SYLLABI

FOR

VII SEMESTER

B.TECH.

ELECTRONICS AND

COMMUNICATION

ENGG.
 ANTENNA & WAVE PROPAGATION
EC 401
Unit – I
Radiation, retarded potential, radiation field from current element antenna,
radiation power and radiation resistance of short dipole and half dipole antenna,
field and phase of point sources, directivity and gain, direction and gain
calculation of short and half wave antenna.

Unit – II
Introduction to antenna as an aperture, effective length, resonant and traveling
wave antenna for different wave length, antenna arrays of point sources, two
element array, end fire and broad side arrays, uniform linear arrays of N
elements, linear arrays with non-uniform amplitude distribution(binomial
distribution and Dolph Chebychev optimum distribution).

Unit – III
Effect of earth on vertical pattern, image antenna, network theorems applied to
antenna impedance, patterns and principal of pattern multiplication, polmation,
broadcast antenna, long wave medium wave and short wave antennas loop and
helical antennas, Ways of two driven half wave length elements, (broad side and
end fire case), arrays with parasitic elements, Yagi-Uda antenna, folded dipole,
turn side, batwing and long wire antenna, rhombic antenna.

Unit – IV
Far field approximate radiation from aperature, Huyggen’s principle, Babinet’s
principles & complimentary antenna, horn antennas, plane sheet reflector, corner
reflector, parabolic reflector antennas, log periodic antenna (introduction only),
slot antenna, Pattern measurement, phase measurement, measurement of
radiation resistance by reflection method, polarization measurements, field
strength measurement, Feeders for exciting resonant antenna, center fed and
end fed, matching network.

Unit – V
Ground wave propagation surface wave propagation, space wave propagation,
reflection of wave by earth’s surface, reflection coefficient of vertically and
horizontally polarized wave, space wave propagation, range of propagation,
propagation beyond the line of sight, diffraction, normal reflection, radio horizon,
radius of curvature of bending wave, modification in earth’s curvature, abnormal
reflection, standard atmosphere, modified atmosphere, duct propagation.
Troposphere, scatter, field strength of tropospheric wave, ionosphere, virtual
heights, critical frequencies, refractive index of ionized region, reflection and
refraction of radio waves in ionosphere, influence of earth’s magnetic field, loss
of energy in ionosphere, skip distance and maximum usable frequency (MUF),
single hop and multiple hop transmissions, optimum frequency, abnormal
atmospheric behavior, ionospheric storms, radio fade out, Dellinger’s effect,
effect of solar eclipse, scattering of radio waves, Lux-embarg effect.
Suggested Text books and references:
1. Antennas – John D Krauss, Mc Graw Hill International Edition Second 1980.
2. Electromagnetic waves & Radiating Systems– Jordan & Balman, Prentice
Hall India Second edition 1971.
3. Antenna & Wave Propagation – K.D. Prasad.

SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
EC 402
Unit – I
Evolution of Satellite technology communication satellites, system elements, orbit
configurations, coverage, frequency bands, different types.

Unit – II
Microwave link, power balance & pathloss, altennuation factors, downlink &
uplink budget, overall link, sources of noise and interference.

Unit – III
FDMA, TDMA, CDMA systems, DS–CDMA and frequency hopped CDMA.

Unit – IV
Digital processing, spatial compression, temporal compression, motion
compensation, hybrid coding, digital video broadcasting standard, requirements
and organization, convolution code and convolution interleaving.

Unit – V
Direct–to–home TV, downlink frequency, channel spacing, scrambling,
conditional access system, medium and high power DTH systems, VSAT
network design, mobile satellite services.

Suggested Text books and references:

1. The Satellite communication applications hand book – Bruce R. Elbert, Artech
House Inc. 1997.
2. Introduction to satellite communication – Bruce R. Elbert, Artech House Inc.
1999.
3. Satellite communication – Timothy Pratl & Charles, W. Bostian-, John Wiley &
Sons. 2001
4. Electronic communication system – Wayne Tomasi Regents, Prentice Hall
1988.
5. Satellite communication – Robert M . Gajliardi, CBS Purlisher,1987.
6. Digital Satellite communication – Tri T. Ha. , Mc Graw Hill.
7. Satellite communication – Dennis Reddy, Mc Graw Hill Telecom Engineering
# Third Edition 2001.

