Power Transformer Articles - Power Transformer Co

Power Transformer Articles - Power Transformer Co.
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Transformer Articles
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Power Step Up and Step

Down
Transformer
Transformers to
Manufacturers Power
ACME Transformers transformers to
step-up ( raise) or
AMVECO step-down (lower)
Transformers the electrical
voltage.
Federal Pacific Power Transformer Articles
Transformers Isolation
Marcus Transformer
Each one of our articles is pack with useful information Transformers
allows signal or
on transformers. Our goal is to educate and inform you
power to be taken
Hammond on all aspect of transformer. These articles cover a from one device
Transformers
wide range of subjects from how to select a and fed into
TEMCo Transformers transformer, the different type of metals used in another without
transformer and how it affects the efficiency of the electrically
GE Transformers connecting the
transformer. two.
Jefferson Electric
Make sure you read
Transformers To Order Power Toroidal
each one of these
more power articles you will not be Transformers We Transformers are
devices that
transformer brands
wasting your time and Recommend TEMCo transfer electrical
the knowledge you gain Ph: 1-800-613-2290 energy from one
electric circuit to
will help you in all your Or 1-510-490-2187 another, without
transformer decisions. Link: Power Transformer changing the
frequency, by
1. Top 20 Things to Know Before Selecting A Power Transformer - This is a great article electromagnetic
to help educate and inform you on how to select the right transformer before you buy. It induction.
will help you make an informed decision and covers questions including, What voltage
power output do you need?, will it be singe phase or three phase?, etc. We answer the Custom
20 most asked questions so you can be well informed and choose the right transformer Transformers are
designed to meet
for the job. Choosing the right transformer can be a daunting task for the inexperienced.
certain
This section takes the first step toward becoming a confident, knowledgeable consumer. performance
This article addresses the process of choosing these transformers at its most specifications and
fundamental level. size requirement
that you require.
2. How Does Transformer Manufacturer Company Brand Affect Power Transformer There is a wide
Quality? - For manufacturers of large power transformers, product design and features range of custom
transformer types.
seem fairly standard. But different manufacturers offer unique features. There are
several standards such as ASTM D 3487 and IEEE Standard C57.12.90. Quality Buck Boost
transformers can have a significant impact on cost. Did you know that some Transformers is a
transformer brands improved materials, design and quality can save you 30%, or more, ideal solution for
in energy cost? Understanding the differences can play a key role in making an changing line
voltage by small
informed selection.
amounts. Often
used to buck
3. How Does Winding Metal Type Change a Transformers Properties? - Gain knowledge
(lower), or boost
on how the winding and the type of metal used can change transformer properties. The (raise) the voltage
conducting material used for the winding depends upon the application. Small power from 208v to 240v
and signal transformers are often wound with solid copper wire. Larger power for lighting
applications.
transformers may be wound with copper wire, or aluminum and may include rectangular
conducts. When copper wiring is used it will increase the efficiency of the transformer
Pole Mounted
and will generally generate a lot less heat. Read more to learn about the many other Transformers are
efficiencies gained by choosing a transformer with a metal composition that is fit for your mounted to poles
needs. for overhead
electrical lines.
4. Understanding Power Transformer "K-Factor Rating" - A great informational article on Used in various
what "K-Factor Rating" is and the effects they have on transformer choice. The K-Factor applications. Are
available in single
rating assigned to a transformer and marked on the transformer case in accordance with
phase or three
the listing of Underwriter Laboratories. It is an index of the transformer's ability to phase
supply harmonic content in its load current while remaining within its operating transformers.
temperature limits.
Medium Voltage
5. Top 10 Things to Consider When Choosing a Custom Transformer Manufacturer - Our Transformers are
top 10 things to consider when choosing a manufacturer will help you in the selection of used with a
picking the correct manufacturer. You need to look for manufacturer that will offer you medium range of
voltages. They
http://www.powertransformer.us/transformerarticles.htm[5/10/2011 2:23:50 PM]

quality, integrity, and service. Buying a transformer can be a large investment, you come in a full
should evaluate it carefully and the first thing you need to consider is quality. range from liquid-
filled, convention
6. Understanding Transformer Noise - Noise is defined as unwanted sound. dry type as well
Transformer "humming" has been known to soothe people but generally it is thought to as cast coil.
be a nuisance. The causes and reduction of transformer noise has come to prominence
again. When placing a transformer it is becoming necessary to locate these units Pad Mounted
Transformers are
carefully and some planning. The best rule is plan ahead. One of the questions asked –
a excellent choice
“what proportion of the transformer noise is contributed by the windings and does the for commercial and
noise increase as the load increases?”. This article discuss what causing the noise and industrial such as
what precautions you can take to avoid transformer noise. manufacturing
facilities,
refineries, office
buildings, schools,
hospitals,
Power Transformer Information: restaurants, and
retail stores. They
come in various
sizes and can be
Power Power Transformer Power Transformer used underground
Transformer Types Term Definitions as well.
Manufacturer Step-Up Transformers - Electrical Transformers - High Voltage

A Step-Up Transformer is Electrical Transformers are Transformers
ACME Transformers -
one whose secondary devices used to raise or typically these
With Acme Electric
voltage is greater than its lower the voltage of voltage
being in business over
primary voltage. This kind alternating current. For transformers are
80 years, they have
of transformer "steps up" instance, power is used in power
always believed in
the voltage applied to it. - transported over long transmission
offering there
Step-Down distance in high voltage applications. High
customers superior
Transformers - A Step- power lines and then voltage
service, quality and
Down Transformer is transformers lower the transformers are
technical expertise in
designed to reduce voltage voltage so that the power also used in
the transformer market.
from primary to can be used by a business microwave.
AMVECO
secondary. They can range or household.
Transformers -
from sizes from .05 KVA to Isolating Transformers -
AMVECO designs and
500 KVA An Isolating Transformer is a
manufactures toroids
Isolation Transformers - transformer, often with
transformers, current
An Isolation Transformer is symmetrical windings, which
transformers, and auto
a device that transfers is used to decouple two
transformers. Most
energy from the alternating circuits. An Isolation
AMVECO products are
current (AC) supply to an transformer allows an AC
custom designed
electrical or electronic signal or power to be taken
utilizing their state-of-
load. It isolates the from one device and fed into
art proprietary CAD
windings to prevent another without electrically
programs. The AMVECO
transmitting certain types connecting the two circuits.
engineers can quickly
of harmonics. Isolation transformers block
generate designs in a
Buck Boost transmission of DC signals
matter of hours, if
Transformers - Buck from one circuit to the other,
needed.
Boost Transformers make but allow AC signals to
Federal Pacific
small adjustments to the pass.
Transformers -
incoming voltage. They are Transmission Power Lines
Federal Pacific is a
often used to change - A Transmission Line is the
division of Electro-
voltage from 208v to 240v material medium or structure
Mechanical Corporation,
for lighting applications. that forms all or part of a
a privately held,
Major advantages of Buck path from one place to
American owned
boost transformers include; another for directing the
company founded in
low cost, compact size and transmission of energy, such
1958. Federal pacific
light weight. as electromagnetic or
offers dry-type
High Voltage acoustic waves as well as
transformers from .050
Transformer - There are electric power
KVA through 10,000
many different types of transmission. Components of
KVA single and three
voltage transformers. A transmission lines include
phase, up to 34.5 KV,
High Voltage Transformer wires, coaxial cables,
150 KV BIL with UL
operates with high dielectric slabs, option fibers,
approval through 15 KV.
voltages. Typically, these electric power lines, and
Marcus Transformer -
voltage transformers are waveguides.
Ever since they opened
used in power transmission Transformer Voltage - The
their doors for business
applications, where measure of the amount of
a half a century ago,
voltages are high enough force on a unit charge
they have been a leader
to present a safety hazard. because of the surrounding
in innovative
Medium Voltage charge.
transformer design. As
Transformers - A Medium Transformer Phase - Most
a family-owned
Voltage Transformer can be transformer are either single
company they are
connected directly to a phase or three phase.
proud of the reputation
primary distribution circuit Transformer Frequency -
they have earned for
and generally has the most The transformer cannot
making quality-built
load diversity. These change the frequency of the
transformers that
voltage transformers have supply. If the supply is 60
deliver exceptional
installation practices that hertz, the output will also be
performance and
are generally in accordance 60 hertz.
savings.
with application Transformer K Factor -
Hammond
recommendations from the Some transformers are now
Transformers -

Institute of Electrical and being offered with a k-factor

Hammond
Electronic Engineers (IEEE). rating. This measure the
Manufacturing was
Low Voltage transformer's ability to
founded in 1917 in
Transformers - A Low withstand the heating effects
Guelph, Ontario,
Voltage Transformer is an of non-sinusoidal harmonic
Canada. In the last 3
electrical device that currents produced by much
decades it has
transforms 120 volts (line of today's electronic
expanded to the US and
voltage) into 12 volts or 24 equipment and certain
the international
volts (low voltage). Some electrical equipment.
markets offering many
uses for low voltage Primary Voltage - The coil
types of power
transformer are in winding that is directly
transformers.
landscaping lighting. connected to the input
TEMCo Transformers
Single Phase power.
- TEMCo Transformer, a
Transformers - In Secondary Voltage - The
family-owned business
electrical engineering, coil winding supplying the
which has been
single-phase electric power output voltage.
manufacturing and
refers to the distribution of Harmonic Cancellation -
distributing electrical
electric power using a Harmonic cancellation is
products since 1968.
system in which all the performed with harmonic
They focus on
voltages of the supply vary canceling transformers also
transformers that
in unison. Single-phase known as phase-shifting
significantly reduce
distribution is used when transformers. A harmonic
power consumption over
loads are mostly lighting canceling transformer is a
30 percent compared to
and heating, with few large relatively new power quality
competitive makes.
electric motors. product for mitigating
GE Transformers - GE
Three Phase harmonic problems in
has been a key player
Transformers - Three electrical distribution
in the energy industry
Phase Transformers must systems. This type of
for more than a
have 3 coils or windings transformer has patented
century. Since the
connected in the proper built-in electromagnetic
installation of their first
sequence in order to match technology designed to
steam turbine in 1901.
the incoming power and remove high neutral current
They have become
therefore transform the and the most harmful
number one provider of
power company voltage to harmonics from the 3rd
high-technology power
the level of voltage needed through 21st.
generation and
while maintaining the Weatherproof - Enclosed
distribution equipment.
proper phasing or polarity. transformers come with a
Jefferson Electric
Custom Transformers - weatherproof standard set
Transformers -
Custom Transformers are by NEMA.
Jefferson Electric has
designed for a certain Epoxy Encapsulated - A
been a pioneer and
performance specifications process in which a
innovator of magnetic
and size requirements. transformer or one of its
The company works with components is completely
Jefferson broad line of
your engineering sealed with epoxy or a
dry-type transformers
specification. similar material. This process
are backed by quality
Industrial Control is normally preferred when a
assurance systems so
Transformers - Industrial unit might encounter harsh
stringent that each and
Control Transformers are environmental conditions.
every unit gets
used to convert the More power transformer
thoroughly tested
available supply voltage to terms - Such as inductor,
before it goes out there
the required voltage to ground fault, core saturation,
door.
supply industrial control current transformer, faraday
More power
circuits and motor control shield, etc.
transformer brands -
loads.
Check out more
Pad Mounted
companies by clinking
Transformers - Pad
this link.
Mounted Transformers are Related Transformer
Power usually single phase, or Products
three phase, and used
Transformer Types where safety is a main Voltage Regulators - A
concern. Typical Voltage Regulator is an
Distribution applications; restaurant, electrical regulator designed
Transformers - commercial building, to automatically maintain a
Distribution shopping mall, constant voltage level. It
transformers are institutional. may use an
generally used in Pole Mounted electromechanical
electrical power Transformers - Pole mechanism, or passive or
distribution and Mounted Transformers are active electronic
transmission power. used for distribution in components. Depending on
This class of areas with overhead the design, it may be used
transformer has the primary lines. Outside a to regulate one or more AC
highest power, or volt- typical house one can see or DC voltages.
ampere ratings. and the one of these devices AC Line Reactor - AC Line
highest continuous mounted on the top of an Reactors is a three phase
voltage rating. electrical pole. transformer used in
Substation Oil Filled Transformers - conjunction with AC variable
Transformers - Oil Filled Transformers are frequency and DC motor
Substation Transformers transformers that use drive. They are a bi-
are large devices which insulating oil as insulating directional protective filtering
usually weigh tens of materials. The oil helps device.
thousands of pounds. cool the transformer. Line Power Conditioners -
They are filled with tens Because it also provides Power or Line Conditioners
of thousands of gallons part of the electrical regulate, filter, and suppress
of heat transfer fluid. insulation between internal noise in AC power for
Although they are live parts, transformer oil sensitive computer and other
typically 99.8% efficient must remain stable at high solid state equipment.
in the transforming of temperatures over an DC Power Supplies -
electricity from one extended period. Conversion of one form of
voltage to another, Dry Type Transformers - electrical power to another
processing hundreds of desired form and voltage.

