B.

Tech Seminar Report

On

WIRELESS ENERGY TRANSFER

By

SHASHIBHUSAN MOHANTA
Regd. No: 0701218402

Department of Applied Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering

PURUSHOTTAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,
ROURKELA
2010-11
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the seminar report entitled
“WIRELESS ENERGY TRANSFER” is a bona fide
record of the minor seminar topic done by
SHASHIBHUSAN MOHANTA(Regd
No:0701218402) under my supervision and guidance, in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Applied
Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering from
Purushottam Institute of Engineering &
Technology, Rourkela for the year 2010-11.

Mrs.Mangla P.Shende Mrs. Sarita Panigrahi

H.O.D, Dept. of AEI Dept. of A.E.I
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to thank all those who have guided and

helped me in the completion of my seminar on the topic
‘WIRELESS ENERGY TRANSFER’. I express my
deep gratitude to the following persons who have made
the completion of this Seminar Report possible:

To Project Incharge Dept. of AEIE,

Mrs.SARITA PANIGRAHI

To Head of the Department of AEIE,

Mrs.MANGLA P.SHENDE

All faculty members and Staff of my branch Applied

Electronics and Instrumentation for their guidance ,who
not only enable me to conceive the theoretical concept,
but also helped and encouraged me whenever I found
any difficulties.

At last but not the least, I pay my special thanks

towards my parents and friends who provided me
support in all respect, and to God, who made all things
possible.
 CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

 HISTORY OF WIRELESS ENERGY

TRANSFER

METHODS OF WIRELESS ENERGY

TRANSFER

ADVANTAGES

DISADVANTAGES

CONCLUSION

REFERENCE
 INTRODUCTION

Wireless energy transfer or wireless

power is the transmission of electrical
energy from a power source to an electrical
load without interconnecting wires. Wireless
transmission is useful in cases where
interconnecting wires are inconvenient,
hazardous, or impossible. It is also called as
Tesla effect. Imagine charging your laptop
computer or cell phone without plugging
them into an electrical socket. That’s a
luxury that could be provided by wireless
power transmission, a concept that has been
bandied about for decades but is creeping
closer to becoming viable.

In our present electricity generation

system we waste more than half of its
resources. Especially the transmission and
distribution losses are the main concern of
the present power technology. Much of this
power is wasted during transmission from
power plant generators to the consumer. The
resistance of the wire used in the electrical
grid distribution system causes a loss of 26-
30% of the energy generated. This loss
implies that our present system of electrical
distribution is only 70-74% efficient. We have
to think of alternate state - of - art
technology to transmit and distribute the
electricity. Now- a- days global scenario has
been changed a lot and there are
tremendous development in every field. If we
don’t keep pace with the development of
new power technology we have to face a
decreasing trend in the development of
power sector. The transmission of power
without wires may be one noble alternative
for electricity transmission. The most
common form of wireless power transmission
is carried out using induction, followed by
electrodynamic induction. Other present-day
technologies for wireless power include those
based upon microwaves and lasers.
[Figure 1. The 187-foot Wardenclyffe Tower
(Tesla Tower) in 1903.This was to be the first
broadcasting system in the world. Tesla
wanted to transmit electricity from this
Tower to the whole globe without wires using
the Ionosphere. The source of the
transmitted electricity was to be the Niagara
Falls power plant.]

HISTORY OF WIRELESS ENERGY TRANSFER

In 1820 Andre Marie Amperes

developed Ampere’s law showing that
electric current produce a magnetic field .In
1831 Michel Faraday develops Faraday’s law
of induction. And in 1888 Henrich Rodlaf
Hertz confirms the existence of
electromagnetic radiation .Like this so many
pioneers experimented about the
characteristics of electric energy in 19th
century.
In this remarkable discovery of the
"True Wireless" and the principles upon
which transmission and reception, even in
the present day systems, are based, Dr.
Nikola Tesla shows us that he is indeed the
"Father of the Wireless".
The most well known and famous
Wardenclyffe Tower (Tesla Tower) was
designed and constructed mainly for wireless
basis transmission of electrical power, rather
than telegraphy . The most popular concept
known is Tesla Theory in which it was firmly
believed that Wardenclyffe (Fig.1) would
permit wireless transmission and reception
across large distances with negligible losses.
In spite of this he had made numerous
experiments of high quality to validate his
claim of possibility of wireless transmission of
electricity. Recently in1998 Intel produces
Tesla’s original implementation by wirelessly
powering nearby light bulb with 75%
efficiency. In 2009 Texas Instruments release
the first device.
In 2010 Harier group debuts the world’s first
completely wireless LCD television at CES
2010 based on prof. Marin follow-up research
on wireless energy transfer.