Mobile Communication
EC 403
Unit – I
Basic cellular system, performance criteria, operation of a cellular
system, geometry of a hexangonal cell, elements of cellular system.
Radio propagation, propagation characteristic multi path
propagation, radio link design.

Unit – II
Co-channel interference C/I reduction factor desired C/I from a
normal case with omnidirectional antenna system and directional
antenna system and directional antenna system, cell splitting,
antenna height, umbrella pattern.

Unit – III
Concept of frequency reuse, frequency spectrum management,
channel assignment, hand-off mechanism, initiation of hand-off,
delaying hand-off, forced hand-off and queuing of hand-off,
introduction to adhopped call rates.

Unit – IV
Standards of wireless communication systems – GSM, IMT- 2000,
UMTS. GSM architectures, objectives, servicing frequency bands
GSM sub systems, interfaces.

Unit – V
Access technologies, handover and security GSM, Radio link
features in GSM, GSM logical channels and frame structures.

Reference Books
1) Mobile communication – Jochen Schiller, Pearson Education
Asia.
2) Mobile cellular telecommunicaiton (analog and digital systems) –
William C.Y. Lee, McGraw Hill International Edu.
3) Principles and Applications of GSM – Vijay K Garg, Joseph E
Wilkes, Pearson Edu.
4) Wireless Communication Principles and Practices - 2 n d Ed.,
Jheodore S Raphaport, Person Education.
5) An Introduction to GSM Siegmund, M-Redl, M.athies K Weber,
Malcolm W. Oliphane- Artech House Publishers.

Elective – I: 2. B-ISDN and ATM

EC 412
Unit – I
Overview of ISDN and basic concepts of B-ISDN; overview of ATM;
comparison of X.25, frame relay and Ethernet, ATM basis, Pathes,
channels and connections, cell switching ATM switch architecture,
Banyan Networks, SONET/SDH.
Unit – II
ATM reference model, ATM physical layer, ATM layer, ATM adaption
layer details.

Unit – III
Signalling schemes for ATM networks, Traffic Management in ATM
networks, CBR, VBR, ABR and UBR service classes connection
admission control.

Unit – IV
ATM internetworking wireless ATM networks, mobility management
and Handoff in wireless ATM networks.

Unit – V
ATM in WANs and ATM in LANs.

Reference Books:
1. ATM Communication Network control by Neural Network- A.
Hiramalsu.
2. ATM Communication Network – Onvirall.
3. ATM Networks: concepts, protocols, applications – Rainerr
Handel and Manfred N.Huber.
4. Asynchronous Transfer Mode – solution for Broadband ISDN –
Martin D. Prycker.
5. ISDN and Broadband ISDN with Frame Relay and ATM – William
Stallings.

Elective – I: 3. Photonic Switching and Optical Networks

EC 414
UNIT – I
Photonic Switching: Switching architectures single and multistage
switching, space switching, time switching, Optical Switch
Technologies, Optical LOGIC gates, Large Optical Switches,

UNIT - II
Combinations of space and time switching, SEED arrays, Free
Space Optical Switching Fabrics (2-D & 3–D) & devices, packet
switching, Header processing, Buffering - output & input buffering.

UNIT - III
Networks: Emergence of High speed LAN’s, Fibre Channel , SDH,
SONET – Layers & frame structure, Fiber-optic LAN architectures
and protocols- ring, star and bus architectures, FDDI; High speed
bus protocols, Fiber in the Loop, WDM networks
UNIT - IV
Overall Design consideration – Wideband optical fiber, dispersion,
Multiplexers – Gratings, Optical Amplifier, Transmitters, Detectors
etc.

UNIT - V
WDM Network design - Lightpath Topology, Optical Line Terminal,
Optical Add / Drop multiplexers, Optical Cross connects,
Wavelength conversion, All Optical networks.