Dry-Type Transformers are

Mega Volts-Amps of available for voltages up This typically involves
electricity force the through 34.5 kV (although converting 120 or 240 volt
liberation of hundreds of the most common upper AC supplied by a utility
BTUs per second. limit is 15) and KVA ratings company to a well-regulated
Medical Grade up through 10,000 (with lower voltage DC for
Isolation 5000 as the usual limit). electronic devices.
Transformer - Medical Dry-type use air as a Rotary Phase Converters
Grade Transformers coolant, lowering health - Rotary Phase Converters
generally refer to the and environmentally are commonly used in home
transformers used in concerns. or small commercial or
medical devices as well Auto Transformers - An industrial settings. Rotary
as hospital, biomedical Autotransformer is an phase converters convert
and patient care electrical transformer with single-phase power into
equipment. There are a only one winding. The three-phase power. This is a
number of strict safety winding has at least three very cost-effective way to
rules, guidelines and electrical connection points power three-phase electric
laws governing the called taps. motors and other three
design, construction and Autotransformers are phase equipment.
the test of these frequently used in power Frequency Converters - A
transformers. applications to interconnect Frequency Changer or
Drive Isolation systems operating at Frequency Converter is an
Transformer - They different voltage classes, electronic device that
are used to isolate a for example 138 kV to 66 converts alternating current
drive from a main kV for transmission. (AC) of one frequency to
power line to prevent Another application is in alternating current of
the transmission of industry to adapt another frequency.
harmonics that the machinery built for 480 V Voltage Converters - A
drives produce back into supplies to operate on the Voltage Converter changes
the power line. They local 600 V supply. the voltage of an electrical
stop drive harmonics More power transformer power source and is usually
from disrupting types - Read further about combined with other
computers and other additional transformer components to create a
sensitive equipment. types and their uses. power supply.
Toroidal Magnetic Motor Starters -
Transformers - Magnetic Motor Starters are
Toroidal Transformers essentially heavy duty relays
are more efficient than mounted in boxes, often
the cheaper laminated equipped with
EI types of similar heater/thermal overloads
power level. Some of matched to the motor they
the advantages are start.
smaller size, lower Motor Starting Auto
weight, less mechanical Transformers - An Auto
hum, (making them Transformer starter uses an
superior in audio auto transformer to reduce
amplifier), low-off-load the voltage applied to a
loss. motor during start. The auto
transformer may have a
number of output taps and
be set-up to provide a single
stage starter, or a
multistage starter.
For an additional resource the Best

of Industry Web Directory :
Electrical Power Transformer
Directory section is quite useful.
Additional Useful Resources:

Transformer Selection Guide • Custom Transformers • Dry-Type Transformers • Auto Transformers • Control
Transformers • Step-Up Transformers • Step-Down Transformers • Harmonic Cancellation • Isolation Transformers • K-
Factor Rated Transformers • 3-Phase Transformers • European Voltage Transformers • Drive Isolation Transformers •
High Voltage Transformers • Epoxy Encapsulated NEMA 4 Transformers • Weatherproof NEMA 3R Transformers •
Transformers • AC Transformer • Voltage Transformer • Buy Transformer • New Transformer • Output Transformer •
Transformer KVA • Converter Transformer • Line Transformer • Toroidal Transformer • Oil Filled Transformers • Voltage
Regulator • Automatic Voltage Regulator • DC Power Supply • PDU • Rack PDU • Power Conditioner • Power Line
Conditioner • Load Center • Switchgear • Voltage Converter • Transformer Wiring • Transformer Circuit • Variable
Transformer • Pole Transformer • Transformer Pad • VA Transformer • WYE Transformer • Potential Transformer •
Transformer Protection • Variac • Transformer Rating • Sunbelt Transformer • Pacific Transformer • Jefferson Transformer
• Electric Transformer • Power Transformer • Transformer Sizing • Transformer Rectifier • Center Tap Transformer • Power
Distribution • Industrial Transformer • Replacement Transformer • Insulation Transformer • Micron Transformers •
Westinghouse Transformer • Power Supply Transformer • Instrument Transformer • Pulse Transformer • Substation
Transformer • Furnace Transformer • Pad Mounted Transformers • Transformer Manufacturer • Distribution Transformers •
GE Transformers • Step Up Transformers • Step Down Transformers • Buck Boost Transformers • High Voltage

Transformers • Isolation Transformer • Single Phase Transformer • Hammond Transformers • Buck Boost Transformers •
Diesel Generators • Diesel Power Generators • Diesel Generator Sets • Power Generators • Onan Diesel Generators •
Kipor Diesel Generator • Kubota Diesel Generator • Cummins Diesel Generator • Yanmar Diesel Generator • Variable
Frequency Drive • Soft Start Drives • Motor Control • Baldor Motors • Weg Motors • Cold Ironing • Motor Generator
2007 - Power Transformer, Inc. -

Selecting a Transformer Article - Power Transformer Co.

Power Transformer
Home Top 20 things To Know
Before Selecting A Power
Transformer Power Transformer Types

Transformer 1. What is a Transformer and how Down
does it work? Transformers to
Manufacturers
Power
ACME Transformers A transformers to
To Order Power step-up ( raise) or
AMVECO Transformers Call step-down (lower)
TEMCo Transformer voltage.
Federal Pacific 1-800-613-2290
Transformers
Or 1-510-490-2187 Isolation
Transformers
Marcus Transformer transformer is an electrical device designed allows signal or
to transfer alternating current or voltage power to be taken
Hammond from one electric circuit to another by from one device
Transformers means of electromagnetic induction. It can and fed into
be designed to "step-up" or Step-down" another without
TEMCo Transformers
voltages. Because transformer has no moving parts and is a completely static solid electrically
GE Transformers state device, under normal operating conditions, are usually insure a long and connecting the
trouble-free life. The simplest type of transformer consists of two or more coils of two.
Jefferson Electric insulated wire wound on a laminated steel core. When voltage is introduced to one
Transformers coil, called the primary, it magnetizes the iron core. A voltage is then induced in
Toroidal
the other coil, called the secondary or output coil. The change of voltage between
Transformers are
more power the primary and secondary depends on the turns ratio of the two coils.
devices that
transformer brands Transformers are not limited to one output coil. They can provide a whole range of
transfer electrical
voltage sources from the one input coil by using separate windings on the
energy from one
secondary side. This makes transformers very useful for supplying complete
electric circuit to
systems with all of their voltage requirements from one source.
another, without
The amount of electricity being produced depends on the number of times the coil changing the
is wound around the core. The more times it's wound around, the higher the frequency, by
voltage. So if the input coil has more loops and the output coil has a couple of electromagnetic
loops, the input coil will be a higher voltage than the output coil. If the coils have induction.
an equal number of loops, their input and output will be equal. If the output coil
has more voltage, it's called a "step-up transformer." If the input coil has more Custom
voltage, it's called a "step-down transformer." Transformers are
designed to meet
Transformers come in a range of sizes from a thumbnail-sized coupling transformer certain
hidden inside a stage microphone to huge gigawatt units used to interconnect performance
large portions of national power grids. All operate with the same basic principles specifications and
and with many similarities in their parts. size requirement
that you require.
2. How to selection the right transformer There is a wide
range of custom
Determine primary voltage and frequency. transformer types.
Determine secondary voltage required.
Determine the capacity required in volt-amperes
Buck Boost
This is done by multiplying the load current (amperes) by the load voltage for Transformers is a
single phase. For example, if the load is 40 amperes, such as a motor, and the ideal solution for
secondary voltage is 240 volts, then 240 x 40 equals 9600 VA.A 10 KVA (10,000 changing line
volt-amperes) transformer is required. Always select the transformer larger than voltage by small
the actual load. This is done for safety purposes an allows for expansion. For 3 amounts. Often
phase KVA, multiply rated volts x load amps x 1.73 (square root of 3) then divide used to buck
by 1000. (lower), or boost
(raise) the voltage
Suppose you've got the job of designing the power distribution for an entire from 208v to 240v
building, you'll have to select the service transformer and the distribution for lighting
transformers. applications.
First you must determine the largest load you can expect at any given time.
Pole Mounted
Example, you don't normally run electric heat and air conditioning at the same
Transformers are
time. so your calculations would include only the larger of the two loads. You might
mounted to poles
not operate all equipment simultaneously either, however you would run some
for overhead
loads at the same time. Determine what those loads are-based on operational
electrical lines.
http://www.powertransformer.us/transformerarticles/selectingatransformer.htm[5/10/2011 2:24:30 PM]

requirements, then determine the kVA each will draw. Once you done the
Used in various
individual calculations and added them up to arrive at the maximum load, you
applications. Are
should add in factors for reasonable unplanned load growth (20% is common) and
available in single
for planned addition load.
phase or three
But don't stop there. The following includes some additional factors you'll have to phase
consider when choosing a transformer. transformers.
Pole-mounted, pad-mounted, indoor or outdoor Medium Voltage

primary voltage: delta or wye (usually dictated by the utility) Transformers are
Secondary voltage (480V for small facilities) or delta-wye used with a
3,4,or 5 wire configuration (4 is the most common) medium range of
power factor and efficiency voltages. They
Impedance come in a full
Temperature rise range from liquid-
Case style (consider footprint, height, access, cooling) filled, convention
Location, space requirement dry type as well
Seismic requirement as cast coil.
Accessories (including taps) and instrumentation
Dry-type or liquid-filled
Basic impulse level, which is the withstand rating in kV Pad Mounted
Transformers are
Based on these criteria, you can work with a manufacturer to select the correct a excellent choice
transformer for your service entrance. for commercial and
industrial such as
Once you've selected the service entrance transformer, you can supply the feeder manufacturing
circuits. You want to distribute at the highest voltage possible to minimize losses facilities,
and power quality problems. In a large facility, you probably 14.4kV onsite, refineries, office
through many facilities distribute at 24kV. To select the transformer for these buildings, schools,
feeders, follow the same steps. hospitals,
restaurants, and
Distribution Transformers retail stores. They
come in various
The next layer of distribution is usually 4160V, then 480V, you normally begin to
sizes and can be
power equipment at these levels. Don't assume loads start at 480V. Some large
used underground
production equipment requires a 4160V supply. Reactor coolant pumps, chiller
as well.
pumps, and other high-inertia loads also run on 4160V. A transformer's function is
straightforward: to step down the voltage and provide isolation between primary
and secondary. When supplying a particular piece of equipment or equipment High Voltage
grouping, however, transformer selection gets more complicated. Motors that run Transformers
at 4160V, for example, tend to be large, expensive, and mission-critical. Usually, typically these
you'll put such a motor on its own transformer and panel with few, if any, other voltage
loads. Use the earlier load calculations to size these individual load transformers, transformers are
and carefully note the load characteristics — this is crucial information to supply to used in power
the manufacturer. transmission
applications. High
Low-Voltage Distribution voltage
transformers are
Before you size your low-voltage distribution transformers, decide how you're also used in
going to lay out your branch circuits. For example, you might use one transformer microwave.
to supply a motor control center (MCC), another for lighting loads, another for
convenience receptacles, and so on. You could also provide an individual
transformer for infrastructure equipment (plant air, elevators, electric doors), or
individual transformers for individual equipment. A good planner will also provide a
transformer for emergency equipment (fire control, security, emergency egress
lighting) that resides on a UPS and may even have an alternate transformer
supplying the switchgear or panels through a transfer switch.
In each case, size your distribution transformer based on the maximum load you
can expect — just as you did for the service entrance. Also, a piece of large
equipment — such as a robotic machine that automates sequential stamping,
cutting, and welding operations — may require its own 4160V supply (integral OEM
transformers step down to other voltages) while also requiring a 480V supply to
corollary equipment. That corollary equipment should not run off the same 4160V
supply as the main machine, so you may have two 4160V transformers with very
different operating requirements.
What about distributed vs. centralized and size vs. quantity? By using several
small transformers, you can reduce loss of function in the event of a transformer
failure. Match transformers to load type and use as few transformers as possible
(which means maximizing the load per transformer) to effectively reduce voltage
drop. However, blindly following either of these approaches ignores the real issues:
The small-transformer approach is expensive and inefficient — the money spent on
transformers would go much further for maintenance.

Also look at transformers that can provide some flexibility in specialized way.
Using a Autotransformers where primary and secondary winding are magnetically
isolated from each other, but electrically connected. Advantages are lower cost,
smaller size, less weight, high efficiency, and better voltage regulation. A buck
boost transformer allows you to raise or lower voltage to particular equipment. If
you have 230V equipment but 208V/120V distribution, a buck boost transformer
can raise the voltage to that equipment from 208V to 228.8V, which is close
enough for proper operation.
When choosing a transformer, your job is defining the load size and the nature of
the load. Often, industry experience makes transformer selection easy once you've
done this. But sometimes an application does not lend itself to straightforward
decisions. In such cases, you'll need to consult the appropriate standards and
references, and work with your manufacturer. The factors outlined here will help
you make that a successful collaboration.
3. What voltage power output do you need?

Voltage in the world different in the United States and Canada usually run on
110/120 and most of the rest of the world runs on 220/240 and industrial plant
may use 440 to 480. Most utilities will provide a customer with one service or
electrical system. You may wonder why anyone would need a transformer. Let say
a new industrial plant comes in town. They have many motors in use at their
company so they requested a 480Y/277 volts three-phase system. This takes care
of their motor load at 480 volts and their office and plant lighting loads at 277
volts. However to operate their office machinery and incandescent lighting they
require 120 volts. They also have some small horsepower motors they want to
operate at 208 volts. Since the utility will only provide them with 480Y/277 volt
three-phase system, they require a transformer to provide the rest of there needs.
A buck boost transformer is the ideal solution for changing line voltage by small
amounts. The major advantages are their low cost, compact size and light weight.
They are also more efficient and cost less than equivalent isolation transformers.
When connected as an autotransformer, they can handle loads up to 20 times the
name plate rating.
4.Single Phase or three phase transformer?

Single-phase power distribution is used especially in rural areas, where the cost of
a three-phase distribution network is high and motor loads are small and
uncommon.
In North America, individual residences and small commercial buildings with

services up to about 100 kV·A (400 amperes at 240 volts) will usually have three-
wire single-phase distribution, often with only one customer per distribution
transformer. Larger consumers such as large buildings, shopping centers, factories,
office blocks, and multiple-unit apartment blocks will have three-phase service. In
densely-populated areas of cities, network power distribution is used with many
customers and many supply transformers connected to provide hundreds or
thousands of kV·A load concentrated over a few hundred square meters.
A single-phase supply connected to a pure single-phase induction motor does not

produce a revolving magnetic field, and so practical single-phase motors always
have some means of producing a revolving field to generate starting torque. Aside
from certain traction power applications, single-phase induction motors greater
than 10 or 20 kW are very uncommon.
In Some application a phase converter is used. A phase converter is simply a

rotating machine that converts single-phase utility power into 3-phase electricity to
operate 3-phase equipment. Phase converters are typically applied where utility 3-
phase is unavailable or too expensive to install. A properly sized and selected
converter will operate any load just as well as utility 3-phase and will provide
years of trouble-free service.
A rotary phase converter is actually a rotating transformer. Through transformer

action a phase converter splits off and phase shifts a portion of the single-phase
supply from the utility creating true 3-phase power. When energized, the rotary
phase converter uses the single-phase 2-line supply from the utility and creates a
manufactured third line of power. The 3 lines (or phases) look identical to utility 3-
phase with all three lines shifted 120°. The output of a rotary phase converter is
true 3-phase. Each of the three output voltages will be shifted 120 electrical
degrees. If the converter is properly sized, these voltages will remain in a balanced
state over the entire range of connected loads.
5.What are the different frequencies of power and there uses?

The incoming electric transformers voltage is an important factor. The three
common frequencies available are 50 Hz, 60Hz and 400 Hz. European power is
typically 50 Hz while North American power is usually 60hz. The 400 Hz is reserved
for high-powered applications such as aerospace technologies. It is also important

to consider the secondary power specifications when evaluating transformers.

Other specifications to keep in mind when selecting an electric transformer are: the
maximum ratings of the following: secondary current and voltage rating, power
and output rating. Power transformers have various configurations according to
phase and connections. The most common phases are single-phase and three-
phase. Both the size and expense of electric transformers increases in proportion
to the number of primary windings.
A frequency converter is used in some application. A frequency converter is an

electronic device that converts alternating current (AC) of one frequency to
alternating current of another frequency. The device may also change the voltage,
but if it does, that is incidental to its principal purpose. Aside from the obvious
application of converting bulk amounts of power from one distribution standard to
another, frequency changers are also used to control the speed and the torque of
the AC motors. In this application, the most typical frequency converter topology is
the three-phase two-level voltage source inverter. The phase voltages are
controlled using the power semiconductor switches and pulse width modulation
(PWM). Semiconductor switching devices and anti-parallel connected freewheeling
diodes form a bridge, which can connect each motor phase to the positive or
negative dc-link potential. The PWM changes the connections of the phases
between the positive and the negative dc-link potentials so that the fundamental
wave voltage has the desired frequency and amplitude. The motor reacts primarily
to the fundamental voltage and filters out the effects of the harmonic voltages.
Another application is in the aerospace and airline industries. Often airplanes use
400 Hz power so 50 Hz or 60 Hz to 400 Hz frequency converter is needed for use
in the ground power unit used to power the airplane while it is on the ground.
Frequency changers are typically used to control the speed of pumps and fans. In
many applications significant energy savings are achieved. The most demanding
application areas are found on the industrial processing lines, where the control
accuracy requirements can be very high.
6.Will Efficiency and Heat be a Consideration?