METHODS OF WIRELESS ENERGY

TRANSFER

1.Near field techniques: Near field are

wireless transmission techniques over
distances comparable to, or a few times the
diameter of the device(s), and up to around a
quarter of the wavelengths used. Near field
energy itself is non radiative, but some
radiative losses will occur. In addition there
are usually resistive losses. Near field
transfer is usually magnetic (inductive), but
electric (capacitive) energy transfer can also
occur.

1.1 Induction Technique(Inductive coupling) :

The action of an electrical transformer is the

simplest instance of wireless energy transfer.
The primary and secondary circuits of a
transformer are not directly connected. The
transfer of energy takes place by
electromagnetic coupling through a process
known as mutual induction.

The battery chargers of a mobile phone or

the transformers on the street are examples
of how this principle can be used. Induction
cookers and many electric toothbrushes are
also powered by this technique.
The main drawback to induction, however, is
the short range. The receiver must be very
close to the transmitter or induction unit in
order to inductively couple with it.
1.2 Electrodynamic Induction
Technique(Resonant
Energy Transfer):
The "electrodynamics
inductive effect" or
"resonant inductive
coupling" has key
implications in solving the
main problem associated
with non-resonant
inductive coupling for
wireless energy transfer;
specifically, the dependence of efficiency on
transmission distance.
Electromagnetic induction works on the
principle of a primary coil generating
apredominantly magnetic field and a
secondary coil being within that field so a
current is induced in the secondary. This
results in a negligible range because most of
the magnetic field misses the secondary.
Over relatively small distances the induction
method is inefficient and wastes much of the
transmitted energy.
The application of resonance improves the
situation somewhat, moderately improving
the efficiency by "tunneling" the magnetic
field to a receiver coil that resonates at the
same frequency.
When resonant coupling is used the two
inductors are tuned to a mutual frequency
and the input current is modified from a
sinusoidal into a nonsinusoidal rectangular or
transient waveform so as to more
aggressively drive the system. In this way
significant power may be transmitted over a
range of many meters.
Unlike the multiple-layer windings typical of
non-resonant transformers, such transmitting
and receiving coils are usually single layer
solenoids or flat spirals with series
capacitors, which, in combination, allow the
receiving element to be tuned to the
transmitter frequency and reduce losses.
A common use of the technology is for
powering contactless smartcards, and
systems exist to power and recharge laptops
and cell phones.

1.3 Electrostatic induction technique

(Capacitive coupling):
Tesla illuminating two exhausted tubes by
means of a powerful, rapidly alternating
electrostatic field created between two
vertical metal sheets suspended from the
ceiling on insulating cords. The "electrostatic
induction effect" or "capacitive coupling" is a
type of high field gradient or differential
capacitance between two elevated
electrodes over a conducting ground plane
for wireless energy transmission involving
high frequency alternating current potential
differences transmitted between two plates.
The electrostatic forces through natural
media across a conductor situated in the
changing magnetic flux can transfer energy
to a receiving device (such as Tesla's
wireless bulbs).Sometimes called "the Tesla
effect" it is the application of a type of
electrical displacement, i.e., the passage of
electrical energy through space and matter,
other than and in addition to the
development of a potential across a
conductor Instead of depending on
electrodynamic induction at a distance to
light the tube. The ideal way of lighting a hall
or room would be to produce such a
condition in it that an illuminating device
could be moved and put anywhere, and that
it is lighted, no matter where it is put and
without being electrically connected to
anything.

Tesla have been able to produce such a

condition by creating in the room a powerful,
rapidly alternating electrostatic field. For this
purpose he suspend a sheet of metal a
distance from the ceiling on insulating cords
and connect it to one terminal of the
induction coil, the other terminal being
preferably connected to the ground. Or else
he suspend two sheets . . . each sheet being
connected with one of the terminals of the
coil, and their size being carefully
determined. An exhausted tube may then be
carried in the hand anywhere between the
sheets or placed anywhere, even a certain
distance beyond them; it remains always
luminous

2. Far field techniques:

Means for long conductors of electricity

forming part of an electric circuit and
electrically connecting said ionized beam to
an electric circuit.

Far field methods achieve longer ranges,

often multiple kilometer ranges, where the
distance is much greater than the diameter
of the device(s).

