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Mihai Sopronyi
Politehnica University, Bucharest, Romania
mihai.sopronyi@yahoo.com
Fig. 2
A solar cell is a surface composed of several
layers, which converts solar energy into different
forms of energy such as electricity or heat (fig. 1)
Using this method of converting sunlight radiation
in to electricity, solar cells are used in different tech-
nologies such as:
The concentration of solar power - instead of
using fossil fuels to heat a fluid powering tur- Fig. 3
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European Pupils
Magazine
Solar Spectrum Challenges: Photovoltaics
0.00001 mm +
Amorphous silicon Red-blue, Black 5-8%
glass substrate 1-3 mm
0.008 mm+
Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) Dark green, Black 6 - 9 %/modul
glass substrate 3 mm
in their interior barrels with water that absorb rite forme de energie precum electricitate sau caldu-
the Sun heat during the day time and release it ra (fig.1).
during the night (fig.3). Folosind aceasta metoda de conversie, lumina
Solar hot water: in this technology the power solara este adoptata in diferite tehnologii pre-
systems have two components: a solar panel cum:
that gathers energy and a water reservoir. The Concentrarea puterii solare: in loc sa foloseas-
collector is usually composed of a box with a ca combustibili fosili pentru a incalzii un fluid
transparent face towards the sun, and in the care pune in miscare turbinele pentru generare
box there are tubes that are crossed through by de electricitate, tehnologia foloseste oglinzi
different fluids (water or antifreeze solution). uriase in forma de U
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European Pupils
Magazine
Solar Spectrum Challenges: Photovoltaics
of the current produced, strips of metal are used, dopate (tratate) cu P (fosfor) si B (bor) pentru a
usually palladium/silver, nickel or copper. They avea o structura cristalina capabila sa conduca
are obtained by high vacuum thermal. electricitatea. Borul este introdus in procesul
The next problem to be solved is to increase the Czochralski, iar dupa acea dischetele sunt introduse
capacity of the doped silicon disks to absorb light. Be- intr-un cuptor, unde vor fi incalzite pana aproape de
cause they are shiny and will reflect 35% of the temperatura de topire a siliciului (1410 °C) in
sunlight, a thin layer deposition of TiO2 (titanium di- prezenta gazelor de fosfor.
oxide) will be applied on their surface. On this purpose Pentru a se face
vacuum thermal vaporization will be used. legatura, atat dintre
This method involves heating metal until evapora- celulele care produc
tion, where the molecules will move within the high curentul,la depozitul
vacuum chamber (fig. 9), and will be adsorbed on the de curent produs, se
desired surface. Solid metal is placed in a container folosesc fasii de
with a very high melting point (usually W), placed be- Fig. 8 metal, de obicei din
tween two electrodes. As the electric current flows the paladiu/argint, nichel sau cupru. Acestea se obtin
metal will heat up and will go from solid to liquid and prin evaporare termica in vid inalt.
then to gaseous state, due to the Joule effect. Urmatoarea problema care trebuie rezolvata este
Because the room is highly vacuumed the mole- capacitatea dischetelor de siliciu dopat de a absoarbi
cules have a long free mean path from the container to lumina. Datorita faptului ca acestea sunt lucioase si vor
the target, and because the latter one has a temperature reflecta 35% din lumina solara, li se va aplica o depunere
lower than that of the evaporated molecules, they will de strat subtire de TiO2 (dioxid de titan). Pentru acest
coat the solar cell’s surface. scop se va aplica evaporarea termica in vid inalt. Aceasta
After production, the next problem to be solved on metoda presupune incalzirea metalului pana la evaporare,
PV energy issue is its storage. One method to store unde moleculele se vor deplasa in camera de vid inalt (fig.
this energy is to use Vanadium-redox batteries (fig. 9) vor fi adsorbite pe suprafata dorita. Metalul solid este
10). This type of battery uses as electrolyte melted salts pus intr-un recipient cu punctul de topire foarte inalt(de
of vanadium in different oxidation states and sulfuric obicei este folosit W), prins intre 2 electrozi. In momentul
acid. The electric potential of solar cells is about 0.5- in care trece curentul electric, metalul se va incalzi si va
0.6 volts and the output power and intensity is propor- trece din stare solida in stare lichida si apoi gazoasa,
tional to the surface but also to the solar power radia- datorita efectului Joule.
tion.