An ideal transformer would have no losses, and would therefore be 100 efficient. In
practice energy is dissipated due both to the resistance of the windings (known as
copper loss), and to magnetic effects primarily attributable to the core (known as
iron loss). Transformers are in general highly efficient, and large power
transformers (around 100 MVA and larger) may attain an efficiency as high as
99.75%. Small transformers such as a plug- in used to power small consumer
electronics may be less than 85% efficient.
The looses arise from:
Winding resistance: Current flowing through the windings causes resistive

heating of the conductors.
Eddy currents: Induced currents circulate in the core and cause it resistive
heating.
Stray losses: Not all the magnetic field produced by the primary is
intercepted by the secondary. A portion of the leakage flux may induce
eddy currents within nearby conductive object such as the transformers
support structure, and be converted to heat. The familiar hum or buzzing
noise heard near transformers is a result of stray fields causing components
of the tank to vibrate, and is also from magnetostriction vibration of the
core.
Hysteresis losses: Each time the magnetic field is reversed, a small amount
of energy is lost to hysteresis in the magnetic core. The level of hysteretic is
affected by the core material.
Mechanical losses: The alternating magnetic field causes fluctuating
electromagnetic forces between the coils of wire, the core and any nearby
metalwork, causing vibrations and noise which consume power.
Magnetostriction: The flux in the core causes it to physically expand and
contract slightly with the alternating magnetic field, an effect known as
magnetostriction. This in turn causes losses due to friction heating in
susceptible ferromagnetic cores.
Efficiency gains can be achieved by using materials with lower resistively or

greater diameters. For example, transformer coils made with low resistively
conductors, such as copper, can have considerably lower load losses than those
made with other material.
Heat
All transformers must have some circulation of coolant to remove the waste heat
produced by losses. Small transformers up to a few kilowatts in size usually are
adequately cooled by air circulation. Larger "dry" type transformers may have
cooling fans. Some dry transformers are enclosed in pressurized tanks and are
cooled by nitrogen or sulfur hexafluoride gas.

The windings of high-power or high-voltage transformers are immersed in

transformer oil - a highly-refined mineral oil that is stable at high temperatures.
Large transformers to be used indoors must use a non-flammable liquid. Formerly,
polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) was used as it was not a fire hazard in indoor
power transformers and it is highly stable. Due to the stability of PCB and its
environmental accumulation, it is no longer permitted in new equipment. Today,
nontoxic, stable silicone-based oils or fluorinated hydrocarbons may be used,
where the expense of a fire-resistant liquid offsets additional building cost for a
transformer vault. Other less-flammable fluids such as canola oil may be used but
all fire resistant fluids have some drawbacks in performance, cost, or toxicity
compared with mineral oil.
The oil cools the transformer, and provides part of the electrical insulation between
internal live parts. It has to be stable at high temperatures so that a small short
or arc will not cause a breakdown or fire. The oil-filled tank may have radiators
through which the oil circulates by natural convection. Very large or high-power
transformers (with capacities of millions of watts) may have cooling fans, oil
pumps and even oil to water heat exchangers. Oil-filled transformers undergo
prolonged drying processes, using vapor-phase heat transfer, electrical self-
heating, the application of a vacuum, or combinations of these, to ensure that the
transformer is completely free of water vapor before the cooling oil is introduced.
This helps prevent electrical breakdown under load.
Oil-filled power transformers may be equipped with Buchholz relays - safety

devices sensing gas buildup inside the transformer (a side effect of an electric arc
inside the windings) and switching off the transformer.
Experimental power transformers in the 2 MVA range have been built with
superconducting windings which eliminates the copper losses, but not the core
steel loss. These are cooled by liquid nitrogen or helium.
7.Will the transformer be inside or outside?

For harsh environments, whether indoor or outdoor, it's critical that a transformer's
core/coil, leads, and accessories be adequately protected.
In the United States, almost all liquid-filled transformers are of sealed-type

construction, automatically providing protection for the internal components.
External connections can be made with "dead front" connectors that shield the
leads. For high corrosive conditions, stainless steel tanks can be employed.
Dry-type transformers are available for either indoor or outdoor installation.

Cooling ducts in the windings allow heat to be dissipated into the air. Dry-types
can operate indoors under almost all ambient conditions found in commercial
buildings and light manufacturing facilities.
For outdoor operations, a dry-type transformer's enclosure will usually have

louvers for ventilation. But, these transformers can be affected by hostile
environments (dirt, moisture, corrosive fumes, conductive dust, etc.) because the
windings are exposed to the air. However, a dry-type can be built using a sealed
tank to provide protection from harmful environments. These units operate in their
own atmosphere of nonflammable dielectric gas.
Other approaches to building dry-type transformers for harsh environments include

cast coil units, cast resin units, and vacuum pressure encapsulated (VPE) units,
sometimes using a silicone varnish. Unless the dry-type units are completely
sealed, the core/coil and lead assemblies should be periodically cleaned, even in
non-harsh environments, to prevent dust and other contaminant buildup over time.
Locating a transformer indoors, on the rooftop, or adjacent to a building in order to

minimize the distance between the unit and the principal load results in reducing
energy loss and voltage reduction. It also reduces the cost of secondary cable.
On the other hand, such placements of high-voltage equipment require closer

consideration of electrical and fire safety issues. These conflicting goals can be
satisfied by using transformers permitted by Code and insurance companies.
When liquid-filled transformers are preferred, less-flammable liquids are widely

recognized for indoor and close building proximity installations. Wet-type
transformers using less-flammable, or high fire point liquids, have been recognized
by the NEC since 1978 for indoor installation without the need for vault protection
unless the voltage exceeds 35kV. Based on this type of transformer's excellent fire
safety record, Code and insurance restrictions have become minimal. Conventional
mineral oil units are allowed indoors, but only if they are installed in a special 3-hr-
rated vault (with a few exceptions) per the construction requirements of NEC
Article 450, Part C. There's a requirement for liquid containment when wet-type
transformers are used, regardless of the type fluid employed.

When dry-type units are preferred, they have fewer code restrictions. Obviously,
these types of transformers do not need liquid containment. Per the requirements
listed in NEC Sec. 450-21, there are minimum clearances that you must observe,
and units over 112.5kVA require installation in a transformer room of fire-resistant
construction, unless they are covered by one of two listed exceptions. As with
liquid units, dry transformers exceeding 35kV must also be located in a 3-hr-rated
vault.
A liquid-filled transformer may experience leakage around gaskets and fittings;

however, if the installation was carried out correctly, this should not be a problem.
Major maintenance procedures may require inspection of internal components,
meaning that the coolant will have to be drained. Coils in liquid-type units are
much easier to repair than coils in dry-type transformers. Cast coils are not
repairable; they must be replaced.
8. Can transformers be operated at voltages other than

nameplate voltages?
Transformers can be operated. in some cases at voltages below the nameplate
rated voltage. Transformer should not be operated in excess of it nameplate rating,
unless taps are provided for this purpose. Taps are provided on some transformers
on the high voltage winding to correct for high or low voltage conditions, and still
deliver full rated output voltages at the secondary terminals. Standard tap
arrangements are at two-and-one-half and five percent of the rated primary
voltage for both high and low voltage conditions.
9. What is the difference between Insulating, Isolating, and

Shielded Winding transformers?
Insulating and isolating transformers are the same. they are used to describe the
isolation of the primary and secondary windings, or insulation between the two. A
shielded transformer is designed with a metallic shield between the primary and
secondary windings to attenuate transient noise. The shielded transformer is used
in applications such as computers, process controllers and many other
microprocessor controlled devices. All two, three and four winding transformers are
of the insulating or isolating types.
10.Why should Dry-Type Transformers never be over-loaded

When you overloading a transformer excessive temperature can cause
overheating which result in rapid deterioration of the insulation and cause complete
failure of the transformer coils.
11. What is meant by impedance in transformers?

Impedance is the current limiting characteristic of a transformer and is expressed
in percentage. It is used for determining the interrupting capacity of a circuit
breaker or fuse employed to protect the primary of a transformer.
The impedance of the load is expressed in ohms, and the relationship between the
current and the voltage in the circuit is controlled by the impedances in the circuit.
When a signal source, such as our composite video output, sees a very low-
impedance circuit, it produces a larger than intended current; when it sees a very
high-impedance circuit, it produces a smaller than intended current. These
mismatched impedances redistribute the power in the circuit so that less of it is
delivered to the load than the circuit was designed for--because the nature of the
circuit is that it can't simply readjust the voltage to deliver the same power
regardless of the rate of current flow. Imagine, riding in your car down the
Interstate in first gear, flooring the gas pedal and going just as fast as you can.
It's obvious, as you watch the cars zip past, that no matter how much horsepower
you have under the hood, most of that horsepower isn't getting delivered to the
road; instead, a lot of it is burning up in the engine as excess heat, and if you
keep this driving up for long, you'll damage your engine. The same thing happens
in an impedance mismatch between a source and load; power isn't being
transferred properly because the source circuit wasn't designed to drive the kind of
load it's connected to. In some electronic applications this will burn out equipment.
12. Why are Small Distribution Transformers not used for Industrial
Control Application?
Industrial control equipment demands a momentary overload capacity of three to
eight times normal capacity. This is customary in solenoid or magnetic contractor
applications where inrush current can be three to eight times as high as normal
sealed or holding currents but still maintain normal voltage at this momentary
overloaded condition. Distribution transformers are designed for good regulation up
to 100 percent loading, but their output voltage will drop rapidly on momentary
overloads of this type making them unsuitable for high inrush applications.

Industrial control transformers are designed especially for maintaining a high

degree of regulation even at eight times normal load. This results in a larger and
generally more expensive transformer.
13. Can Single Phase Transformers be used for Three Phase

Applications?
Yes, but the transformer output will be single-phase. Simply connect any two wires
from a 3- or 4-wire source to the transformer's two primary leads. Three single-
phase transformers can be used for three-phase applications. They can be used in
delta-connected primary and wye or delta-connected secondary. To avoid an
unstable secondary voltage, NEVER connect wye primary to delta secondary.
14.How do I know when the temperature rise is too high?

Thermometers are the best way to determine the temperature. Touch is a poor
indicator of proper operating temperature for transformers. Properly designed
transformers can reach 50°C (122°F) above ambient temperature. In an ambient
temperature of 20°C (60°F), the total temperature can reach 70°C (190°F), which
is too hot to touch.
15.Can transformers be used in parallel?

Yes, it is very common for transformers to be placed in parallel service. To provide
maximum efficiency, voltage and impedance values must match closely. A failure
to match will cause unbalanced loading for the transformers and may lead to
overheating or premature failure.
16.Can I achieve specific sound levels in a transformer?

Before selecting a transformer assure yourself that the sound levels represented
have been measured in accordance with the NEMA standards. If your requirement
is lower than that available from the manufacturer’s standard product, request a
specific sound level on your bid.
17. Is one insulation system better than other?

It depends on the application and the cost benefit to be realized. Higher
temperature class insulation systems cost more and larger transformers are more
expensive to build. Therefore, expensive insulation systems are more likely to be
found in the larger KVA units.
Small fractional KVA transformers use insulation class 130 degrees C

Compound filled transformers use insulation class 180 degrees C
Larger ventilated transformers are designed to use 220 degrees C insulation
18. What is Exciting Current?

Exciting current, is the current or amperes required for excitation. The exciting
current on most lighting and power transformers varies from approximately 10%
on small sizes of about 1 KVA. The exciting current is made up of two components,
one of which is a real component and is in the form of losses or referred to as no
load watts; the other is in the form of reactive power and referred to as KVAR.
19. Can Transformers develop Three Phase power from a Single

Phase source?
NO. Phase converters or phase shifting devices such as reactors and capacitors are
required to convert single phase power to three phase.
20. Can air cooled transformers be applied to motor loads?

This is an excellent application for air cooled transformers. Even through the inrush
or starting current is five to seven times normal running current, the resultant
lower voltage caused by this momentary overloading is actually beneficial in that a
cushioning effect on motor starting is the result.
Great Power Transformer Articles
1. Top 20 Things to Know before Selecting a Power Transformer

- This is a great article to help educate and inform you on how to
select the right transformer before you buy. It will help you make an
informed decision and covers questions including, what voltage power
output do you need?, will it be single phase or three phase?, etc. We
answer the 20 most asked questions so you can be well informed and

choose the right transformer for the job. Choosing the right
transformer can be a daunting task for the inexperienced. This section
takes the first step toward becoming a confident, knowledgeable
consumer. This article addresses the process of choosing these
transformers at its most fundamental level.
2. How Does Transformer Manufacturer Company Brand Affect

Power Transformer Quality? - For manufacturers of large power
transformers, product design and features seem fairly standard. But
different manufacturers offer unique features. there are several
standards such as ASTM D 3487 and IEEE Standard C57.12.90.
Quality transformers can have a significant impact on cost. Did you
know that some transformers brands improved materials, design and
quality can save you 30%, or more, in energy cost? Understanding
the differences can play a key role in making an informed selection.
3. How Does Winding Metal Type Change a Transformers

Properties? - gain knowledge on how the winding and types of metal
used can change transformer properties. The conducting material used
for the winding depends upon the application. Small power and signal
transformers are often wound with solid copper wire. Larger power
transformers may be wound with copper wire, or aluminum and may
include rectangular conducts. When copper wiring is used it will
increase the efficiency of the transformer and will generally generate
a lot less heat. Read more to learn about the many other efficiencies
gained by choosing a transformer with a metal composition that is fit
for your needs
4. Understanding Power Transformer "K-Factor Rating" - A

great information article on what "K-Factor Rating" is and the effects
they have on transformer choice. The K-Factor rating assigned to a
transformer and marked on the transformer case in accordance with
the listing of Underwriter Laboratories. It is an index of the
transformer's ability to supply harmonic content in its load current
while remaining within its operating temperature limits.
Read Addition Power Transformer Articles - Additional informal

helpful articles about power transformers.
Power Transformer Information:
Power Power Power Transformer

Transformer Transformer Term Definitions
Manufacturer Types Electrical Transformers
- Electrical Transformers
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are devices used to raise
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to a motor during start.
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transformer Outside a typical Best of Industry Web Directory :
has the house one can Electrical Power Transformer
highest power, see one of these Directory section is quite useful.
or volt-ampere devices mounted
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Mega Volts- through 34.5 kV

Amps of (although the
electricity most common
force the upper limit is 15)
liberation of and KVA ratings
hundreds of up through
BTUs per 10,000 (with
second. 5000 as the
Medical usual limit). Dry-
Grade type use air as a
Isolation coolant, lowering
Transformer health and
- Medical environmentally
Grade concerns.
Transformers Auto
generally refer Transformers -
to the An
transformers Autotransformer
used in is an electrical
medical transformer with
devices as well only one
as hospital, winding. The
biomedical winding has at
and patient least three
care electrical
equipment. connection points
There are a called taps.
number of Autotransformers
strict safety are frequently
rules, used in power
guidelines and applications to
laws interconnect
governing the systems
design, operating at
construction different voltage
and the test of classes, for
these example 138 kV
transformers. to 66 kV for
Drive transmission.
Isolation Another
Transformer application is in
- They are industry to adapt
used to isolate machinery built
a drive from a for 480 V
main power supplies to
line to prevent operate on the
the local 600 V
transmission supply.
of harmonics More power
that the drives transformer
produce back types - Read
into the power further about
line. They additional
stop drive transformer
harmonics types and their
from uses.
disrupting
computers and
other sensitive
equipment.
Toroidal
Transformers
- Toroidal
Transformers
are more
efficient than
the cheaper
laminated EI
types of
similar power
level. Some of
the
advantages
are smaller
size, lower
weight, less
mechanical

hum, (making
them superior
in audio
amplifier),
low-off-load
loss.