With radio wave and optical devices the

main reason for longer ranges is the fact that
electromagnetic radiation in the far-field can
be made to match the shape of the receiving
area (using high directivity antennas or well-
collimated Laser Beam) thereby delivering
almost all emitted power at long ranges. The
maximum directivity for antennas is
physically limited by diffraction.

2.1Radio and microwave(Microwave Power

Transmission)Technique:

In 1875 thomas edison worked on this

later Guglielmo Marconi worked with a
modified form of Edison's transmitter. Nikola
Tesla also investigated radio transmission
and reception. Japanese researcher
Hidetsugu Yagi also investigated wireless
energy transmission using a directional array
antenna that he designed. This beam
antenna has been widely adopted throughout
the broadcasting and wireless
telecommunications industries due to its
excellent performance characteristics.
The modern ideas are dominated by
microwave power transmission called Solar
power satellite to be built in high earth orbit
to collect sunlight and convert that energy
into microwaves, then beamed to a very
large antenna on earth, the microwaves
would be converted into conventional
electrical power.
A rectenna may be used to convert the
microwave energy back into electricity.
 Rectenna conversion efficiencies exceeding
95% have been realized.
A blockdiagram of the demonstration
components is shown.The primary
components include a microwave source, a
transmitting antenna, and a receiving
rectenna. Fig.3 .Microwave power
transmission. The microwave source consists
of a microwave oven magnetron with
electronics to control the output power. The
output microwave power ranges from 50 W
to 200 W at 2.45GHz. A coaxial cable
connects the output of the microwave source
to a coax-to-waveguide adapter. This adapter
is connected to a waveguide ferrite circulator
which protects the microwave source from
reflected power. The circulator is connected
to a tuning waveguide section to match the
waveguide impedance to the antenna input
impedance. The slotted waveguide antenna
consists of 8 waveguide sections with 8 slots
on each section. These 64 slots radiate the
power uniformly through free space to the
rectenna. The slotted waveguide antenna is
ideal for power transmission because of its
high aperture efficiency (> 95%) and high
power handling capability.
A rectifying antenna
called a rectenna
receives the
transmitted power

Figure 3: Two optical forms of

wireless antennae formed ofsearch
light beam- ionised atmospheric
and converts the microwave power to direct
current (DC) power. This demonstration
rectenna consists of 6 rows of dipoles
antennas where 8 dipoles belong to each
row. Each row is connected to a rectifying
circuit which consists of low pass filters and a
rectifier. The rectifier is a Ga As Schottky
barrier diode that is impedance matched to
the dipoles by a low pass filter. The 6
rectifying diodes are connected to light bulbs
for indicating that the power is received. The
light bulbs also dissipated the received
power. This rectenna has a 25% collection
and conversion efficiency, but rectennas
have been tested with greater than 90%
efficiency at 2.45 GHz.
Power beaming by microwaves has the
difficulty that for most space applications the
required aperture sizes are very large due to
diffraction limiting antenna
directionality.These sizes can be somewhat
decreased by using shorter wavelengths,
although short wavelengths may have
difficulties with atmospheric absorption and
beam blockage by rain or water droplets.
For earthbound applications a large area 10
km diameter receiving array allows large
total power levels to be used while operating
at the low power density suggested for
human electromagnetic exposure safety.
 A human safe power density of 1 mW/cm2
distributed across a 10 km diameter area
corresponds to 750 megawatts total power
level. This is the power level found in many
modern electric power plants.
2.2 Laser:

With a laser beam centered on its panel of

photovoltaic cells, a lightweight model plane
makes the first flight of an aircraft powered
by a laser beam inside a building at NASA
Marshall Space Flight Center.
In the case of

electromagnetic radiation closer to visible

region of spectrum (10s of microns (um) to
10s of nm), power can be transmitted by
converting electricity into a laser beam that
is then pointed at a solar cell receiver. This
mechanism is generally known as
"powerbeaming" because the power is
beamed at a receiver that can convert it to
usable electrical energy.

There are quite a few unique advantages of

laser based energy transfer that outweigh
the disadvantages:
1. Collimated monochromatic wavefront
propagation allows narrow beam cross-
section area for energy confinement over
large ranges.

2. Compact size of solid state lasers-

photovoltaics semiconductor diodes allows
ease of integration into products with small
form factors.
3. Ability to operate with zero radio-
frequency interference to existing
communication devices i.e. wi-fi and cell
phones.

4. Control of Wireless Energy Access, instead

of omnidirectional transfer where there can
be no authentication before transferring
energy.