Suggested Text Books & references :

1.) High Speed Networks & Internet – William Stalling, 2 n d Edition,

Pearson Education
2.) Optical Networks – Rajiv Ramaswamy and Kumar N. Sivarajan,
2 n d Edition, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers ( Elsevier )
3.) SONET / SDH and ATM – Stamatios V. Kartalopoulos, Prentice
hall of India ( IEEE Press )

Elective – I: 5. Project Management

EC 415
Unit I
Business System:
Nature & Objectives, Business Organization & Management,
Environment of Business System, Legal forms of Business.
Evolution, Nature & Functions of Management, Principals of
Management, Management in India, Management Thoughts &
theories, Management by Objective (MBO), Management by
Expectation (MBE)- Importance, Characteristics, Applications.

Unit II
Concept of a Project, Project management, Tools & Techniques for
Project Management. Project Manager: Role & Responsibilities of
Project manager, Project Management profession, System view of
Project Management, Project Phases & Project life cycle,
Organization planning, frames & structure.

Unit III
Organizing Human resource management, Motivation theory,
Influence, Power & effectiveness, Staff Acquisition & team Building;
Project Communication: Direction, Coordination & control,
Communication Complexity, Planning, Skills & methods; Risk of IT
projects, Utility theory of risk, Quantification; Quality planning &
assurance, Tools & techniques for quality control, Quality cost
models.

Unit IV
Project Integration Management:
Development, Execution & control, Project scope management:
Planning & selection, tools, Verification & control, Time
Management & its techniques, Cost management: principles,
importance, Planning, Estimating & Control, Quality of IT projects,
Financial planning: Characteristics, Need & Importance, Factors to
be consider in drafting Financial plans.

Unit V
Overview of Microsoft Project 98/2000:
Main screen elements, Project 98/2000 Views, Projects 98/2000
Filters, Work Breakdown Structure, Task Duration, Task
Dependencies, Gantt charts, PERT Chart, CPM, Project 98/2000 for
cost management, Project 98/2000 resource management, Resource
Histograms & resource Leveling, Website development for Project
Communication.

Suggested Text books and references:

1. Information Technology Project Management, Kathy Schwable
(Vikas Pub.)
1. Principals of Management, Stonier (PHI).
2. Project Management – H.Maylor, Mc Millar.

Elective - II: 1.NEURAL NETWORKS

EC 421
UNIT-I
History of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Neuron models,
Network architectures, Learning Processes.

UNIT-II
Single layer and Multilayer perceptrons , Backpropagation
Algorithm, Generalization, Function Approximations, Network
pruning techniques.

UNIT-III
Radial Basis Function (RBF) Networks, Regularization theory,
Generalized RBF Networks, Estimation of the Regularization
parameters, Approximation properties of RBF networks, Comparison
of RBF and Multilayer perceptrons.

UNIT-IV
Recurrent Neural Networks, Computational power of recurrent
neural networks, learning algorithms, backpropagation through time,
Real time recurrent learning.

UNIT-V
Engineering Applications of ANN, System identification,
Adaptive filter design, solving interpolation and extrapolation
problems using ANN, Classification, Function approximation and
pattern recognition problems.

Reference Books:

1. Neural Networks: A Comprehensive Foundation, 2 n d Ed. By

Simon Haykin, Pearson Education, 2003.
2. Fundamentals of Artificial Neural Networks, By M.H. Hassoun,
PHI, 2002.
3. Introduction to Artificial Neural Networks, By J.M. Zurada,
PWS Publishing Com., 1992.
4. Neural Networks, By Satish Kumar, TMH, 2004.

Elective - II: 2.DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN

EC 422
Unit – I
Combinational logic design, logic minimization, synchronous
sequential logic design-finite state machines, Mealy and Moore
models, Designing with programmable logic devices ROM, PLA,
PAL, PLD.