Transformer Selection Guide • Custom Transformers • Dry-Type Transformers • Auto
Transformers • Control Transformers • Step-Up Transformers • Step-Down Transformers •
Harmonic Cancellation • Isolation Transformers • K-Factor Rated Transformers • 3-Phase
Transformers • European Voltage Transformers • Drive Isolation Transformers • High Voltage
Transformers • Epoxy Encapsulated NEMA 4 Transformers • Weatherproof NEMA 3R
Transformers • Transformers • AC Transformer • Voltage Transformer • Buy Transformer • New
Transformer • Output Transformer • Transformer KVA • Converter Transformer • Line
Transformer • Toroidal Transformer • Oil Filled Transformers • Voltage Regulator • Automatic
Voltage Regulator • DC Power Supply • PDU • Rack PDU • Power Conditioner • Power Line
Conditioner • Load Center • Switchgear • Voltage Converter • Transformer Wiring • Transformer
Circuit • Variable Transformer • Pole Transformer • Transformer Pad • VA Transformer • WYE
Transformer • Potential Transformer • Transformer Protection • Variac • Transformer Rating •
Sunbelt Transformer • Pacific Transformer • Jefferson Transformer • Electric Transformer •
Power Transformer • Transformer Sizing • Transformer Rectifier • Center Tap Transformer •
Power Distribution • Industrial Transformer • Replacement Transformer • Insulation Transformer
• Micron Transformers • Westinghouse Transformer • Power Supply Transformer • Instrument
Transformer • Pulse Transformer • Substation Transformer • Furnace Transformer • Pad
Mounted Transformers • Transformer Manufacturer • Distribution Transformers • GE
Transformers • Step Up Transformers • Step Down Transformers • Buck Boost Transformers •
High Voltage Transformers • Isolation Transformer • Single Phase Transformer • Hammond
Transformers • Buck Boost Transformers • Diesel Generators • Diesel Power Generators •
Diesel Generator Sets • Power Generators • Onan Diesel Generators • Kipor Diesel Generator •
Kubota Diesel Generator • Cummins Diesel Generator • Yanmar Diesel Generator • Variable
Frequency Drive • Soft Start Drives • Motor Control • Baldor Motors • Weg Motors • Cold Ironing
• Motor Generator

Transformer Manufacturer Company Brand Quality Article - Power Transformer Co.

Power Transformer
Home How Does Transformer
Manufacturer Company
Brand Affect Power Power Transformer Types
Transformer Quality and Step Up and Step
Power
Transformer
Properties? Down
Transformers to
Manufacturers
Power
You are ready to buy a transformer and transformers to
ACME Transformers
have all your specifications and it time to step-up ( raise) or
AMVECO pick the manufacturer. This is a very step-down (lower)
Transformers daunting task especially to us that are the electrical
novice in the business. We hope in the voltage.
Federal Pacific following that we can give you some
Transformers guidelines.
Isolation
What Transformers
Marcus Transformer
type of To Order Power allows signal or
Hammond winding Transformers Call power to be taken
from one device
material
Transformers
do they TEMCo Transformer and fed into
TEMCo Transformers use: 1-800-613-2290 another without
electrically
GE Transformers Copper and aluminum are used for transformer Or 1-510-490-2187 connecting the
windings. These materials are available in a variety two.
Jefferson Electric of grades and thicknesses, each with their own efficiency characteristic. Winding
Transformers losses, or load losses, arise from the conducting material's inherent resistance to Toroidal
the flow of electrical current. Winding losses increase with the square of the Transformers are
more power transformer load. Efficiency gains can by achieved by using materials with lower devices that
transformer brands resistively or greater diameter. For example, coils make with copper can have transfer electrical
considerably lower load losses than those make with other materials. Data based energy from one
on popular 45 kVA size shows $1000/ year savings. That is $10,000 saved over ten electric circuit to
years. another, without
changing the
What type of core materials and how it is wound:
frequency, by
Since the majority of transformer losses at low load levels are due to core electromagnetic
inefficiencies, much of the research on reducing transformer losses has induction.
concentrated on building more efficient cores. Core losses result from cyclic
changes in the magnetic state of iron and "eddy-current" losses caused by the flow Custom
of small currents in the iron. Core losses can be reduced by improving core Transformers are
material. A conventional transformer used stacked lamination core assembly. 90 designed to meet
degrees square corners contribute to high core losses. So look for companies that certain
offer unique wound core construction that ensures that flow of magnetic flux is performance
carried in direction of cold-rolled grain-oriented steel for minimal core losses. specifications and
size requirement
Noise Factor that you require.
There is a wide
It is best to address noise level at the beginning stage. Before you specify your
range of custom
transformer you must consider if you have a noise problem. A humming is a
transformer types.
inherent characteristic of transformers due to the vibration caused by alternating
flux in the magnetic core. Sound levels will vary according to transformers due to
the vibration caused by alternating flux in the magnetic core. Sound levels will vary Buck Boost
in the size of the transformer. Attention to installation methods can help reduce Transformers is a
any objectionable noise. When possible, locate the transformer in an area where ideal solution for
the ambient will be equal or greater than the noise of the transformer sound level. changing line
Avoid locating units in corners. Make connections with flexible conduits and voltage by small
couplings to prevent transmitting vibration to other equipment. Larger units amounts. Often
should be installed on flexible mountings to isolate the transformer from the used to buck
building structure. For example, if a building is being build, then a little thought (lower), or boost
beforehand will make sure the transformers are not placed in small reverberant (raise) the voltage
rooms next to a proposed board room, sleeping areas, study areas or other from 208v to 240v
occupied areas where the normal sound level is low. The NEMA-ST-20 has set for lighting
standards for audible sound levels make sure your transformer meets or are lower applications.
then the standards.
Pole Mounted
The list below can be used as a guild lines in choosing the manufacturer: Transformers are
mounted to poles
These guild lines are for dry type, enclosed and ventilated transformers:
for overhead
1. Transformers should be UL listed for non-sinusoidal current loads of a electrical lines.
http://www.powertransformer.us/transformerarticles/transformermanufacturerquality.htm[5/10/2011 2:25:56 PM]

specified K Factor (UL Standard 1561)CSA certified and labeled as such. Used in various
applications. Are
2. For sizes 15 KVA and larger, low voltage dry transformer will be ventilated available in single
type, incorporating a 220 degree C insulation system an designed not to phase or three
exceed 150 degree C temperature rise about a 40 degree C ambient under phase
full load conditions. Taps are provided on the primary side of the transformers.
transformer. There will be 2, 2.5% taps above normal full capacity and 4,
2.5% taps below normal full capacity. Medium Voltage
Transformers are
3. 115 degree C rise transformers should incorporate a 220 degree C used with a
insulation system and be designed not to exceed 80 degree C temperature medium range of
rise above a 40 degree C ambient under full load conditions. The voltages. They
transformer should have the ability to carry a continuous 15% over load come in a full
with exceeding a 150 degree C rise above ambient. range from liquid-
filled, convention
4. 80 degree C rise transformers should incorporate a 220 degree C insulation dry type as well
system and be designed not to exceed 80 degree C temperature rise above as cast coil.
a 40 degree C ambient under full load conditions. The transformer should
have the ability to carry a continuous 30% overload without exceeding a Pad Mounted
150 degree C rise above ambient. Transformers are
5. Transformers should incorporate an electrostatic shield for the attenuation a excellent choice
of voltage spikes, fine noise, and transients. for commercial and
industrial such as
6. Transformers should be designed to handle non-linear loads and the manufacturing
adverse effects of harmonics. facilities,
refineries, office
7. Transformer coils should be wound with foil to minimize the heating effects buildings, schools,
caused by harmonic currents. hospitals,
restaurants, and
8. Transformers should be able to power non-linear loads with a K-Factor as retail stores. They
high as 20. come in various
sizes and can be
9. Transformer should operate at audible sound levels below NEMA ST-20. used underground
Sound levels should not exceed the following: 30-50 KVA: 45 db - 51-150 as well.
KVA: 50 db - 151-300 KVA: 55 db - 301-500 KVA: 60 db. Sounds levels are
based on transformers with a K-Factor of 4 and a temperature rise of 150
degrees centigrade. High Voltage
Transformers
10. Enclosed, ventilated transformers should incorporate vibration dampening typically these
pad in their construction, located between the transformer core and coil voltage
assembly and the the transformer case. External vibration dampening pads transformers are
should not be used on enclosed, ventilated designs as they tend to increase used in power
audible noise. Transformers 15 KVA and larger should be floor mounted on transmission
a concrete pad. All connections to the transformer should be made by applications. High
means of flexible metallic conduit. voltage
transformers are
11. Transformers should incorporate a neutral conductor sized at 2 times rated also used in
phase current. Transformer cases should be grounded per the National microwave.
Electric Code.
12. Transformers should be 60 Hz, 480 or 600 volts delta primary, 208Y/120
volt secondary. KVA rating as indicated. Manufacturer should provide all
necessary lugs for all transformers. Transformer enclosures should be type
2 and UL-3R listed with the addition of a weather shield.
13. Complete shop drawing should be submitted for approval on all dry type
transformers.
14. Typical performance data should be submitted for approval on all

transformers. Factory tests should be made in accordance with the latest
revisions of ANSI Test Code C57.12.91 for Dry Type Transformers.
Performance data should contain:
A. No load losses.
B. Full load losses.
C. Polarity and phase rotation.
D. Impendence at reference temperature.
E. Efficiencies at 25, 75, 50 and 100% load.
F. Regulation at 100% and 80% power factor
G. Audible sound level.
H. Insulation class and rated temperature rise.
I. Dimensions and weight.

J. Applied potential test.

K.Induced potential test.
L. Excitation current.
M. IR, IX and IZ percentages.
N. Reference and ambient temperature.
Warranty- Transformers should be warranted against defects in materials,

workmanship and performance for 10 years from date of manufacture.
It has been impossible to give all the points and suggestions that might assist you
in choosing the manufacturer. The purpose of this article is to make you aware of
the important points. Fine a manufacturer that shows you superior customer
service, quality product, on-time delivery and expert technical assistance.



for your needs


ACME Step-Up
instance, power is
can be used by a
technical Step-Down
with symmetrical
the A Step-Down
market. designed to
another without
transformers block
other, but allow AC
signals to pass.
Transmission Power
custom alternating
for directing the
CAD It isolates the
The AMVECO prevent
as electric power
generate harmonics.
power lines, and
waveguides.
Federal make small
The measure of the
surrounding charge.
Transformer Phase -
three phase.
owned Buck boost
10,000 KVA voltage
sinusoidal harmonic
through 15 voltage


input power.
Secondary Voltage -
The coil winding
voltage.
they have Medium
harmonic canceling
new power quality
remove high neutral
by NEMA.
Guelph, Electronic
process in which a
process is normally
the that transforms
More power
transformer terms -
TEMCo low voltage
and single-phase
maintain a constant
active electronic
consumption phase
GE large electric
conjunction with AC
filtering device.
Line Power
Line Conditioners

power for sensitive
state equipment.
DC Power Supplies -
high- power company
electrical power to
and maintaining the
Jefferson Custom
Rotary Phase
Transformers Custom
Converters - Rotary
products since size
1915. requirements.
quality Control
current (AC) of one
current of another
frequency.
Voltage Converter
transformer loads.
more Pad Mounted
Magnetic Motor
Starters - Magnetic
Motor Starters are
phase, and used
often equipped with
main concern.
Transformer Typical
Types applications;
they start.
restaurant,
Motor Starting Auto
and distribution in
starter.


tens of insulation
99.8% temperatures
voltage to Dry-Type
second. 5000 as the
Grade concerns.
Transformers Auto
to the An
care electrical
laws interconnect
Drive transmission.
Isolation Another
the local 600 V

from uses.
disrupting
computers and
other sensitive
equipment.
Toroidal
Transformers
- Toroidal
Transformers
are more
efficient than
the cheaper
laminated EI
types of
similar power
level. Some of
the
advantages
are smaller
size, lower
weight, less
mechanical
hum, (making
them superior
in audio
amplifier),
low-off-load
loss.

Frequency Drive • Soft Start Drives • Motor Control • Baldor Motors • Weg Motors

Winding Material for Transformers Article - Power Transformer Co.

