Unit

22a
ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION
Scientists discovered that current
could be produced by moving a
conductor in a magnetic field.
 OBJECTIVES
• Deduce Faraday’s experiments on
electromagnetic induction or other
appropriate experiments:
– that a changing magnetic field can induce an
e.m.f in a circuit,
– that the direction of the induced e.m.f.
opposes the change
– the factors affecting the magnitude of the
induced e.m.f.
 OBJECTIVES
• Describe a simple form of a.c. generator
(rotating coil or rotating magnet) and the
use of slip rings (where needed).

• Sketch a graph of voltage output against

time for a simple a.c. generator.
 OBJECTIVES
• Describe the structure and principle of
operation of a simple iron-cored
transformer as used for voltage
transformations.
• Recall the equations Vp/Vs = Np/Ns and VpIp
= VsIs (ideal transformers).
• Apply the relationships between Vp, Vs, Np,
Ns, Ip and Is to new situations or to solve
related problems.
 PRINCIPLES OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION
Laws of Electromagnetic Induction
1. What is Electromagnetic
Induction?

• Electromagnetic induction is the

production of an induced e.m.f. in a
conductor when the magnetic
flux/field linked with it changes.
 MICHAEL FARADAY
(1791-1867)
• British physicist
and chemist
• Best know for his
discoveries of
electromagnetic
induction and of
the laws of
electrolysis
 principles of electromagnetic
electromagnetic induction
induction

The process by which induced current is produced when

electricity is obtained from magnetism.

centre-zero
galvanometer

bar magnet

copper
wire coil
Faraday’s Experiment

• When a magnet is
moved into or out
of the solenoid,
the galvanometer
deflects.
 Faraday’s Experiment

• An e.m.f. is
produced whenever
the magnetic field
inside the coil
changes.

Magnetic field
 Faraday’s Experiment

• This method of
producing
electricity is called
electromagnetic
induction.
principles of electromagnetic induction
Electromagnetic induction
An electromotive force (e.m.f.) and hence a current, is
induced whenever the magnetic field inside a coil changes.

ƒ a changing magnetic field can induce an e.m.f. in a circuit

magnet moves magnet
into coil stationary
S
N S

galvanometer no deflection
deflects to right

coil moves
magnet moves
toward magnet
out of coil

N S N S

galvanometer galvanometer
deflects to left deflects to right
 2. Factors Affecting
Magnitude of induced E.M.F

• A larger current is produced when:

– The magnet is moved at a faster speed
in and out of the coil;
– A stronger magnet is used;
– The number of turns in the coil is
increased.
 Factors Affecting
Magnitude of induced E.M.F
• A soft iron core can be inserted into the
coil to produced a much larger current.
– Magnetic field lines would be concentrated
through the coil.
• No e.m.f. is produced if
– The magnet is stationary outside or inside the
coil
– There is no relative movement between the
magnet and the coil
 3. Faraday’s Law of
Magnetic Induction

• The electromotive force (e.m.f.)

generated in a conductor (usually
copper) is directly proportional to
the rate of change of magnetic field.
4. Lenz’s Law
 Lenz’s Law

• The direction of the induced current

is such that its magnetic effect
always opposes the change producing
it.
 Lenz’s Law
• Energy is conserved. (Conservation of
energy)
– Mechanical (kinetic + potential) energy
of the work done against opposing force
of the moving magnet is converted into
electrical energy.
 principles of electromagnetic
induction
direction of induced e.m.f.
The induced current always flows in a direction that opposes
the change producing it.

ƒ the direction of the induced e.m.f. opposes the change

producing it

coil moves
toward
magnet

B A N A B N S
S
A A

when the N-pole of the when the N-pole of the magnet

magnet is moved towards the is moved away from the coil,
coil, end A becomes a N-pole end A becomes a S-pole
 Quick Check
• How can an electromotive force be
induced in a coil with the help of a
magnet?
– By moving a magnet towards or away
from the coil.
OR
– By moving the coil towards or away from
the magnet.
 Quick Check
• State the factors affecting the
magnitude of the induced e.m.f. in a
coil when a bar magnet is moved in
and out of it.
– Speed of the magnet
– Strength of the magnet
– Number of turns of the coil/solenoid
 Quick Check
• Why is it more difficult to move a
magnet into a coil which has a larger
number of turns?
– A coil with a large number of turns can
induce a larger electromotive force or
larger amount of energy. Thus, by the
principle of conservation of energy,
more mechanical work needs to be done.
 Quick Check
• Using the principle of conservation of
energy, explain why an induced current
must flow in such a direction so as to
oppose the change producing it.
– To induce a current and obtain electrical
energy, mechanical work has to be done against
the opposing force. Thus the kinetic energy is
transformed into electrical energy in the
presence of the magnetic energy.
THE END
Thank You!!