Unit – II
Asynchronous sequential logic-analysis procedure, sate
minimization, state assignment, static and dynamic hazards.
Unit – III
Introduction to VHDL – basic concepts in VHDL, timing and
concurrency, language features, types of VHDL description.
Unit – IV
Features of structural, data flow and behavioral descriptions of
hardware, combinational and sequential design examples using
VHDL, utilities for high level description.,

Unit – V
Features and internal structure of memory, CPLDs and FPGAs, IC
design process, design abstraction levels, CAD tools, Design for
testability, estimating digital system reliability.

Suggested Text Books and References:

1. VHDL: Analysis and Modeling of Digital Systems, Zainalabedin
Navabi, Mc Graw Hill, 1993.
2. VHDL Primer, Bhaskar, PHI, 3 r d Edition, 1999.
3. Digital Principles and Design, Donald D. Givone, Tata McHraw
Hill, 2002.
4. Digital Design, M.M. Mano, Third Edition, Pearson Education
2001.
5. Digital Design- Principles and Practices, John F. Wlkerly, Third
Edition, Pearson Education 2001.
6. Modern VLSI design, Wayne wolf, Pearson Education, 1997.

Elective - II: 3.BIO MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION

EC 423
Unit – I
System approach to bio-medicine concept of modeling and block diagram
simulation, energy levels of materials in quantum electronic devices, interaction
of radiation with matter. Human cell, actin potential, bio potential electrols.
Unit – II
Nervous system and its electrical properties, principles of quantum electronics,
pumping, theory of coherence, noise, molecules and photon interaction in
resonant structures.
Unit – III
Transduces for biomedical application, biomedical amplifiers, electronic
instruments for affecting the human body, phonon and paramagnetic resonance
phenomenon, molecular beam, masers, gas lasers, spectroscopy of slid state
maser material, solid state masers, solid state lasers.
Unit – IV
Analysis of biomedical signals, ECG, EMG, EEG, Biotelemetry, computer
applications in machine. Ultrasonic measurement.
Unit – V
Fibre optics, optical communication and application in bio–medical engineering.
Patient monitoring and intensive care system. Patient safety and electromedical
equipment.
Suggested Text books and references:
1. Principal of medical Electrons and Biomedical instrument– C. Raju Rao and
S.K. Guhu, University Press (India) 2000.
2. Biomedical Instrumentation – Kanchlpur, TMH New Delhi India 1990
3. Biomedical Instrumentation & Measurement, G.Well, Prentice Hall, New
Jersy, 1980
 Elective –II: 4. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE & ROBOTICS
EC424
Unit – I
Meaning and definition of artificial intelligence, production system characteristics
and types, search techniques like hill climbing, best first search, A* and AO*
algorithms etc. various types of control strategies.
Introduction to knowledge representation, knowledge representation techniques
like prepositional and predicate logic, resolution, refutation, deduction, theorem
proving, inferencing.

Unit – II
Monotonic and Non monotonic reasoning, probabilistic reasoning & Baye’s
theorem, semantic networks, scripts, schemas, frames and conceptual
dependency.

Unit – III
Game playing techniques like minimax procedure, alpha–beta cutoffs, planning,
understanding, natural language processing and learning.

Unit – IV
Neural networks, common sense, reasoning, expert systems, fuzzy logic and its
applications.

Unit – V
Robotics, components of a robot, architecture of a robot, navigation of a robot
and its algorithms, blocks world problem in robots, applications of robots.

Suggested Text books and references:

1. Artificial Intelligence – Elain Rich & Kevin Knight, Tata Mc Graw Hill, 2nd
Edition.
2. Artificial Intelligence – A Modern approach – Slaurt Russel and Peter Norving,
Pearson Education, 2nd Edition.
3. Introduction to Robotics – P.J.Mc Kerrow, Addisson Wesley, USA, 1991.

Elective –II: 5. ENERGY CONSERVATION & MANAGEMENT

EC425
UNIT I
General energy problem. Global and national energy scenario,
primary energy sources, energy use patterns, Basic Principles, laws
of Thermo dynamics. Irreversibility, entropy enthalpy, heat engine,
refrigeration cycle, thermal efficiency and thermal exchange ratio.
Critical and economic thickness of insulation. Optimum use of prime
movers for power generation, techniques cogeneration technology.
Energy conservation methods in power plants, conservation of
energy in energy intensive industries.
UNIT II
Maintenance engineering : friction, lubrication and tribological
innovations, predictive and preventive maintenance, Energy audit,
case studies.