Power Transformer
Home How Does Winding Metal
Type Change Transformer
Properties? Power Transformer Types
The wire used is generally magnet wire. Step Up and Step
Power
Magnet wire is a copper wire with a coating Down
Transformer
of varnish or some other synthetic coating. Transformers to
Manufacturers Transformers for years have used Formvar Power
wire, which is a varnished type of magnet transformers to
ACME Transformers
wire. step-up ( raise) or
The
Transformers
conducting To Order Power the electrical
voltage.
Federal Pacific material Transformers Call
used for
Transformers
the TEMCo Transformer Isolation
Marcus Transformer winding 1-800-613-2290 Transformers

allows signal or
depends
Hammond upon the
Or 1-510-490-2187 power to be taken
from one device
Transformers application. Small power and signal
and fed into
transformers are wound with solid copper
TEMCo Transformers another without
wire, insulated usually with enamel, and sometimes additional insulation. Larger
electrically
power transformers may be wound with wire, copper, or aluminum rectangular
GE Transformers connecting the
conductors. Strip conductors are used for very heavy currents. High frequency
two.
transformers operating in the tens to hundreds of kilohertz will have windings
Jefferson Electric
made of Litz wire to minimize the skin effect losses in the conductors. Large power
Transformers Toroidal
transformers use multiple-stranded conductors as well, since even at low power
frequencies non-uniform distribution of current would otherwise exist in high- Transformers are
more power
current windings. Each strand is insulated from the other, and the strands are devices that
transformer brands
arranged so that at certain points in the winding, or throughout the whole winding, transfer electrical
each portion occupies different relative positions in the complete conductor. This energy from one
"transposition" equalizes the current flowing in each strand of the conductor, and electric circuit to
reduces eddy current losses in the winding itself. The stranded conductor is also another, without
more flexible than a solid conductor of similar size is. changing the
frequency, by
For signal transformers, the windings may be arranged in a way to minimize electromagnetic
leakage inductance and stray capacitance to improve high-frequency response. This induction.
can be done by splitting up each coil into sections, and those sections placed in
layers between the sections of the other winding. This is known as a stacked type Custom
or interleaved winding. Transformers are
designed to meet
Windings on both the primary and secondary of power transformers may have certain
external connections (called taps) to intermediate points on the winding to allow performance
adjustment of the voltage ratio. Taps may be connected to an automatic, on-load specifications and
tap changer type of switchgear for voltage regulation of distribution circuits. Audio- size requirement
frequency transformers, used for the distribution of audio to public address that you require.
loudspeakers, have taps to allow adjustment of impedance to each speaker. A There is a wide
center-tapped transformer is often used in the output stage of an audio power range of custom
amplifier in a push-pull type circuit. Modulation transformers in AM transmitters are transformer types.
very similar. Tapped transformers are also used as components of amplifiers,
oscillators, and for feedback linearization of amplifier circuits.
Buck Boost
To make the basic single-phase transformer more versatile, both the primary and Transformers is a
secondary windings can be made in two equal parts. The two parts can be ideal solution for
reconnected either in a series or in parallel. This provides added versatility as the changing line
primary winding can be connected for either 480 volts or 240 volts and the voltage by small
secondary winding can likewise be divided into two equal parts providing either amounts. Often
120 or 240 volts. (note: there will be four leads per winding brought out to the used to buck
terminal compartment rather than two). either arrangement will not affect the (lower), or boost
capacity of the transformer. Secondary windings are rated with a slant such as (raise) the voltage
120/240 and can be connected in a series for 240V or in a parallel for 120V or from 208v to 240v
240/120V (for 3-wire operation). Primary windings rated with an X such as for lighting
240X480 can operate in series or parallel but are not designed for 3-wire applications.
operation. A transformer rated 240x480V primary, 120/240V secondary could be
operated in 6 different combinations. Pole Mounted
Transformers are
Enameled wire is a thin wire coated insulation and used in electric motor coils. It is mounted to poles
placed in the motor slots in order to create magnetic flux when electricity flows for overhead
through it. It is also used in the construction of electromagnets, transformers and electrical lines.
http://www.powertransformer.us/transformerarticles/transformerwindingmetal.htm[5/10/2011 2:26:19 PM]

inductors. The core material is copper, coated with a thin layer of enamel. For ease Used in various
of manufacturing inductive components like transformers and inductors, most of applications. Are
these wires can be soldered. This means that the electrical connections at the ends available in single
can be made without stripping off the insulation as for normal insulated wires. phase or three
Enameled wires are classified by their diameter (AWG number or millimetres), phase
temperature class and isolation class. Class 2 wire has thicker insulation layer transformers.
resulting in a higher breakdown voltage than class 1 wire. The temperature class
indicates the temperature of the wire where it has 20,000 hours service life. At
Medium Voltage
lower temperatures the service life of the wire is longer (about a factor 2 for every
Transformers are
10 °C lower temperature). Common temperature classes are 120, 155 and 180 °C.
used with a
medium range of
Copper is a superior electrical conductor. Aluminum's conductivity is about 62% voltages. They
that of copper when measured on a volume basis. Aluminum does offer lighter come in a full
weight, because of the metal’s large density difference. That’s why it is often range from liquid-
chosen for such applications as pole-top distribution transformers, where light filled, convention
weight can sometimes be beneficial. On the other hand, copper-wound dry type as well
transformers are smaller, and that can be very important too, as we'll explain in a as cast coil.
minute.
Pad Mounted
First cost certainly plays a role. Aluminum-wound transformers are sometimes less Transformers are
expensive initially, but the difference is relatively small for medium-to-large a excellent choice
transformers. In that size range, the cost of the windings has surprisingly little to for commercial and
do with the cost of the finished transformer. industrial such as
manufacturing
facilities,
Size is the overriding practical reason for using copper. Utility transformers are refineries, office
designed with very large short circuit tolerances, because of the size of the grid buildings, schools,
and the magnitude of the current flow in the event of a fault. The windings have to hospitals,
be both large enough to handle those currents and strong enough to withstand the restaurants, and
mechanical loads they impose. Aluminum's (volumetric) conductivity and its retail stores. They
strength are much lower than copper’s, so an aluminum transformer that matched come in various
the kVA rating of, say, a 400-MVA copper unit would be huge! It would be too sizes and can be
large to transport, and utility or substation transformers are not items that can be used underground
assembled on site. All of the transformers make with copper-wound larger as well.
transformer are ship by rail. Size can also be important in transformers installed in
high-rise buildings, where space is often at a premium.
High Voltage
Another technical issue has to do with what are called continuously transposed Transformers
cables. These are specially twisted winding conductors that help optimize flux typically these
control and reduce losses. voltage
transformers are
“Utilities did try aluminum back in the 1970s. Interest rates and inflation were high used in power
then, and first-cost considerations got in the way of conventional wisdom. Some transmission
utilities bought aluminum-wound transformers because they were initially less applications. High
costly. They ended up having many more failures than with copper transformers, voltage
and, as a result, utilities won't touch aluminum today for transformers . transformers are
also used in
But what about cost? In a typical large transformer, 50% of the cost is in microwave.
materials. Of that, about 15% to 20% is for copper and an equal percentage is for
steel — structural members and core laminations — with the remainder in oil,
insulation and the rest. So we're talking about between 6% and 10% of the total
cost of the unit being in the winding material and conductors. The price difference
between copper and aluminum wire might vary quite a bit, but its overall effect on
total cost is relatively small. Besides, copper offers other savings.
Copper allows us to use less lamination steel because the core is smaller. The low-
loss silicon steel we use in some of our transformers is expensive, so using less
means more savings. And, because the core and windings are smaller, they need
less insulation, less structural steel for the oil tank, less oil to fill it, smaller heat
exchangers and pumps to cool it, and so on. Also their a saving on paint. Copper
has a favorable multiplying effect on transformer economics.
Copper is also a lot easier to work with. It is said it has better manufacturability
than aluminum. Its smaller-diameter conductors are easier to wrap and assemble;
also they can use smaller winding equipment, and in-house materials handling is
simpler. Also, if you use aluminum, you eventually have to connect to copper
somewhere, and dissimilar-metal connections invite problems with corrosion and
connectivity. Given all that, copper is prefer.
Utilities also recognize the advantages of all-copper transformers. One regional

utility insists on 100% copper for its substation transformers. The company
expects a 40- to 50-year life cycle in medium and large transformers, and
reliability is very important. So is low maintenance. Utilities conduct periodic oil

analyses to check on the condition of internal connections. Any sign that a

connection is loose or corroded requires draining the tank and disassembling the
unit, taking it off line. Copper’s higher strength and corrosion resistance compared
with aluminum means connections stay tight longer, thus reducing life-cycle costs.
The utility concluded that, with lower maintenance costs and higher reliability, the
difference in initial cost between copper and aluminum is not a big factor.
Summing Up
Copper is the logical choice for medium-to-large transformers. It keeps the size of
completed units small enough to transport easily.
The smaller size of copper transformers saves core steel, as well as structural
elements including the tank, oil, cooling equipment and other accessories.
Manufacturing savings and the fact that coils and conductors comprise less than
10% of the cost of the finished transformer minimize the effect of price differences
between copper and aluminum.
Copper is stronger than aluminum and, therefore, withstands stresses imposed by

fault currents better than aluminum. Because the coil is stronger and less likely to
deform, transformer life is extended and lifecycle maintenance costs are reduced.
Copper's better connectivity means that connections inside the unit stay tight,
reducing maintenance and prolonging life.
The initial cost difference between copper and aluminum transformers in this size
range is not significant, and lower maintenance and higher reliability make copper
the lower-cost material over the life of the transformer.
Copper: preferred by PTTI for better manufacturability.



for your needs


ACME Step-Up
instance, power is
can be used by a
technical Step-Down
with symmetrical
the A Step-Down
market. designed to
another without
transformers block
other, but allow AC
signals to pass.
Transmission Power
custom alternating
for directing the
CAD It isolates the
The AMVECO prevent
as electric power
generate harmonics.
power lines, and
waveguides.
Federal make small
The measure of the
surrounding charge.


Transformer Phase -
three phase.
owned Buck boost
10,000 KVA voltage
sinusoidal harmonic
through 15 voltage
input power.
Secondary Voltage -
The coil winding
voltage.
they have Medium
harmonic canceling
new power quality
remove high neutral
by NEMA.
Guelph, Electronic
process in which a
process is normally
the that transforms
More power
transformer terms -
TEMCo low voltage
and single-phase


maintain a constant
active electronic
consumption phase
GE large electric
conjunction with AC
filtering device.
Line Power
Line Conditioners
power for sensitive
state equipment.
DC Power Supplies -
high- power company
electrical power to
and maintaining the
Jefferson Custom
Rotary Phase
Transformers Custom
Converters - Rotary
products since size
1915. requirements.
quality Control
current (AC) of one
current of another
frequency.
Voltage Converter
transformer loads.
more Pad Mounted
Magnetic Motor
Starters - Magnetic
Motor Starters are
phase, and used
often equipped with
main concern.
Transformer Typical
Types applications;
they start.
restaurant,
Motor Starting Auto

and distribution in
starter.
tens of insulation
99.8% temperatures
voltage to Dry-Type
second. 5000 as the
Grade concerns.
Transformers Auto
to the An
care electrical


laws interconnect
Drive transmission.
Isolation Another
the local 600 V
from uses.
disrupting
computers and
other sensitive
equipment.
Toroidal
Transformers
- Toroidal
Transformers
are more
efficient than
the cheaper
laminated EI
types of
similar power
level. Some of
the
advantages
are smaller
size, lower
weight, less
mechanical
hum, (making
them superior
in audio
amplifier),
low-off-load
loss.




Transformer K-Factor Rating Article - Power Transformer Co.

Power Transformer
Home Understanding Power
Transformer "K Factor
Rating" Power Transformer Types

A K-Factor rating is an index of the Down
Transformer
transformers ability to supply harmonic Transformers to
Manufacturers content in its load current while operating Power
within it temperature limits. For Dry Type transformers to
ACME Transformers
Transformers a K-Factor calculation is step-up ( raise) or
AMVECO made to determine the amount of the step-down (lower)
Transformers Harmonic Content present in a power the electrical
system. voltage.
Federal Pacific
K-Rated
Transformers To Order Power Isolation
Transformers
Marcus Transformer Transformers Call allows signal or
Hammond
TEMCo Transformer power to be taken
Transformers 1-800-613-2290 from one device
and fed into
TEMCo Transformers transformers are sized to handle 100% of the Or 1-510-490-2187 another without
fundamental 60 Hz load, plus the non-linear load electrically
GE Transformers specified. The neutral of the K-Rated transformer is sized at 300% of the current connecting the
rating of the phase connections. Industry literature and commentary refers to a two.
Jefferson Electric limited number of K-factor ratings: K-1, K-4,K9, K-13, K-20, K-30, K-40. Aa
Transformers transformer could be designed for other K-factor rating in between those values, Toroidal
as well as for higher values. The commonly referenced ratings calculated according Transformers are
more power to ANSI/IEEE C57.11-1986 are as following devices that
transformer brands
transfer electrical
K-Factor 1: A transformer with this rating has been designed to handle only the
energy from one
heating effects of eddy currents and other losses resulting from 60 Hz, sine-wave
electric circuit to
current loading on the transformer. Such a transformer may or may not be
another, without
designed to handle the increased heating of harmonics in its load current.
changing the
Applications are motors, incandescent lighting, resistance heating, motor
frequency, by
generators (without solid state drives).
electromagnetic
K-Factor 4: A transformer with this rating has been designed to supply rated induction.
KVA, without overheating, to a load made-up of 100% of the normal 60 Hz, sine-
wave, fundamental current plus: 16% of the fundamental as 3rd harmonic current; Custom
10% of the fundamental as 5th; 7% of the fundamental as 7th; 5.5% of the Transformers are
fundamental as 9th; and smaller percentages trough the 25th harmonic. The "4" designed to meet
indicates its ability to accommodate four times the eddy current losses of a K-1 certain
transformer. Uses are HID lighting, induction heaters, Welders, UPS with optional performance
input filtering, PLC and solid state controls. specifications and
size requirement
K-Factor 9: A K-9 transformer can accommodate 163% of the harmonic loading that you require.
of a K-4 transformer. There is a wide
range of custom
K-Factor 13: A K-13 transformer can accommodate 200% of the harmonic
transformer types.
loading of a K-4 rated transformer. These transformers are used for multiple
receptacle circuits in health care facilities, UPS without optional input filtering,
Production or assemble line equipment, Schools and classroom facilities. Buck Boost
Transformers is a
K-Factor 20, K-30, K-40: The higher number of each of these K-factor ratings ideal solution for
indicates ability to handle successively larger amounts of harmonic load content changing line
without overheating. Some of these transformers are used in SCR variable speed voltage by small
drives, Circuits with exclusive data processing equipment, Critical care facilities and amounts. Often
Hospital operating room. used to buck
(lower), or boost
Today's modern electronic, electric components and circuitry such as computers, (raise) the voltage
copiers, printers, fax machines and display terminals utilize switching mode power from 208v to 240v
supplies for their operation. These switching mode power supplies are non-linear in for lighting
nature and can cause significant power system problems: applications.
Circuit breakers and fuses blowing far below current rating.
Neutrals in transformers and panel boards are much hotter than their Pole Mounted
ratings. Transformers are
Distributions Transformers are overheating even when operating well within mounted to poles
their specified nameplate rating. for overhead
electrical lines.
http://www.powertransformer.us/transformerarticles/transformerkfactorrating.htm[5/10/2011 2:26:37 PM]

Solid state switching elements such as SCR, Transistors and capacitors which are Used in various
found in computers, fax machines, solid state drives, energy efficient drive, etc. applications. Are
The Continuously switching on/off producing non-linear or non-sinusoidal wave available in single
shapes in the current supplied from the power source. These problems are the phase or three
results of Harmonics. phase
transformers.
A linear load uses current from the power source continuously over the sinusoidal
cycle. A non-linear load uses current in large pulses from the power source thereby
Medium Voltage
creating harmonic distortion.
Transformers are
Harmonic components are represented by periodic waves that have a frequency used with a
that is a multiple of the fundamental frequency. medium range of
voltages. They
Example: come in a full
range from liquid-
Fundamental Frequency=60Hz filled, convention
3rd Harmonic Frequency =3 x 60Hz=180Hz dry type as well
5th Harmonic Frequency=5 x 60Hz=300 Hz as cast coil.
Harmonic Frequencies superimpose themselves upon the fundamental waveform

distorting and changing its magnitude. Pad Mounted
Transformers are
Effects of Harmonic Components on the Sinusoidal Cycle: a excellent choice
for commercial and
The major components in the harmonic currents of switching mode power supplies industrial such as
are the 3rd and the 5th Harmonics. Harmonics which are even multiples of 3, such manufacturing
as 3rd, 6th, 9th, etc. are called Triplen Harmonics. When Triplen Harmonics are facilities,
present in a 3-Phase system, they add together in the neutral conductor. 3rd refineries, office
Harmonics result in high 180 Hz current flowing through the transformer's neutral buildings, schools,
terminal. The core steel of the transformer has stray losses that will increase hospitals,
dramatically with Harmonic Distortion. These effects cause the transformers to restaurants, and
operate at significantly higher temperatures. retail stores. They
come in various
Great Power Transformer Articles sizes and can be
used underground
1. Top 20 Things to Know before Selecting a Power Transformer as well.
select the right transformer before you buy. It will help you make an High Voltage
informed decision and covers questions including, what voltage power Transformers
output do you need?, will it be single phase or three phase?, etc. We typically these
voltage
answer the 20 most asked questions so you can be well informed and transformers are
choose the right transformer for the job. Choosing the right used in power
transformer can be a daunting task for the inexperienced. This section transmission
takes the first step toward becoming a confident, knowledgeable applications. High
voltage
transformers are
transformers at its most fundamental level. also used in
microwave.


for your needs



ACME Step-Up
instance, power is
can be used by a
technical Step-Down
with symmetrical
the A Step-Down
market. designed to
another without
transformers block
other, but allow AC
signals to pass.
Transmission Power
custom alternating
for directing the
CAD It isolates the
The AMVECO prevent
as electric power
generate harmonics.
power lines, and
waveguides.
Federal make small
The measure of the
surrounding charge.

