RLC Circuits and Resonance

Chapter 13
RLC Circuits and

Resonance
Objectives
• Determine the impedance of a series RLC
circuit
• Analyze series RLC circuits
• Analyze a circuit for series resonance
• Analyze series resonant filters
• Analyze parallel resonant “tank” circuits
Impedance of Series RLC
Circuits
• A series RLC circuit contains both inductance and
capacitance
• Since XL and XC have opposite effects on the
circuit phase angle, the total reactance (Xtot)is less
than either individual reactance
Impedance of Series RLC
Circuits
• When XL>XC, the circuit is predominantly
inductive
• When XC> XL, the circuit is predominantly
capacitive
• Total reactance |XL – XC|
• Total impedance for a series RLC circuit is:
Ztot = √R2 + Xtot2
θ = tan-1(Xtot/R)
Analysis of Series RLC Circuits
• A series RLC circuit is:
• Capacitive for XC>XL
• Inductive for XL>XC
• Resonant for XC=XL
• At resonance Zr = R
• XL is a straight line
y = mx + b
• XC is a hyperbola
xy = k
FIGURE 13-3 How XC and XL vary with frequency.
Thomas L. Floyd
Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronics Fundamentals, 6e
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
All rights reserved.
Voltage Across the Series
Combination of L and C
• In a series RLC circuit, the capacitor
voltage and the inductor voltage are always
180° out of phase with each other
• Because they are 180° out of phase, VC and
VL subtract from each other
• The voltage across L and C combined is
always less that the larger individual
voltage across either element
FIGURE 13-5 The voltage across the series combination of C and L is always less than the larger individual voltage across either C or L.
Thomas L. Floyd
FIGURE 13-6 Inductor voltage and capacitor voltage effectively subtract because they are out of phase.
Thomas L. Floyd
Series Resonance
• Resonance is a condition in a series RLC
circuit in which the capacitive and inductive
reactances are equal in magnitude
• The result is a purely resistive impedance
• The formula for series resonance is:
1
2π LC
FIGURE 13-9 At the resonant frequency (fr), the reactances are equal in magnitude and effectively cancel, leaving Zr = R.
Xtot = 0
Thomas L. Floyd
FIGURE 13-11 At the resonant frequency, fr, the voltages across C and L are equal in magnitude. Since they are 180º out of phase with
each other, they cancel, leaving 0 V across the CL combination (point A to point B). The section of the circuit from A to B effectively looks
like a short at resonance (neglecting winding resistance).
Thomas L. Floyd
FIGURE 13-13 An illustration of how the voltage and current amplitudes respond in a series RLC circuit as the frequency is increased
from below to above its resonant value. The source voltage is held at a constant amplitude.
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FIGURE 13-14 Generalized current and voltage magnitudes as a function of frequency in a series RLC circuit. VC and VL can be much
larger than the source voltage. The shapes of the graphs depend on particular circuit values.
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FIGURE 13-16 Series RLC impedance as a function of frequency.
Thomas L. Floyd
Phase Angle of a Series RLC
Circuit
Capacitive = ICE Inductive = ELI

FIGURE 13-18 The phase angle as a function of frequency in a series RLC circuit.
Thomas L. Floyd
FIGURE 13-19 A basic series resonant band-pass filter.
Thomas L. Floyd
Bandwidth of Series Resonant
Circuits
• Current is maximum
at resonant frequency
• Bandwidth (BW) is
the range (f1 to f2) of
frequencies for which
the current is greater
than 70.7% of the
resonant value
FIGURE 13-21 Generalized response curve of a series resonant band-pass filter.
Thomas L. Floyd
Formula for Bandwidth
• Bandwidth for either series or parallel
resonant circuits is the range of frequencies
between the upper and lower cutoff
frequencies for which the response curve (I
or Z) is 0.707 of the maximum value
BW = f2 - f1
• Ideally the center frequency is:
fr = (f1 + f2)/2
FIGURE 13-20 Example of the frequency response of a series resonant band-pass filter with the input voltage at a constant 10 V rms.
The winding resistance of the coil is neglected.
Thomas L. Floyd
FIGURE 13-22 Generalized selectivity curve of a band-pass filter.
Thomas L. Floyd
Selectivity
• Selectivity defines how well a resonant
circuit responds to a certain frequency and
discriminates against all other frequencies
• The narrower the bandwidth, the greater the
selectivity
• The steeper the slope of the response curve,
the greater the selectivity
FIGURE 13-23 Comparative selectivity curves.
Thomas L. Floyd
FIGURE 13-26 A basic series resonant band-stop filter.
Thomas L. Floyd
FIGURE 13-27 Generalized response curve for a band-stop filter.
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FIGURE 13-28 Example of the frequency response of a series resonant band-stop filter with Vin at a constant 10 V rms. The winding
resistance is neglected.
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FIGURE 13-30 Parallel RLC circuit.
Parallel RLC Circuits - Skip
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Tank Circuit
• A parallel resonant circuit stores energy in the
magnetic field of the coil and the electric field of
the capacitor. The energy is transferred back and
forth between the coil and capacitor
Parallel Resonant Circuits
• For parallel resonant circuits, the impedance
is maximum at the resonant frequency
• Total current is minimum at the resonant
frequency
• Bandwidth is the same as for the series
resonant circuit; the critical frequency
impedances are at 0.707Zmax
FIGURE 13-44 Energy storage in an ideal parallel resonant tank circuit.
Thomas L. Floyd
FIGURE 13-51 A basic parallel resonant band-pass filter.
Thomas L. Floyd
FIGURE 13-52 Generalized frequency response curves for a parallel resonant band-pass filter.
Thomas L. Floyd
FIGURE 13-53 Example of the response of a parallel resonant band-pass filter with the input voltage at a constant 10 V rms.
Thomas L. Floyd
FIGURE 13-56 A basic parallel resonant band-stop filter.
Thomas L. Floyd
FIGURE 13-62 A simplified portion of a TV receiver showing filter usage.
Thomas L. Floyd
FIGURE 13-63 A simplified diagram of a superheterodyne AM radio broadcast receiver showing the application of tuned resonant
circuits.
Thomas L. Floyd
Summary
• XL and XC have opposing effects in a RLC circuit
• In a series RLC circuit, the larger reactance determines the
net reactance of the circuit
• At series resonance, the inductive and capacitive
reactances are equal
• The impedance of a series RLC circuit is purely resistive at
resonance
• In a series RLC circuit, the current is maximum at
resonance
• The reactive voltages VL and VC cancel at resonance in a
series RLC circuit because they are equal in magnitude and
180° out of phase
Summary
• A parallel LC resonant circuit is
commonly called a tank circuit
• The impedance of a Tank LC circuit is
infinity at resonance
• In a Bandpass Filter, the critical frequencies
are the frequencies above and below
resonance where the circuit response is
70.7% of the maximum response

RLC Circuits and Resonance

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Chapter 13

RLC Circuits and

Capacitive = ICE Inductive = ELI

Parallel RLC Circuits - Skip

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