Facing the problems connected with the emis-
sion of CO2, more and more countries have started
to move from power plants based on fossil fuels to
solar power plants and solar farms. At the moment,
the world leader at using electricity from solar cells
is Germany. Despite the low level of solar irradia-
tion (fig.9) the German government decided to in-
crease the installation surfaces with solar panels by
lowering taxes on production and installation. As
the equivalent energy produced through solar panels
grows by 1000 MW/year, the taxes will continu-
ously decrease by 1-3%.
Fig. 9
In the year 2007, the European Union leaders
have started a project named 20-20-20. This pro- Datorita faptului ca in camera este vid inalt
ject has as main objective that by the year 2020, (adica lipsa de alte molecule de aer si impuritati),
to achieve 3 targets: moleculele strabat drumul de la recipient catre
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European Pupils
Magazine
Solar Spectrum Challenges: Photovoltaics
To reduce the emissions that determine the tinta,si datorita faptului ca aceasta din urma are
greenhouse effect by 20% below the 1990 level temperatura mai mica decat a moleculelor
The energy consumption of the EU from renew- evaporate, acestea vor adera la suprafata celului
able energy to be at 20% solare.
The energy consumption of the EU from classic
power plants reduced by 20%
Fig. 10
Dupa producere, urmatoarea problema care trebuie
care rezolvata este stocarea energie produsa de PV. O
Fig. 11 metoda de stocare a acesteia este folosirea bateriilor
Vanadium-redox (fig. 10). O astfel de baterie
Bibliography foloseste in electrozi acid sulfuric si saruri de vanadiu
w w w . r e n e w a b l e e n e rg yw o r l d . c o m / r e a / n ew s / in diferite stari de oxidare.
article/2010/06/germany-to-raise-solar-target-for- Potentialul unei celule solare este in jur de 0.5-0.6
2010-adjust-tariffs volti, iar puterea si intensitatea de iesire este
www.nrel.gov/learning/re_solar.html proportinala cu suprafata dar si puterea radiatilor
www.thesolarled.com/k109-solar-cells-summary-and solare.
-history-of-solar-cells.html Din cauza problemelor legate de emisiile de CO2,
www.solar.promacht.ro/panouri.html tot mai multe tari au inceput sa treaca de la centrale
www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Solar-Cell.html electrice pe baza de combustibili fosili la centrale
www.collinslanguage.com/ solare si ferme solare.
h t t p: / / e c . e u r o p a . e u / c l i m a / p o l i c i e s / b r i e f/ e u / Momentan liderul mondial la folosirea de
package_en.htm electricitate provenite din celule solare este Germania.
In ciuda nivelului de iradiere solare scazut (fig.11)
Iconography guvernul german sa creasca suprafetele instalate cu
www.pvresources.com/en/technologies.php panouri solarestimuland producatorii si cosumatorii
www.nrel.gov/learning/re_solar.html prin scaderea taxelor pentru productia si instalarea de
www.imagesco.com/articles/photovoltaic/ celule solare; iar pe masura ce instalarea creste cu
photovoltaic-pg4.html fiecare 1000MW/an, scade in continuu taxele cu 1-3%.
www.hrpv.com/? Incepand cu anul 2007, liderii Uniunii
id=5&n=18&subaction=detail&lang= Europene au pornit un proiect numit 20-20-20.
www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Solar-Cell.html Acest proiect are ca principal obiectiv ca pana in
www.worldscibooks.com/etextbook/p139/ anul 2020, sa indeplineasca 3 tinte:
p139_chap4.pdf Sa reduca emisiile care provoaca efecte de sera
www.solarserver.com/solar-magazine/solar-report/ cu 20% sub nivelul de 1990
solar-report/energy-storage-and-solar- Consumul de energie al UE din energii
power.html regenerabile sa atinga 20%
www.ecse.rpi.edu/~schubert/Light-Emitting-Diodes Consumul de energie primara sa fie redus cu
-dot-org/chap18/chap18.htm 20%
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