Transformer Phase -
three phase.
owned Buck boost
10,000 KVA voltage
sinusoidal harmonic
through 15 voltage
input power.
Secondary Voltage -
The coil winding
voltage.
they have Medium
harmonic canceling
new power quality
remove high neutral
by NEMA.
Guelph, Electronic
process in which a
process is normally
the that transforms
More power
transformer terms -
TEMCo low voltage
and single-phase

maintain a constant
active electronic
consumption phase
GE large electric
conjunction with AC
filtering device.
Line Power
Line Conditioners
power for sensitive
state equipment.
DC Power Supplies -
high- power company
electrical power to
and maintaining the
Jefferson Custom
Rotary Phase
Transformers Custom
Converters - Rotary
products since size
1915. requirements.
quality Control
current (AC) of one
current of another
frequency.
Voltage Converter
transformer loads.
more Pad Mounted
Magnetic Motor
Starters - Magnetic
Motor Starters are
phase, and used
often equipped with
main concern.
Transformer Typical
Types applications;
they start.
restaurant,
Motor Starting Auto

and distribution in
starter.
tens of insulation
99.8% temperatures
voltage to Dry-Type
second. 5000 as the
Grade concerns.
Transformers Auto
to the An
care electrical

laws interconnect
Drive transmission.
Isolation Another
the local 600 V
from uses.
disrupting
computers and
other sensitive
equipment.
Toroidal
Transformers
- Toroidal
Transformers
are more
efficient than
the cheaper
laminated EI
types of
similar power
level. Some of
the
advantages
are smaller
size, lower
weight, less
mechanical
hum, (making
them superior
in audio
amplifier),
low-off-load
loss.



Choosing a Custom Transformer Manufacturer Article - Power Transformer Co.

Power Transformer
Home

Down
Transformer
Transformers to
Manufacturers Power
step-up ( raise) or
voltage.
Federal Pacific
Transformers Top 10 Things to Consider When Isolation
Transformers
Marcus Transformer Choosing a Custom Transformer allows signal or
power to be taken
Hammond Manufacturer from one device
Transformers
and fed into
We now hope that you have the information you need in choosing another without
TEMCo Transformers a transformer for the job and its time to pick the right electrically
manufacturer. This article addresses some of points you need to connecting the
GE Transformers
consider. You need to look for manufacturer that will offer you two.
Jefferson Electric quality, integrity, and service.
Transformers
In buying a transformer it can be a large investment. You should Toroidal
evaluate it carefully and the first thing you need to consider is Transformers are
more power
quality. devices that
transformer brands
transfer electrical
Look for manufacturer that will energy from one
offer you a quality transformer. To Order Custom electric circuit to
As with all of us, cost is always Transformers Call another, without
the primary consideration. But
look at the overall picture, transformer usually have a long life TEMCo Transformer 1- changing the
frequency, by
expectancy and you must factor in the energy cost and the 800-613-2290 electromagnetic
maintenance cost. Take in these following consideration:
Or 1-510-490-2187 induction.
1. Aluminum-wound transformers are sometimes less expensive Link: Custom Transformers

initially, but copper coils reduces electricity bills. Data based on a Custom
popular 45 kVa size shows a $1000.00 per year saving, in 10 years this is a saving of $10,000. Copper's Transformers are
higher strength and corrosion resistance compared with aluminum means connections stay tight longer, designed to meet
thus reducing life-cycle cost. certain
performance
2. A conventional transformer that uses stacked lamination core assembly and 90 degrees square corners specifications and
contribute to high core losses. Look for transformer with oval shape wound core to ensures that the flow size requirement
of magnetic flux is carried in the direction of cold-rolled grain oriented steel for minimal core loss. that you require.
There is a wide
3. All energized transformers "hum". This "hum" is due to the alternating flux in the core producing a range of custom
phenomenon known as magnetostriction. Transformer "hum" , commonly referred to as "noise", is transformer types.
primarily produced by the core at a fundamental frequency of twice the applied frequency. Noise is an
inherent characteristic of the core and cannot be completely eliminated. When selecting a transformer,
Buck Boost
make certain that the sound levels presented by the manufacturer have been measured in accordance
Transformers is a
with the American National Standards Institute, and certified by the manufacturer. NEMA Publication No.
ideal solution for
ST20 and ANSI Standard C89.2 establishes maximum sound levels for dry type transformers. Also Anti-
changing line
vibration isolators between the element and enclosure reduce vibration transfer to the surrounding
voltage by small
structure and in turn ensures quieter operation.
amounts. Often
4. A well designed transformer, operating within the temperature limits of its insulation system, will have used to buck
a life expectancy of 20 to 25 years. The design life of transformers having different insulation systems is (lower), or boost
the same, (lower temperature systems will have the same life as higher temperature systems). The class (raise) the voltage
of insulation used in a particular transformer is a design consideration and such factors as voltage from 208v to 240v
regulation, material cost and availability are factors that the designer must consider. for lighting
applications.
5. Manufacturer should offer you a warranty- Transformers should be warranted against defects in
materials, workmanship and performance for 10 years from date of manufacture. Pole Mounted
Transformers are
6. Transformers should be UL listed for non-sinusoidal current loads of a specified K Factor (UL Standard
mounted to poles
1561)CSA certified and labeled as such.
for overhead
electrical lines.
7. Customer Service is always the backbone in any successful company. When you make that initial call Used in various
to the manufacturer you should feel that all the staff is helpful, courteous, and knowledgably. Most applications. Are
manufacturer will give you a list of their customer. Contact these customer and ask about their available in single
experience they had with the manufacturer. phase or three
phase
8. The engineer staff and technical support will be the people you will be dealing with extensively in the transformers.
purchase of your transformer. Make sure you feel they are knowledgeable and helpful. You should
receive a complete shop drawing that give you detail specification if you are buying a dry type Medium Voltage
transformer. Typical performance data should be submitted for approval on all transformers. If you need Transformers are
a custom transformer or product for a specific requirements, make sure they have a experienced design used with a
engineering department. They should provide you with rapid turnaround of designs and prototypes of medium range of
custom products. voltages. They
http://www.powertransformer.us/choosingcustomtransformermanufacturer.htm[5/10/2011 2:27:01 PM]

come in a full
9. Choose a Manufacturer that can offer you fast, reliable on time service for your transformer . If it is a
range from liquid-
stock item, turnaround should be in 48 hrs. For custom design transformer a 2 or 3 days turnaround is
filled, convention
not unusual. Let them know your time table and they should work hard to meet your needs. Don't forget
dry type as well
that buying the transformer is only the beginning of a relationship with a supplier. You will want to have
as cast coil.
fast, reliable service for any replacement deadlines that you may require.
10. The manufacturer should be in good standing with the Better Business Bureau. Make sure your Pad Mounted
manufacturer offer a quality product, on time service, integrity, and superior customer service. Transformers are
a excellent choice
for commercial and
Power Transformer Information: industrial such as

manufacturing
facilities,
refineries, office
Power Transformer Power Transformer Power Transformer buildings, schools,
Manufacturer Types Term Definitions hospitals,
restaurants, and
ACME Transformers - Step-Up Transformers - A Electrical Transformers - retail stores. They
With Acme Electric being Step-Up Transformer is one electrical transformers are come in various
in business over 80 whose secondary voltage is devices used to raise or sizes and can be
years, they have always greater than its primary lower the voltage of used underground
believed in offering there voltage. This kind of alternating current. For as well.
customers superior transformer "steps up" the instance, power is
service, quality and voltage applied to it. - transported over long High Voltage
technical expertise in the Step-Down Transformers distance in high voltage Transformers
transformer market. - A Step-Down Transformer power lines and then typically these
AMVECO Transformers is designed to reduce transformers lower the voltage
- AMVECO designs and voltage from primary to voltage so that the power transformers are
manufactures toroids secondary. They can range can be used by household. used in power
transformers, current from sizes from .05 KVA to Isolating Transformers - transmission
transformers, and auto 500 KVA Isolating transformer is a applications. High
transformers. Most Isolation Transformers - transformer, often with voltage
AMVECO products are An isolation transformer is a symmetrical windings, transformers are
custom designed utilizing device that transfers energy which is used to decouple also used in
their state-of-art from the alternating current two circuits. An Isolation microwave.
proprietary CAD (AC) supply to an electrical transformer allows an AC
programs. The AMVECO or electronic load. It signal or power to be taken
engineers can quickly isolates the windings to from one device and fed
generate designs in a prevent transmitting certain into another without
matter of hours, if types of harmonics. electrically connecting the
needed. Buck Boost Transformers two circuits. Isolation
Federal Pacific - Buck Boost Transformers transformers block
Transformers - make small adjustments to transmission of DC signals
Federal Pacific is a the incoming voltage. They from one circuit to the
division of Electro- are often used to change other, but allow AC signals
Mechanical Corporation, voltage from 208v to 240v to pass.
a privately held, for lighting applications. Transmission Power
American owned One major advantages of Lines - A transmission line
company founded in Buck boost transformers are is the material medium or
1958. Federal pacific their low cost, compact size structure that forms all or
offers dry-type and light weight. part of a path from one
transformers from .050 High Voltage place to another for
KVA through 10,000 KVA Transformer - There are directing the transmission
single and three phase, many different types of of energy, such as
up to 34.5 KV, 150 KV voltage transformers. A high electromagnetic or
BIL with UL approval voltage transformer acoustic waves as well as
through 15 KV. operates with high voltages. electric power
Marcus Transformer - Typically, these voltage transmission. Components
Ever since they opened transformers are used in of transmission lines
their doors for business power transmission include wires, coaxial
a half a century ago, applications, where voltages cables, dielectric slabs,
they have been a leader are high enough to present option fibers, electric
in innovative transformer a safety hazard. power lines, and
design. As a family- Medium Voltage waveguides.
owned company they Transformers - A medium Transformer Voltage -
are proud of the voltage transformer can be The measure of the amount
reputation they have connected directly to a of force on a unit charge
earned for making primary distribution circuit because of the surrounding
quality-built and generally has the most charge.
transformers that deliver load diversity. These Transformer Phase -
exceptional performance voltage transformers have Most transformer are either
and savings. installation practices that single phase or three
Hammond are generally in accordance phase.
Transformers - with application Transformer Frequency -
Hammond Manufacturing recommendations from the The transformer cannot
was founded in 1917 in Institute of Electrical and change the frequency of
Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Electronic Engineers (IEEE). the supply. If the supply is
In the last 3 decades it Low Voltage 60 hertz, the output will
has expanded to the US Transformers - A low also be 60 hertz.
and the international voltage transformer is an Transformer K Factor -
markets offering many electrical device that Some transformers are
types of power transforms 120 volts (line now being offered with a k-
transformers. voltage) into 12 volts or 24 factor rating. This measure
TEMCo Transformers - volts (low voltage). Some the transformer's ability to

TEMCo a family-owned uses for low voltage withstand the heating

business has been transformer are in effects of non-sinusoidal
manufacturing and landscaping lighting. harmonic currents
distributing electrical Single Phase produced by much of
products since 1968. Transformers - In today's electronic
They focus on electrical engineering, equipment and certain
transformers that single-phase electric power electrical equipment.
significantly reduce refers to the distribution of Primary Voltage -The coil
power consumption over electric power using a winding that is directly
30 percent compared to system in which all the connected to the input
competitive makes. voltages of the supply vary power.
GE Transformers - GE in unison. Single-phase Secondary Voltage -The
has been a key player in distribution is used when coil winding supplying the
the energy industry for loads are mostly lighting output voltage.
more than a century. and heating, with few large Harmonic Cancellation -
Since the installation of electric motors. Harmonic cancellation is
their first steam turbine Three Phase performed with harmonic
in 1901. They have Transformers - Three canceling transformers also
become number one Phase Transformers must known as phase-shifting
provider of high- have 3 coils or windings transformers. A harmonic
technology power connected in the proper canceling transformer is a
generation equipment. sequence in order to match relatively new power
Jefferson Electric the incoming power and quality product for
Transformers - therefore transform the mitigating harmonic
Jefferson Electric has power company voltage to problems in electrical
been a pioneer and the level of voltage needed distribution systems. This
innovator of magnetic while maintaining the type of transformer has
products since 1915. proper phasing or polarity. patented built-in
Jefferson broad line of Custom Transformers - electromagnetic technology
dry-type transformers Custom transformers are designed to remove high
are backed by quality designed for a certain neutral current and the
assurance systems so performance specifications most harmful harmonics
stringent that each and and size requirements. The from the 3rd through 21st.
every unit gets company works with your Weatherproof - Enclosed
thoroughly tested before engineering specification. transformers come with a
it goes out there door. Industrial Control weatherproof standard set
More power Transformers - Industrial by NEMA.
transformer brands - Control Transformers are Epoxy Encapsulated - A
Check out more used to convert the process in which a
companies by clinking available supply voltage to transformer or one of its
this link. the required voltage to components is completely
supply industrial control sealed with epoxy or a
Power Transformer circuits and motor control similar material. This
loads. process is normally
Types Pad Mounted preferred when a unit
Transformers - Pad might encounter harsh
Distribution
Mounted Transformers are environmental conditions.
Transformers -
usually single phase or More power transformer
Distribution
three phase and is used terms -Such as inductor,
Transformers are
where safety is a main ground fault, core
generally used in
concern. Typical Application saturation, current
electrical power
is restaurant, commercial transformer, faraday shield.
distribution and
building, shopping mall,
transmission power. This
institutional.
class of transformer has
Pole Mounted
the highest power, or
Transformers - Pole Related Transformer
volt-ampere ratings. and
the highest continuous
Mounted Transformers are Products
used for distribution in
voltage rating.
areas with overhead Voltage Regulators - A
Substation
primary lines. Outside a voltage regulator is an
Transformers -
typical house one can see electrical regulator
Substation transformers
one of these devices designed to automatically
are large devices which
mounted on the top of an maintain a constant voltage
usually weigh tens of
electrical pole. level.
thousands of pounds.
Oil Filled Transformers - It may use an
They are filled with tens
Oil-filled transformers are electromechanical
of thousands of gallons
transformers that use mechanism, or passive or
of heat transfer fluid.
insulating oil as insulating active electronic
Although they are
materials. The oil helps components. Depending on
typically 99.8% efficient
cool the transformer. the design, it may be used
in the transforming of
Because it also provides to regulate one or more AC
electricity from one
part of the electrical or DC voltages.
voltage to another,
insulation between internal AC Line Reactor - AC Line
processing hundreds of
live parts, transformer oil Reactors is a three phase
Mega Volts-Amps of
must remain stable at high transformer used in
electricity force the
temperatures over an conjunction with AC
liberation of hundreds of
extended period. variable frequency and DC
BTUs per second.
Dry Type Transformers - motor drive. They are a bi-
Medical Grade
Dry-type transformers are directional protective
Isolation
available for voltages up filtering device.
Transformer - Medical
through 34.5 kV (although Line Power Conditioners
Grade Transformers
the most common upper - Power or line conditioners
generally refer to the
limit is 15) and KVA ratings regulate, filter, and
transformers used in
up through 10,000 (with suppress noise in AC power
medical devices as well
5000 as the usual limit). for sensitive computer and
as hospital, biomedical
Dry-type use air as a other solid state
and patient care
coolant, lowering health and equipment.
equipment. There are a
environmentally concerns. DC Power Supplies -
number of strict safety
Auto Transformers - An Conversion of one form of
rules, guidelines and
electrical power to another

autotransformer is an
laws governing the
electrical transformer with desired form and voltage.
design, construction and
only one winding. The This typically involves
the test of these
winding has at least three converting 120 or 240 volt
transformers.
electrical connection points AC supplied by a utility
Drive Isolation
called taps. company to a well-
Transformer - They are
Autotransformers are regulated lower voltage DC
used to adjust the speed
frequently used in power for electronic devices.
of induction motors by
applications to interconnect Rotary Phase Converters
varying the frequency.
systems operating at - Rotary phase converters
They are becoming more
different voltage classes, for are most commonly used in
popular because of their
example 138 kV to 66 kV home or small commercial
impact on energy
for transmission. Another or industrial settings.
saving, and they are
application is in industry to Rotary phase converters
easy to control.
adapt machinery built for convert single-phase power
Toroidal Transformers
480 V supplies to operate into three-phase power.
- Toroidal transformers
on the local 600 V supply. This is a very cost-effective
are more efficient than
More power transformer way to power three-phase
the cheaper laminated EI
types - Read further about electric motors
types of similar power
additional transformer types Frequency Converters -
level. Some of the
and their uses. A frequency changer or
advantages are smaller
frequency converter is an
size, lower weight, less
mechanical hum,
converts alternating current
(making them superior
(AC) of one frequency to
in audio amplifier), low-
alternating current of
off-load loss.
another frequency.
voltage converter changes
the voltage of an electrical
power source and is usually
combined with other
components to create a
power supply.
Magnetic Motor Starters
- Magnetic Motor starters
are essentially heavy duty
often equipped with
matched to the motor they
start.
Motor Starting Auto
transformer starter uses an
auto transformer to reduce
the voltage applied to a
motor during start. The
auto transformer may have
a number of output taps
and be set-up to provide a
single stage starter, or a
multistage starter.


Transformer Noise - Power Transformer Co

Power Transformer
Home

Down
Transformer
Transformers to
Manufacturers Power
step-up ( raise) or
voltage.
Federal Pacific Understanding Transformer Noise
Transformers Isolation
Noise is defined as unwanted sound. Transformer "humming" has Transformers
Marcus Transformer
been known to soothe people but generally it is thought to be a allows signal or
nuisance. The causes and reduction of transformer noise has power to be taken
Hammond
come to prominence again. The reason for this transformers are from one device
Transformers
being placed closer to the populace like high rise office buildings, and fed into
TEMCo Transformers apartments, shopping malls and in their gardens. another without
electrically
When placing a transformer
GE Transformers
it is becoming necessary to To Order Power connecting the
two.
Jefferson Electric locate these units carefully Transformers We
and some planning. The best
Transformers
rule is plan ahead. Finding Recommend TEMCo Toroidal
Transformers are
more power out you have a noise Ph: 1-800-613-2290 devices that
problem after the placement
transformer brands
of this unit is costly, time
Or 1-510-490-2187 transfer electrical
consuming and frustrating. It Link: Power Transformer energy from one
electric circuit to
is absolutely necessary to
another, without
consider each case and apply the general rules of acoustic
changing the
technology and be familiar with what causes transformer noise.
frequency, by
Transformer's Hum electromagnetic
induction.
Transformer noise is caused by a phenomenon called magnetostriction. In very simple terms this means
that if a piece of magnetic sheet steel is magnetized it will extend itself. A transformer is magnetically Custom
excited by an alternating voltage and current so that it becomes extended and contracted twice during a Transformers are
full cycle of magnetization. This extension and contraction is not uniform, consequently the extension designed to meet
and contraction varies all over the sheet. certain
performance
A transformer core is made from sheets of special steel. The reason it is construction in this matter is to
specifications and
reduce losses and to reduce the heating effect. When the extensions and contractions described above
size requirement
are taking place erratically all over a sheet, and each one is behaving erratically, you can then get a
that you require.
picture of a moving, writhing construction when it is excited. These extensions are small dimensionally
There is a wide
and cannot be seen by the naked eye. They are sufficient to cause a vibration, and as a result noise.
range of custom
The act of magnetization by applying a voltage to a transformer produces a flux, or magnetic lines of transformer types.
force in the core. The degree of flux will determine the amount of magnetostriction and hence, the noise
level. The obvious answer is reduce the amount of flux to reduce the nose. But it is not that simple, Buck Boost
transformer voltages are fixed by there system requirements, and the amount of magnetization, by the Transformers is a
ratio of these voltages to the number of turns in the winding. The decision on what ratio of voltage to ideal solution for
turns will be mainly economic. It means that the amount of flux at the normal voltage is invariably fixed, changing line
thus setting the noise and vibration level. Also increasing or decreasing magnetization does not increase voltage by small
or decrease the magnetostriction by the same amount. In technical terms the relationship is not linear. amounts. Often
Therefore, we can not reduce the noise level at the source. used to buck
(lower), or boost
We now know that the transformer hum is caused by the extension and contraction of the core (raise) the voltage
laminations when magnetized. We can expect this extension and contraction to take place twice during a from 208v to 240v
normal voltage or current cycle. What this means is the transformer is vibrating at twice the frequency of for lighting
the supply, for example, for a 60 cycles per second supply frequency, the noise or vibration is moving at applications.
120 cycles per second. This is called the fundamental noise frequency. Since the core is not symmetrical
and the magnetic effects do not behave in a simple way, the resultant noise is not pure in tone. This is
Pole Mounted
the noise or vibration produced is not only composed of a 20c/s frequency, we find the noise is made up
Transformers are
of frequencies of odd multiples of the fundamental known as 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th harmonic. What this
mounted to poles
means is we get noise frequencies of 120 (1st), 360 (3rd), 600 (5th) 840 (7th) cycles per second. They
for overhead
are not equally important and we find that the first and third harmonics predominate and produce most of
electrical lines.
the transformer sound. With this knowledge we can measure the amount of noise at these frequencies
Used in various
and determine whether amongst a number of other noises, we really are picking up a transformer noise.
applications. Are
available in single
One of the questions usually asked – “what proportion of the transformer noise is contributed by the
phase or three
windings and does the noise increase as the load increases?”. There are mechanical forces existing
phase
between individual conductors in a winding when the transformer is excited. These forces will produce a
transformers.
vibration and a noise, but only one which is pure in tone, i.e. at twice the exciting frequency –120 cps.
This, however, is swamped by the fundamental and harmonics produced by the core.
The difference between no load and full load, at constant flux density is usually no greater than 1 or 2dB. Medium Voltage
An exception to this is when special flux shields are placed inside a transformer tank to reduce stray flux Transformers are
effects. used with a
We know now that the noise from a transformer is caused by mechanical movement of the individual medium range of
lamination of the core under magnetization. The pulsation will cause not only air disturbances, thus voltages. They
http://www.powertransformer.us/transformernoise.htm[5/10/2011 2:27:17 PM]

producing noise, but also physical vibration of the core structure and everything attached to it. The come in a full
vibration will have similar frequencies to those measured in the noise analysis. range from liquid-
Reducing these mechanical pressure pulsations is vital to noise and vibration control and consequently, filled, convention
isolating the core and coils of a transformer, either in the tank or through a tank, or just as the core and dry type as well
coils, is important. Baffling transformer noise and forgetting to isolate the vibrations will only lead to a as cast coil.
disappointing result and is something which should not be done. Remember noise is usually air borne.
Vibration is ground borne. They are very much connected. Pad Mounted
Transformers are
Cutting Air Born Noise a excellent choice
for commercial and
Putting the transformer in a room in which the walls and floors are massive enough to reduce the noise
industrial such as
on the other side. Walls can be of brick, steel, and concrete. Noise is usually reduced as it tries to pass
manufacturing
through a massive wall.
facilities,
Putting the transformer inside an enclosure which uses a limp wall technique. This is done by using two refineries, office
thin plates separated by a rubbery material. The noise hits the inner sheet and some energy is used up buildings, schools,
inside the viscous material. the outer sheet should not vibrate hospitals,
restaurants, and
Build a screen wall around the unit. It will reduce the noise to those near the wall, but the noise will get retail stores. They
over the screen and fall elsewhere. Screens have been made from wood, concrete, brick and dense come in various
bushes. sizes and can be
used underground
Now that you know the basic on what cause transformer noise below is some useful pointer in helping as well.
reduce noise levels:
First assess what level is tolerable. Your manufacturer can help you assess these and also assist High Voltage
you on the corrections. Transformers
Isolation of the transformer from the ground is vital. Installation must ensure that nobody tightens typically these
down shipping bolts but removes them. Connecting cables must be as flexible as possible. voltage
Ventilation ducts must be placed in positions where these are effective thermally with affecting the transformers are
acoustic performance. used in power
Transformer noise is difficult to change at the source. Flux density reduction is the main thrust, but transmission
this means increased cost. applications. High
Transformer core constructions help. Reputable manufacturers will use good joints, flat steel, voltage
consistent thickness, good core supports, few bolts. transformers are
Noise reduction by distance is the simplest form. If you can do this with out to much cost also used in
excellent. microwave.
Noise reduction by screens, bushes and etc. is the next simplest . Remember the shadow effect
means the noise could be heard outside the shadow of that screen.
Full enclosure is usually the only option for a troublesome transformer. Full enclosure can be made
of any material with a high mass/weight ratio.
Pay close attention to access doors and removable covers on enclosures. Tight fits are essential
Watch the dimensions of rooms in which units are mounted. Damp them if necessary, suitable for
transformer frequencies. choose damping materials compatible with transformer frequencies.
Carry out sound surveys before and after installations. Remember to do a frequency analysis so
that transformer noise can be differentiated.
Remember transformers need cooling air in rooms. Be careful when you position air ducts,
ventilators and grilles.
Make sure the vibration isolators are correctly mounted and will accommodate transformer
frequencies.
Consider very carefully where transformers will be mounted. Resilient structures such as wooden
mezzanines might be harmful.
It is impossible to give all the pointers and suggestions that might help you in producing a noise free site.
Your manufacturer should give you all the assistance you need. The main point is to plan ahead with your
transformer noise problem.
1. Top 20 Things to Know before Selecting a Power Transformer - This is a great

article to help educate and inform you on how to select the right transformer before you
buy. It will help you make an informed decision and covers questions including, what
voltage power output do you need?, will it be single phase or three phase?, etc. We
answer the 20 most asked questions so you can be well informed and choose the right
transformer for the job. Choosing the right transformer can be a daunting task for the
inexperienced. This section takes the first step toward becoming a confident,
knowledgeable consumer. This article addresses the process of choosing these
2. How Does Transformer Manufacturer Company Brand Affect Power
Transformer Quality? - For manufacturers of large power transformers, product design
and features seem fairly standard. But different manufacturers offer unique features.
there are several standards such as ASTM D 3487 and IEEE Standard C57.12.90. Quality
transformers can have a significant impact on cost. Did you know that some
transformers brands improved materials, design and quality can save you 30%, or more,
in energy cost? Understanding the differences can play a key role in making an informed
selection.
3. How Does Winding Metal Type Change a Transformers Properties? - gain
knowledge on how the winding and types of metal used can change transformer
properties. The conducting material used for the winding depends upon the application.
Small power and signal transformers are often wound with solid copper wire. Larger

power transformers may be wound with copper wire, or aluminum and may include
rectangular conducts. When copper wiring is used it will increase the efficiency of the
transformer and will generally generate a lot less heat. Read more to learn about the
many other efficiencies gained by choosing a transformer with a metal composition that
is fit for your needs
4. Understanding Power Transformer "K-Factor Rating" - A great information article
on what "K-Factor Rating" is and the effects they have on transformer choice. The K-
Factor rating assigned to a transformer and marked on the transformer case in
accordance with the listing of Underwriter Laboratories. It is an index of the
transformer's ability to supply harmonic content in its load current while remaining within
its operating temperature limits.
Read Addition Power Transformer Articles - Additional informal helpful articles about
power transformers.
Power Power Transformer Power Transformer