UNIT III
(i) Heating, lighting and Air conditioning of building and measures
for conservation of electrical energy. Energy conservation in
domestic gadgets.
(ii) Industrial heating and energy conservation in electric and oil
fired furnances.
(iii) Measures for Reduction of losses in Transmission and
distribution systems.

UNIT IV
Energy efficient electric drives, energy efficient motors, V.S.D.
power factor improvement in power system. Energy conservation in
transportation systems especially in electric vehicle.

UNIT V
Load curve analysis and load managements, DSM, Energy storage
for power systems, (Mechanical, Thermal, electrical and Magnetic)
Restructuring of electric tariff from energy conservation
considerations, pay back period.

Suggested Text books and references:

1. Elect. Energy Utilization & Conservation: By - Dr.
S.C.Tripathi

Elective –III: 1. CAD of Digital Systems

EC431
Unit – I
Introduction to Computer Aided Design, synthesis and optimization of digital
circuits, fundamentals of algorithms used in synthesis and optimization.
Review of Boolean algebra and its applications, introduction to hardware
modeling, design using VHDL.

Unit – II
Architectural synthesis circuit specification, architectural synthesis problems,
area and performance estimation, optimization strategies, data path synthesis,
control unit synthesis.

Unit – III
Introduction to scheduling algorithms, scheduling without and with source
constraints– ASAP, ALAP, ILP, Heuristic scheduling algorithm. Introduction to
resource sharing and binding – resource sharing and sequencing graphs,
register sharing, multi–port memory binding, bus sharing and binding.

Unit – IV
Combinational logic optimization – Logic optimization principles, algorithms for
logic minimization, multiple level combination logic optimization, models and
transformation, the algebraic model, the Boolean model.

Unit – V
Sequential logic optimization using state base model, terrability consideration for
synchronous circuits, introduction to cell library binding, problem formulation and
analysis, algorithms for library binding, library binding for FPGA.

Suggested Text books and references:

1. Synthesis and Optimization of Digital Circuit – G. De. Micle, Mc, Graw Hill
International Editions)
2. VHDL – Z. Nawabi, Mc Graw Hill Pub. 1993
3. VHDL : Programming by example – D.L.Perry, Mc Graw Hill
Professional,2002.
4. Synthesis Approach to Digital System Design – Petra Michel, Ulrich
Lauther & Peter Duzy, Kluwer Academic Publisher 1992.
5. High Level Synthesis: Introduction to chip and System Design – D.Gajski,
N.Dutt, A.Wu and S.Lin., Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1992.

Elective –III: 2. Intelligent Instruments

EC432
Unit – I
Intelligent, versus dumb instrumentation information and signal
processing system engineering A Historical Perspective of
measurement.
Type of measurement and instrument specificative intelligent
instrumentation.
Digital transducer: selection of digital transducer unit, standards and
errors.

Unit – II
Interfacing microcomputer port to High-power devices, Optical motor
shaft encoders.

Unit – III
Distributed control systems: Interconnecting devices, Serial
computer and equipment connections. Communication standards.
Local area network LAN’s in a control environment.
Unit – IV
Introduction to real time system, application of real time system,
languages used for real time system and comparison of languages
and for real time systems.

Unit – V
Difficulties with real time systems. Problems while selecting the
operation for real time system.
Core study of various instrument e.g. Temperature measurement,
pressure measurement etc, using semiconductor devices.

Suggested Text books and references:

1. Instrumentation for engineering management – J.W.Dally

Elective –III: 3. Millimeter wave Integrated Circuits

EC433
Unit – I
Microwave integrated circuits
Types, Transmission structures, suitable for MICs, Stripline
microstrip line, slot line and copeanar wave guide, mode of
propagation.