5. The power required to drive the robot

itself is more than 120 W and the laser.
power can only drive the motion of an arm
and fingers. These allow laser-based wireless
energy transfer concept to compete with
conventional energy transfer methods.

6. Geoffrey Landis is one of the pioneers of

solar power satellite and laser-based transfer
of energy especially for space and lunar
missions. The continuously increasing
demand for safe and frequent space missions
has resulted in serious thoughts on a
futuristic space elevator that would be
powered by lasers. NASA's space elevator
would need wireless power to be beamed to
it for it to climb a tether.

ADVANTEGES
An electrical distribution system, based
on this method would eliminate the need for
an inefficient, costly, and capital intensive
grid of cables, towers, and substations. The
system would reduce the cost of electrical
energy used by the consumer and rid the
landscape of wires, cables, and transmission
towers. There are areas of the world where
the need for electrical power exists, yet there
is no method for delivering power. Africa is in
need of power to run pumps to tap into the
vast resources of water under the Sahara
Desert. Rural areas, such as those in China,
require the electrical power necessary to
bring them into the 20th century and to
equal standing with western nations. The
wireless transmission will solve many of
these problems The electrical energy can be
economically transmitted without wires to
any terrestrial distance, so there will be no
transmission and distribution loss. More
efficient energy distribution systems and
sources are needed by both developed and
under developed nations. In regards to the
new systems, the market for wireless power
transmission is enormous. It has the potential
to become a multi-billion dollar per year
market. The increasing demand for electrical
energy in industrial nations is well
documented. If we include the demand of
third world nations, pushed by their
increasing rate of growth, we could expect an
even Faster rise in the demand for electrical
power in the near future. These systems can
only meet these requirements with 90–94
%efficient transmission. High Transmission
Integrity and Low Loss: - To transmit
wireless power to any distance without limit.
It makes no difference what the distance is.
The efficiency of the transmission can be as
high as 96 or 97 per cent, and there are
practically no losses.

DISADVANTEGES
1.Biological Impact: - One common
criticism of the Tesla wireless power system
is regarding its possible biological effects.
Calculating the circulating reactive power, it
was found that the frequency is very small
and such a frequency is very biologically
compatible.

2.Economic Impact:- The concept looks to

be costly initially. The investment cost of
Tesla Tower was $150,000 (1905). In terms
of economic theory, many countries will
benefit from this service. Only private,
dispersed receiving stations will be needed.
Just like television and radio, a single
resonant energy receiver is required, which
may eventually be built into appliances, so
no power cord will be necessary! Monthly
electric utility bills from old fashioned, fossil-
fuelled, lossprone electrified wire-grid
delivery services will be optional, much like
“cable TV” of today. In the 21st century,
“Direct TV” is the rage, which is an exact
parallel of Tesla’s “Direct Electricity”.
3. Conversion to light (laser), such as with a
laser, is moderately inefficient (although
quantum cascade lasers improve this)
Conversion back into electricity is moderately
inefficient, with photovoltaic cells achieving
40%-50% efficiency.(Note that conversion
efficiency is rather higher with
monochromatic light than with isolation of
solar panels).

4.Atmospheric absorption causes

losses:- As with microwave beaming, this
method requires a direct line of sight with the
target.The laser "powerbeaming" technology
has been mostly explored in military
weapons and aerospace applications and is
now being developed for commercial and
consumer electronics Low-Power
applications. Wireless energy transfer system
using laser for consumer space has to satisfy
Laser safety requirements standardized
under IEC60825.
 CONCLUSION

The transmission of power without wires

is not a theory or a mere possibility, it is now
a reality. The electrical energy can be
economically transmitted without wires to
any terrestrial distance. Many researchers
have established in numerous observations,
experiments and measurements, qualitative
and quantitative. Dr.N.Tesla is the pioneer of
this invention. Wireless transmission of
electricity have tremendous merits like high
transmission integrity and Low Loss (90 –
97% efficient) and can be transmitted to any
where in the globe and eliminate the need
for an inefficient, costly, and capital intensive
grid of cables, towers, and substations. The
system would reduce the cost of electrical
energy used by the consumer and get rid of
the landscape of wires, cables, and
transmission towers. It has negligible
demerits like reactive power which was found
insignificant and biologically compatible. It
has a tremendous economic impact to
human society. Many countries will benefit
from this service.

REFERENCE

 www.google .com
 www. wikipedia.org
 www.scribd.com