Transformer Types Term Definitions
Manufacturer Step-Up Transformers - Electrical Transformers -
A Step-Up Transformer is Electrical Transformers are
ACME Transformers -
one whose secondary devices used to raise or
With Acme Electric
voltage is greater than its lower the voltage of
being in business over
primary voltage. This kind alternating current. For
80 years, they have
of transformer "steps up" instance, power is
always believed in
the voltage applied to it. - transported over long
offering there
Step-Down distance in high voltage
customers superior
Transformers - A Step- power lines and then
service, quality and
Down Transformer is transformers lower the
technical expertise in
designed to reduce voltage voltage so that the power
the transformer market.
from primary to can be used by a business
AMVECO
secondary. They can range or household.
Transformers -
from sizes from .05 KVA to Isolating Transformers -
AMVECO designs and
500 KVA An Isolating Transformer is a
manufactures toroids
Isolation Transformers - transformer, often with
transformers, current
An Isolation Transformer is symmetrical windings, which
transformers, and auto
a device that transfers is used to decouple two
transformers. Most
energy from the alternating circuits. An Isolation
AMVECO products are
current (AC) supply to an transformer allows an AC
custom designed
electrical or electronic signal or power to be taken
utilizing their state-of-
load. It isolates the from one device and fed into
art proprietary CAD
windings to prevent another without electrically
programs. The AMVECO
transmitting certain types connecting the two circuits.
engineers can quickly
of harmonics. Isolation transformers block
generate designs in a
Buck Boost transmission of DC signals
matter of hours, if
Transformers - Buck from one circuit to the other,
needed.
Boost Transformers make but allow AC signals to
Federal Pacific
small adjustments to the pass.
Transformers -
incoming voltage. They are Transmission Power Lines
Federal Pacific is a
often used to change - A Transmission Line is the
division of Electro-
voltage from 208v to 240v material medium or structure
Mechanical Corporation,
for lighting applications. that forms all or part of a
a privately held,
Major advantages of Buck path from one place to
American owned
boost transformers include; another for directing the
company founded in
low cost, compact size and transmission of energy, such
1958. Federal pacific
light weight. as electromagnetic or
offers dry-type
High Voltage acoustic waves as well as
transformers from .050
Transformer - There are electric power
KVA through 10,000
many different types of transmission. Components of
KVA single and three
voltage transformers. A transmission lines include
phase, up to 34.5 KV,
High Voltage Transformer wires, coaxial cables,
150 KV BIL with UL
operates with high dielectric slabs, option fibers,
approval through 15 KV.
voltages. Typically, these electric power lines, and
Marcus Transformer -
voltage transformers are waveguides.
Ever since they opened
used in power transmission Transformer Voltage - The
their doors for business
applications, where measure of the amount of
a half a century ago,
voltages are high enough force on a unit charge
they have been a leader
to present a safety hazard. because of the surrounding
in innovative
Medium Voltage charge.
transformer design. As
Transformers - A Medium Transformer Phase - Most
a family-owned
Voltage Transformer can be transformer are either single
company they are
connected directly to a phase or three phase.
proud of the reputation
primary distribution circuit Transformer Frequency -
they have earned for
and generally has the most The transformer cannot
making quality-built
load diversity. These change the frequency of the
transformers that
voltage transformers have supply. If the supply is 60
deliver exceptional
installation practices that hertz, the output will also be
performance and
are generally in accordance 60 hertz.
savings.
with application Transformer K Factor -
Hammond
recommendations from the Some transformers are now
Transformers -
Institute of Electrical and being offered with a k-factor
Hammond
Electronic Engineers (IEEE). rating. This measure the

Manufacturing was
Low Voltage transformer's ability to
founded in 1917 in
Transformers - A Low withstand the heating effects
Guelph, Ontario,
Voltage Transformer is an of non-sinusoidal harmonic
Canada. In the last 3
electrical device that currents produced by much
decades it has
transforms 120 volts (line of today's electronic
expanded to the US and
voltage) into 12 volts or 24 equipment and certain
the international
volts (low voltage). Some electrical equipment.
markets offering many
uses for low voltage Primary Voltage - The coil
types of power
transformer are in winding that is directly
transformers.
landscaping lighting. connected to the input
TEMCo Transformers
Single Phase power.
- TEMCo Transformer, a
Transformers - In Secondary Voltage - The
family-owned business
electrical engineering, coil winding supplying the
which has been
single-phase electric power output voltage.
manufacturing and
refers to the distribution of Harmonic Cancellation -
distributing electrical
electric power using a Harmonic cancellation is
system in which all the performed with harmonic
They focus on
voltages of the supply vary canceling transformers also
transformers that
in unison. Single-phase known as phase-shifting
significantly reduce
distribution is used when transformers. A harmonic
power consumption over
loads are mostly lighting canceling transformer is a
30 percent compared to
and heating, with few large relatively new power quality
competitive makes.
electric motors. product for mitigating
GE Transformers - GE
Three Phase harmonic problems in
has been a key player
Transformers - Three electrical distribution
in the energy industry
Phase Transformers must systems. This type of
for more than a
have 3 coils or windings transformer has patented
century. Since the
connected in the proper built-in electromagnetic
installation of their first
sequence in order to match technology designed to
steam turbine in 1901.
the incoming power and remove high neutral current
They have become
therefore transform the and the most harmful
number one provider of
power company voltage to harmonics from the 3rd
high-technology power
the level of voltage needed through 21st.
generation and
while maintaining the Weatherproof - Enclosed
distribution equipment.
proper phasing or polarity. transformers come with a
Jefferson Electric
Custom Transformers - weatherproof standard set
Transformers -
Custom Transformers are by NEMA.
Jefferson Electric has
designed for a certain Epoxy Encapsulated - A
been a pioneer and
performance specifications process in which a
innovator of magnetic
and size requirements. transformer or one of its
The company works with components is completely
Jefferson broad line of
your engineering sealed with epoxy or a
dry-type transformers
specification. similar material. This process
are backed by quality
Industrial Control is normally preferred when a
assurance systems so
Transformers - Industrial unit might encounter harsh
stringent that each and
Control Transformers are environmental conditions.
every unit gets
used to convert the More power transformer
thoroughly tested
available supply voltage to terms - Such as inductor,
before it goes out there
the required voltage to ground fault, core saturation,
door.
supply industrial control current transformer, faraday
More power
circuits and motor control shield, etc.
transformer brands -
loads.
Check out more
Pad Mounted
companies by clinking
Transformers - Pad
this link.
Mounted Transformers are Related Transformer
Power usually single phase, or Products
three phase, and used
Transformer Types where safety is a main Voltage Regulators - A
concern. Typical Voltage Regulator is an
Distribution applications; restaurant, electrical regulator designed
Transformers - commercial building, to automatically maintain a
Distribution shopping mall, constant voltage level. It
transformers are institutional. may use an
generally used in Pole Mounted electromechanical
electrical power Transformers - Pole mechanism, or passive or
distribution and Mounted Transformers are active electronic
transmission power. used for distribution in components. Depending on
This class of areas with overhead the design, it may be used
transformer has the primary lines. Outside a to regulate one or more AC
highest power, or volt- typical house one can see or DC voltages.
ampere ratings. and the one of these devices AC Line Reactor - AC Line
highest continuous mounted on the top of an Reactors is a three phase
voltage rating. electrical pole. transformer used in
Substation Oil Filled Transformers - conjunction with AC variable
Transformers - Oil Filled Transformers are frequency and DC motor
Substation Transformers transformers that use drive. They are a bi-
are large devices which insulating oil as insulating directional protective filtering
usually weigh tens of materials. The oil helps device.
thousands of pounds. cool the transformer. Line Power Conditioners -
They are filled with tens Because it also provides Power or Line Conditioners
of thousands of gallons part of the electrical regulate, filter, and suppress
of heat transfer fluid. insulation between internal noise in AC power for
Although they are live parts, transformer oil sensitive computer and other
typically 99.8% efficient must remain stable at high solid state equipment.
in the transforming of temperatures over an DC Power Supplies -
electricity from one extended period. Conversion of one form of
voltage to another, Dry Type Transformers - electrical power to another
processing hundreds of Dry-Type Transformers are desired form and voltage.
Mega Volts-Amps of available for voltages up This typically involves

electricity force the through 34.5 kV (although converting 120 or 240 volt
liberation of hundreds of the most common upper AC supplied by a utility
BTUs per second. limit is 15) and KVA ratings company to a well-regulated
Medical Grade up through 10,000 (with lower voltage DC for
Isolation 5000 as the usual limit). electronic devices.
Transformer - Medical Dry-type use air as a Rotary Phase Converters
Grade Transformers coolant, lowering health - Rotary Phase Converters
generally refer to the and environmentally are commonly used in home
transformers used in concerns. or small commercial or
medical devices as well Auto Transformers - An industrial settings. Rotary
as hospital, biomedical Autotransformer is an phase converters convert
and patient care electrical transformer with single-phase power into
equipment. There are a only one winding. The three-phase power. This is a
number of strict safety winding has at least three very cost-effective way to
rules, guidelines and electrical connection points power three-phase electric
laws governing the called taps. motors and other three
design, construction and Autotransformers are phase equipment.
the test of these frequently used in power Frequency Converters - A
transformers. applications to interconnect Frequency Changer or
Drive Isolation systems operating at Frequency Converter is an
Transformer - They different voltage classes, electronic device that
are used to isolate a for example 138 kV to 66 converts alternating current
drive from a main kV for transmission. (AC) of one frequency to
power line to prevent Another application is in alternating current of
the transmission of industry to adapt another frequency.
harmonics that the machinery built for 480 V Voltage Converters - A
drives produce back into supplies to operate on the Voltage Converter changes
the power line. They local 600 V supply. the voltage of an electrical
stop drive harmonics More power transformer power source and is usually
from disrupting types - Read further about combined with other
computers and other additional transformer components to create a
sensitive equipment. types and their uses. power supply.
Toroidal Magnetic Motor Starters -
Transformers - Magnetic Motor Starters are
Toroidal Transformers essentially heavy duty relays
are more efficient than mounted in boxes, often
the cheaper laminated equipped with
EI types of similar heater/thermal overloads
power level. Some of matched to the motor they
the advantages are start.
smaller size, lower Motor Starting Auto
weight, less mechanical Transformers - An Auto
hum, (making them Transformer starter uses an
superior in audio auto transformer to reduce
amplifier), low-off-load the voltage applied to a
loss. motor during start. The auto
transformer may have a
number of output taps and
be set-up to provide a single
stage starter, or a
multistage starter.


Transformer Selection Guide • Custom Transformers • Dry-Type Transformers • Auto Transformers • Control
Transformers • Step-Up Transformers • Step-Down Transformers • Harmonic Cancellation • Isolation Transformers • K-
Factor Rated Transformers • 3-Phase Transformers • European Voltage Transformers • Drive Isolation Transformers •
High Voltage Transformers • Epoxy Encapsulated NEMA 4 Transformers • Weatherproof NEMA 3R Transformers •
Transformers • AC Transformer • Voltage Transformer • Buy Transformer • New Transformer • Output Transformer •
Transformer KVA • Converter Transformer • Line Transformer • Toroidal Transformer • Oil Filled Transformers • Voltage
Regulator • Automatic Voltage Regulator • DC Power Supply • PDU • Rack PDU • Power Conditioner • Power Line
Conditioner • Load Center • Switchgear • Voltage Converter • Transformer Wiring • Transformer Circuit • Variable
Transformer • Pole Transformer • Transformer Pad • VA Transformer • WYE Transformer • Potential Transformer •
Transformer Protection • Variac • Transformer Rating • Sunbelt Transformer • Pacific Transformer • Jefferson Transformer
• Electric Transformer • Power Transformer • Transformer Sizing • Transformer Rectifier • Center Tap Transformer • Power
Distribution • Industrial Transformer • Replacement Transformer • Insulation Transformer • Micron Transformers •
Westinghouse Transformer • Power Supply Transformer • Instrument Transformer • Pulse Transformer • Substation
Transformer • Furnace Transformer • Pad Mounted Transformers • Transformer Manufacturer • Distribution Transformers •
GE Transformers • Step Up Transformers • Step Down Transformers • Buck Boost Transformers • High Voltage
Transformers • Isolation Transformer • Single Phase Transformer • Hammond Transformers • Buck Boost Transformers •
Diesel Generators • Diesel Power Generators • Diesel Generator Sets • Power Generators • Onan Diesel Generators •

Kipor Diesel Generator • Kubota Diesel Generator • Cummins Diesel Generator • Yanmar Diesel Generator • Variable
Frequency Drive • Soft Start Drives • Motor Control • Baldor Motors • Weg Motors • Cold Ironing • Motor Generator

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Power Transformer Articles - Power Transformer Co.

Power Transformer Co.

Power Step Up and Step

http://www.powertransformer.us/transformerarticles.htm[5/10/2011 2:23:50 PM]

Manufacturer Step-Up Transformers - Electrical Transformers - High Voltage

http://www.powertransformer.us/transformerarticles.htm[5/10/2011 2:23:50 PM]

Institute of Electrical and being offered with a k-factor

http://www.powertransformer.us/transformerarticles.htm[5/10/2011 2:23:50 PM]

Dry-Type Transformers are

For an additional resource the Best

Additional Useful Resources:

http://www.powertransformer.us/transformerarticles.htm[5/10/2011 2:23:50 PM]

2007 - Power Transformer, Inc. -

http://www.powertransformer.us/transformerarticles.htm[5/10/2011 2:23:50 PM]

Power Transformer Co.

Power Step Up and Step

http://www.powertransformer.us/transformerarticles/selectingatransformer.htm[5/10/2011 2:24:30 PM]

Pole-mounted, pad-mounted, indoor or outdoor Medium Voltage

http://www.powertransformer.us/transformerarticles/selectingatransformer.htm[5/10/2011 2:24:30 PM]

3. What voltage power output do you need?

4.Single Phase or three phase transformer?

In North America, individual residences and small commercial buildings with

A single-phase supply connected to a pure single-phase induction motor does not

In Some application a phase converter is used. A phase converter is simply a

A rotary phase converter is actually a rotating transformer. Through transformer

5.What are the different frequencies of power and there uses?

http://www.powertransformer.us/transformerarticles/selectingatransformer.htm[5/10/2011 2:24:30 PM]

to consider the secondary power specifications when evaluating transformers.

A frequency converter is used in some application. A frequency converter is an

6.Will Efficiency and Heat be a Consideration?

The looses arise from:

Winding resistance: Current flowing through the windings causes resistive

Efficiency gains can be achieved by using materials with lower resistively or

http://www.powertransformer.us/transformerarticles/selectingatransformer.htm[5/10/2011 2:24:30 PM]

The windings of high-power or high-voltage transformers are immersed in

Oil-filled power transformers may be equipped with Buchholz relays - safety

7.Will the transformer be inside or outside?

In the United States, almost all liquid-filled transformers are of sealed-type

Dry-type transformers are available for either indoor or outdoor installation.

For outdoor operations, a dry-type transformer's enclosure will usually have

Other approaches to building dry-type transformers for harsh environments include

Locating a transformer indoors, on the rooftop, or adjacent to a building in order to

On the other hand, such placements of high-voltage equipment require closer

When liquid-filled transformers are preferred, less-flammable liquids are widely

http://www.powertransformer.us/transformerarticles/selectingatransformer.htm[5/10/2011 2:24:30 PM]

A liquid-filled transformer may experience leakage around gaskets and fittings;

8. Can transformers be operated at voltages other than

9. What is the difference between Insulating, Isolating, and

10.Why should Dry-Type Transformers never be over-loaded

11. What is meant by impedance in transformers?

http://www.powertransformer.us/transformerarticles/selectingatransformer.htm[5/10/2011 2:24:30 PM]

Industrial control transformers are designed especially for maintaining a high

13. Can Single Phase Transformers be used for Three Phase

14.How do I know when the temperature rise is too high?

15.Can transformers be used in parallel?

16.Can I achieve specific sound levels in a transformer?

17. Is one insulation system better than other?

Small fractional KVA transformers use insulation class 130 degrees C

18. What is Exciting Current?

19. Can Transformers develop Three Phase power from a Single

20. Can air cooled transformers be applied to motor loads?

Great Power Transformer Articles

1. Top 20 Things to Know before Selecting a Power Transformer