OUTLINE

CHAPTER 5:
Axially Loaded Members -Elastic deformation of an axially loaded member

-Statically indeterminate axially loaded member

-Thermal stress problems

-Combined problems

1 2

Elastic deformation of an axially

Saint-
Saint-Venant’
Venant’s principle loaded member
*Rectangular bar will deform elastically
when the bar is subjected to P
*Localized deformation tends to
decrease and becomes uniform. The load P will deform the element into the shape indicated by
the dashed outline. The stress and strain in the element are
P( x) dδ
σ= and ε =
A( x) dx
3 4
[Reference # 3: Page 117 – 132]

Elastic deformation of an axially Elastic deformation of an axially

loaded member loaded member
For problems do not exceed the proportional limit, Constant load PL PL Several different
δ= or δ = ∑
P( x)dx and cross- AE AE forces or cross-
σ = Eε (Hooke’s law) dδ =
A( x) E sectional area sectional area
L or E changes
P( x)dx
P( x) ⎛ dδ ⎞ δ =∫ δ = displacement of one point relative to another point
= E⎜ ⎟ 0
A( x) E L = distance between the points
A( x ) ⎝ dx ⎠ PL PL P = internal axial force
δ= or δ = ∑ A = cross-sectional area
AE AE E = modulus of elasticity for the material
5 6
 Sign convention Example

Both the force and displacement will be The composite A-36 steel bar
shown in below is made from
considered to be positive if they cause tension two segments, AB and BD,
having cross-section areas of
and elongation, respectively. AAB = 600 mm2 and AAD = 1200
mm2. Determine the vertical
Negative force and displacement will cause displacement of end A and the
displacement of B relative to C.
compression and contraction, respectively. [E = 210(103) MPa]

7 8

Solution Example
1. Determine the load P 2. Determine the displacement
required to displace the of its end A when it is subjected
roller downward 0.2 mm. to the distributed loading.
1.6 m
x
w = 500x1/3 N/mm
1.6 m
A

1.5 m
PL [+75kN ](1m)(10 6 ) [+35kN ](0.75m)(10 6 ) 1.2 m P
δA = ∑ = +
AE [600mm 2 (210)(10 3 )kN / m 2 ] [1200mm 2 (210)(10 3 )kN / m 2 ]
E=250GPa, A=1800mm2
[−45kN ](0.5m)(10 6 )
+ = +0.61mm (A is upward) E=200GPa, A=400mm2
[1200mm 2 (210)(10 3 )kN / m 2 ]
for all truss members
PBC LBC [+35kN ](0.75m)(10 ) 6
δ B/C = = = +0.104mm 9 10
ABC E [1200mm 2 (210)(10 3 )kN / m 2 ] (B moves away from C) Homework # 12: Reference # 3 Problem 4-13

Statically indeterminate axially

Principle of superposition loaded member

FB + FA − P = 0

Statically indeterminate:
The resultant stress or displacement is the equilibrium equation is
determined by algebraically adding the not sufficient to determine
contributions caused by each of the components. the reactions.

11 12
[Reference # 3: Page 133 – 147]
 Compatibility condition Flexibility or force method
Since the end supports are fixed,
δ A/ B = 0
From, δ = PL
AE
FA L AC FB LCB
− =0
AE AE
Displacement at B when
⎛L ⎞
FA = P⎜ CB ⎟ and ⎛L ⎞
FB = P⎜ AC ⎟
No displacement at B redundant force at B is Displacement at B when
⎝ L ⎠ ⎝ L ⎠ removed. only the redundant force
13 at B is applied. 14

Compatibility condition Example 300 kN

No displacement occurs at B, The A-36 steel column is 400 mm 225 mm
0 = δP −δB encased in high-strength
concrete as shown. If an axial
PL AC FB L
0= − force of 300 kN is applied to the
AE AE column, determine the required 3m
⎛ L AC ⎞ area of the steel so that the
FB = P⎜ ⎟
⎝ L ⎠ force is shared equally between
⎛ L AC ⎞ the steel and concrete. How far
P⎜ ⎟ + FA − P = 0 does the column shorten? It has
⎝ L ⎠
⎛L ⎞ an original length of 3.0 m. EA-36
FA = P⎜ CB ⎟ Results are the same! = 210 GPa, Econc = 29 GPa.
⎝ L ⎠
15 16
Homework # 13: Reference # 3 Problem 4-37