Unit – II

Microwave Network representations, ABCD parameters, scattering

parameters, relationship between them, transfer scattering matrix
reprocsalation.

Unit - III
Method for analysis of planar lines, typical methods for micro strip
analysis.

Unit – IV
Microstrip discontinuity, Microstrip characterization of bends and
junction, legend elements in MICs, Technology of hybrid MICs.

Unit – V
Design of MICS components, transistors, couplers, filters, power,
divides, oscillators, modulators and phase shifters.

Reference:
(1) K.C. Gupta “Microstrip line & slot line” Artech Horse.
(2) K.C.Gupta “Ramesh Garg and Raksh Chandra” Microwave
circuits,

Elective –III: 4. Intellectual Property Rights for Engineers

EC434
Unit – I
Introduction to IPR
Introduction to IPR, Importance, need of IPR, Intellectual assets and value
realization, Forms of IPR, Patent, Copyright, Trademarks, Protection of IC layout
designs, Geographical Indicators, Protection of undisclosed information, control
of anti competitive practices and industrial design.

Unit – II
Patents
Concept of property and history of patents, Indian Patent Act and rules, Novelty,
Inventiveness and usefulness, Patent application procedure, patent able and
non-patent-able inventions including product vs process patents.

Unit – III
Industrial Designs
Registration, concept of novelty, originality, utility, obviousness, rights,
obligations and limitations of registration of design, offences and penalties.

Unit –IV
Trade Marks & Copy Rights
Introduction, registration, concept of deceptive similarity, rights and limitations of
trade marks, offences and penalties.
Copyright introduction, nature of copyright, subject matter of copyrights (literary
works, dramatic works, musical works, cinematography films, records, tapes etc.)
rights, obligations and limitations, registrations.

Unit –V
International Treaties
Introduction to international treaties, conventions and organizations, TRIPS,
PCT, Berne Convention, WIPO, EPO, UPOV, Introduction to WTO, Introduction
to dispute settlement procedure (technical & legal), Indian position in global IPR
structure, Facilitating technology transfer and Capabilities building.
Suggested Text books and references:
1. Intellectual Property Rights– Ganguly. (TMH pub)

Elective –III: 5. Reliability Engineering

EC435
Unit – I
Reliability concept : Importance of reliability, types of failure ,
failure probability distribution, MTTF, MTBF, correlation between
operating time and other life parameters, bath tub curve, early ,
change and wear out failures, failure mechanism and modes,
reliability in terms of hazard rate and failure density, Different
hazard models, Markvion processes.

Unit – II
Reliability of Non-maintained system: Series, parallel, series parallel
configuration, k-out of N-:G system, standby models, multi state
models, various methods for reliability evaluation of complex
system.

Unit – III
Reliability of Maintained Systems : Fundamental definition, single
equipment systems, series parallel, stand by configuration, steady
state availability modelling.

Unit – IV
Reliability Improvement: Proper design and simplicity component
improvement, testing creative design, redundancy, standby
redundancy.
Unit – V
Reliability Testing : Test plans , failure censored , time censored
and sequential reliability test , accelerated life test, environmental
test, reliability estimation.
Suggested Text books and references:
1. Power system reliability calculations – R. Billinton.
2. System Reliability Engg. – G.H.Sandler.
3. Probabilistic Reliability Evaluation – Endreynil.
4. Power System Reliability Evaluation – Endreynil.
5. Reliability and life testing – S.K.Sinha.
 LAB (ANTENNA & SATELLITE)
EC441
Antenna Lab.:
1. Polar Plot of E&H plane of an antenna.
2. Cartesian plot of an antenna 3dB & 10 dB beam width measurements.
3. Antenna comparison – relative gain
4. Front to back ratio measurement.
5. Side lobe level and angular position measurement.
6. Measurement of polar plots of arrays.
7. Polar plot –X 2 & X3 frequency measurement.
8. 5 Polar plots at different frequency of antenna.
9. Spectrum analysis – VSWR Vs Frequency.
10. RF recorder mode– position control measurement.

Satellite Lab: