative to another, or for a given instrument, of one maturity relative to another.

Replacement value

• Current cost of replacing the firm's assets.

Residual value

• Usually refers to the value of a lessor's property at the time the lease expires.

Salvage value

• The net amount received after tax when a project is terminated and an asset is
sold.

• Is the amount remaining after a depreciated useful life. It refers to the residual or
recoverable value of a depreciated asset. It should be noted that the gross salvage
value may be adjusted by a removal or disposal cost. This adjustment would lower
the gross salvage value.

• Scrap value of plant and equipment.


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Standardized value

• Also called the normal deviate, the distance of one data point from the mean,
divided by the standard deviation of the distribution.

Stated value

• The value of of the preferred share on the issue date. Ususally $10, $20, $25, $50
or $100. Preferred shares receive a dividend that is based on the state value and it
is constant as long as the preferred share remains outstanding.

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• See Par.

Straight bond value

• The price at which a convertible bond would sell in the market without the
conversion feature.

Straight value

• Also called investment value, the value of a convertible security without the con-
version option.

Surrender value

• The amount that an insurance policyholder is entitled to receive when he or she


discontinues coverage.

Terminal value

• The value of a bond at maturity, typically its par value, or the value of an asset (or
an entire firm) on some specified future valuation date.

• Refers to the financial remainder, residual amount, or end-of-process (life)


valuation. Some examples are the remaining value of an expired option or hedge
position. It may also refer to a non-discounted or discounted financial value for an
investment.

Time value
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• Has two general meanings. The first is the value or amount of a sum of money
adjusted by an interest rate for a given time period. The second common usage is in
the context of options. Here, it defines the amount of premium attributed to the
remaining term of the option after factoring out any in-the money component. Is
multiplicative factor which is dependent on the time remaining to expiration and the
attendant volatility. However, time value is not proportional but tends to more nearly
approximate a square root function.

Time value of an option

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• The portion of an option's premium that is based on the amount of time remaining
until the expiration date of the option contract, and that the underlying components
that determine the value of the option may change during that time. Time value is
generally equal to the difference between the premium and the intrinsic value.
Related: in-the-money.

Time value of money

• The idea that a dollar today is worth more than a dollar in the future, because the
dollar received today can earn interest up until the time the future dollar is received.

Undervalued

• A stock selling below the liquidation value or the market value that analysts believe
it deserves. Fundamental Analysts try to spot such companies to buy them before
they become fully valued. For example, a stock may be undervalued because the
industry is out of favor, or because the company is not well known or has an erratic
history of earnings.

Unit value

• (1) In terms of Mutual Funds, members buy shares of the fund that are worth a
specified amount the unit value and that amount changes proportionally with the
success or failure of the stocks in the mutual fund. This ensures that each member's
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share in the success or failure of the stocks is proportionate to their investment. (2)
In terms of Invesment Clubs, a method of distributing earnings or sharing in losses,
proportional to members investment, is to designate a unit value that allows
members to choose how much they wish to invest. Each unit value is proportionally
affected by the success or failure of the club's chosen stocks. This way, members
can invest different amounts in the club without having to share equally in the
earnings or losses.

Utility value

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• The welfare a given investor assigns to an investment with a particular return and
risk.

Value added tax

• Method of indirect taxation whereby a tax is levied at each stage of production on


the value added at that specific stage.

Value additivity principal

• Prevails when the value of a whole group of assets exactly equals the sum of the
values of the individual assets that make up the group of assets. Stated differently,
the principle that the net present value of a set of independent projects is just the
sum of the net present values of the individual projects.

Value at risk

• Is the methodology which measures the sensitivity of a portfolio or firm's position


with parametric statistical techniques. It uses historical information to estimate the
impact of various standard deviation events upon the value of the holdings and the
associated impact on earnings.

Value at risk model

• Abbreviated VAR. Procedure for estimating the probability of portfolio losses


exceeding some specified proportion based on a statistical analysis of historical
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market price trends, correlations, and volatilities.

Value date

• In the market for Eurodollar deposits and foreign exchange, value date refers to the
delivery date of funds traded. Normally it is on spot transactions two days after a
transaction is agreed upon and the future date in the case of a forward foreign-
exchange trade.

• In the market for Eurodollar deposits and foreign exchange, value date refers to the
delivery date of funds traded. Normally it is on spot transactions two days after a

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transaction is agreed upon and the future date in the case of a forward foreign
exchange trade.

Value dating

• A procedure used by non-U.S. banks to delay, often for days or even weeks, the
availability of funds deposited with them.

• Refers to when value or credit is given for funds transferred between banks.

Value fund or value stocks

• A fund that invests in stocks with prices that are below average in relation to their
current earnings because they are considered to have below-average growth
prospects.

Value funds

• Are mutual or hedge funds which invest in apparently undervalued companies.


These companies on a quantitative basis may exhibit lower-than-average ratios,
such as price/earnings, price/sales, or book value. Nevertheless, these stocks are
viewed by participants as being bargain priced or value attractive.

Value line financial strength

• A ranking assigned by the Value Line Investment Survey which rates companies in
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ten categories according to their financial strength, from A+ (excellent) to C


(poorest).

Value line safety

• A ranking assigned by the Value Line Investment Survey which assesses a


company's financial strength and measures the total risk of investing in the stock.
The ranking ranges from 1 to 5, with 1 the highest, 3 is average, and 5 is lowest.

Value manager

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• A manager who seeks to buy stocks that are at a discount to their fair value and
sell them at or in excess of that value. Often a value stock is one with a low price to
book value ratio.

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