Example Example
The A-36 steel pipe has a aluminum core. It is subjected to
a tensile force of 200 kN. Determine the average normal The stainless steel post A is
stress in the aluminum and the steel due to this loading. The surrounded by a red brass tube
pipe has an outer diameter of 80 mm and an inner diameter B. Both rest on the rigid
of 70mm. Eal = 68.9 GPa, Est = 200 GPa surface. If a force of 25 kN is
applied to the rigid cap,
400 mm determine the required
diameter d of the steel post so
200 kN 200 kN that the load is shared equally
between the post and tube. Est
= 200 GPa, Ebr = 100 GPa.

17 18
Homework # 14: Reference # 3 Problem 4-40
 Example
The column is constructed from high-strength concrete and
four A-36 steel reinforcing rods. If it is subjected to an axial
force of 800 kN, determine the required diameter of each
rod so that one-fourth of the load is carried by the steel and
three-fourths by the concrete (Est = 200 GPa, Ec = 25GPa )
800 kN
300 mm 300 mm
Example
The bolt AB has a diameter of 20 mm and passes through a
sleeve that has an inner diameter and of 40 mm and an
outer diameter of 50 mm . The bolt and sleeve are made of
A-36 steel and are secured to the rigid brackets as shown. If
the bolt length is 220 mm and the sleeve length is 200 mm ,
determine the tension in the bolt when a force of 50 kN is
applied to the brackets.

19 20

Solution Thermal stress problems

∑Fx = 0 A change in temperature can cause a material to change its
Pb+Ps = 50 x 103 … (1) dimensions.
δb = δs δ T = αΔTL
PbLb / AbE = PsLs / AsE δ T = the algebraic change in length of the member
Pb(220x10-3)/π(102)(10-6)(20x109) = α = a property of the material (linear coefficient of thermal
Ps(200x10-3)/π(252-202)(10-6)(20x109) expansion)
Pb = 0.4040Ps … (2) ΔT = the algebraic change in temperature of the member
Pb = 14.4 kN Ps = 35.61 kN # L = the original length of the member
21 22
Homework # 15: Reference # 3 Problem 4-44 [Reference # 3: Page 148 – 155]

Example Example
Three bars each made of different materials are connected A thermo gate consists of a 6061-T6-aluminum plate AB and
together and placed between two walls when the an Am-1004-T61-magnesium plate CD, each having a width
temperature is T1 = 12°C. Determine the force exerted on of 15 mm and fixed supported at their ends. If the gap
the (rigid) supports when the temperature becomes T2 = between them is 1.5 mm when the temperature is T1 =
18°C. The material properties and cross-sectional area of 25°C, determine the temperature required to just close the
each bar are given in the figure. gap. Also, what is the axial force in each plate if the
Steel Brass Copper temperature becomes T2 = 100°C? Assume bending or
Est = 200 GPa Ebr = 100 GPa Ecu = 120 GPa buckling will not occur. Eal = 68.9 GPa, EAm = 44.7 GPa.
αst = 12(10-6)/°C αbr = 21(10-6)/°C αcu = 17(10-6)/°C A 10 mm B C 10 mm
D
Ast = 200 mm2 Abr = 450 mm2 Acu = 515 mm2
600 mm 400 mm

300 mm 200 mm 100 mm 23 1.5 mm 24

 Example
The A-36 steel pipe having a cross-sectional area of 300
mm2 is connected to fixed supports and carries a liquid that
causes the pipe to be subjected to a temperature drop of
ΔT = (-x3/2)°C, where x is in millimeters. Determine the
maximum and minimum normal strain. Est = 200 GPa.
x
2500 mm
25
Example
The rigid block has a weight of 400 kN and is to be supported
by posts A and B , which is made of A-36 steel, and the post
C, which is made of C83400 red brass. If all the posts have the
same original length before they are loaded, determine the
average normal stress developed in each post when post C is
heated so that its temperature is increased by 20°C. Each post
has a cross-sectional area of 5000 mm2. Ebr = 100 GPa, αbr =
17(10-6)/°C, Est = 200 GPa, αst = 12(10-6)/°C
A C B
1m 1m 26
Homework # 16: Reference # 3 Problem 4-90